{
  "alt": "Line chart of the party gap on the racist speaker, Democrats minus Republicans, between 1976 and 2024, with a confidence band and a reference line at zero. The gap is below zero in every survey year except 2008, and its estimates are farthest below zero in 2021, 2022 and 2024. A second view shows the ideology gap, liberals minus conservatives, which is above zero in most years before 2010, close to zero in the 2010s and below zero in 2021, 2022 and 2024.",
  "caption": "The party line is below zero in {fact:n_pg_neg} of {fact:n_pg_years} survey years, so Republicans allowed the racist speaker more often in every year but 2008, and {fact:n_pg_ci_neg} single-year intervals lie entirely below zero. The estimate is farthest below zero in 2021, the first mostly online wave, at {fact:pg_rac_2021}. The gray band marks the mostly web waves, 2021 to 2024. Single-year intervals are wide, so the period averages and the mode comparison in this chapter are more precise. The party gap is Democrats minus Republicans.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.088,
      "conf_low": -12.487,
      "estimate": -6.199,
      "n": 1225,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.412,
      "conf_low": 0.332,
      "estimate": 7.372,
      "n": 830,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.749,
      "conf_low": -9.543,
      "estimate": -3.397,
      "n": 1310,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.366,
      "conf_low": 0.361,
      "estimate": 7.364,
      "n": 877,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.895,
      "conf_low": -9.84,
      "estimate": -2.972,
      "n": 1184,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.425,
      "conf_low": -1.068,
      "estimate": 6.679,
      "n": 830,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.038,
      "conf_low": -13.192,
      "estimate": -6.577,
      "n": 1561,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.599,
      "conf_low": 1.763,
      "estimate": 9.181,
      "n": 1022,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.193,
      "conf_low": -13.366,
      "estimate": -6.587,
      "n": 1257,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.835,
      "conf_low": -3.69,
      "estimate": 4.573,
      "n": 830,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.542,
      "conf_low": -11.679,
      "estimate": -5.068,
      "n": 1336,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.995,
      "conf_low": 0.62,
      "estimate": 8.807,
      "n": 880,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.784,
      "conf_low": -6.348,
      "estimate": -0.282,
      "n": 1558,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.789,
      "conf_low": 2.55,
      "estimate": 9.67,
      "n": 1018,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.741,
      "conf_low": -13.026,
      "estimate": -5.643,
      "n": 835,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.514,
      "conf_low": -2.917,
      "estimate": 5.798,
      "n": 594,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.089,
      "conf_low": -10.53,
      "estimate": -3.221,
      "n": 876,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.638,
      "conf_low": -9.565,
      "estimate": -0.964,
      "n": 573,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.1,
      "conf_low": -16.287,
      "estimate": -8.694,
      "n": 777,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.608,
      "conf_low": -9.656,
      "estimate": -0.524,
      "n": 549,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.076,
      "conf_low": -11.663,
      "estimate": -4.294,
      "n": 833,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.861,
      "conf_low": -10.741,
      "estimate": -1.94,
      "n": 561,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.543,
      "conf_low": -8.84,
      "estimate": -1.648,
      "n": 902,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.859,
      "conf_low": 1.156,
      "estimate": 9.507,
      "n": 625,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.985,
      "conf_low": -9.508,
      "estimate": -4.262,
      "n": 1661,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.756,
      "conf_low": 0.598,
      "estimate": 6.677,
      "n": 1210,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.547,
      "conf_low": -9.261,
      "estimate": -3.857,
      "n": 1554,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.087,
      "conf_low": -3.805,
      "estimate": 2.641,
      "n": 1094,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.102,
      "conf_low": -10.139,
      "estimate": -4.518,
      "n": 1482,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.448,
      "conf_low": 1.941,
      "estimate": 8.194,
      "n": 1125,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.687,
      "conf_low": -10.78,
      "estimate": -5.047,
      "n": 1429,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.276,
      "conf_low": -4.766,
      "estimate": 1.755,
      "n": 1033,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.047,
      "conf_low": -11.305,
      "estimate": -3.129,
      "n": 721,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.371,
      "conf_low": -0.673,
      "estimate": 8.849,
      "n": 522,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.582,
      "conf_low": -13.657,
      "estimate": -5.538,
      "n": 727,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.578,
      "conf_low": -12.962,
      "estimate": -3.192,
      "n": 530,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.393,
      "conf_low": -7.439,
      "estimate": -1.523,
      "n": 1512,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.52,
      "conf_low": 3.216,
      "estimate": 9.868,
      "n": 1190,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.684,
      "conf_low": -5.53,
      "estimate": 1.577,
      "n": 1070,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.26,
      "conf_low": 1.056,
      "estimate": 9.158,
      "n": 772,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.03,
      "conf_low": -15.408,
      "estimate": -7.719,
      "n": 990,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.21,
      "conf_low": -10.121,
      "estimate": -1.456,
      "n": 748,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.038,
      "conf_low": -14.694,
      "estimate": -6.828,
      "n": 983,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.58,
      "conf_low": -9.546,
      "estimate": -0.983,
      "n": 765,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -5.787,
      "conf_low": -18.147,
      "estimate": -11.967,
      "n": 1311,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.219,
      "conf_low": -12.51,
      "estimate": -5.645,
      "n": 1003,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.915,
      "conf_low": -15.233,
      "estimate": -9.074,
      "n": 1497,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.392,
      "conf_low": -3.746,
      "estimate": 3.323,
      "n": 1115,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.753,
      "conf_low": -12.893,
      "estimate": -5.57,
      "n": 1203,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.687,
      "conf_low": -5.953,
      "estimate": 2.367,
      "n": 899,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.393,
      "conf_low": -30.345,
      "estimate": -22.869,
      "n": 990,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.897,
      "conf_low": -23.126,
      "estimate": -15.012,
      "n": 835,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.278,
      "conf_low": -26.821,
      "estimate": -15.049,
      "n": 817,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.553,
      "conf_low": -29.645,
      "estimate": -17.099,
      "n": 697,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.842,
      "conf_low": -23.285,
      "estimate": -13.564,
      "n": 797,
      "series": "Party gap",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.242,
      "conf_low": -15.321,
      "estimate": -5.039,
      "n": 683,
      "series": "Ideology gap",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "racist_gap_by_year",
  "notes": [
    "The GSS moved mostly online in 2021 (see the methods note at the end of the chapter). Estimates from 2021 on mix web and interviewer-administered respondents unless a figure says otherwise.",
    "Years in which either group has fewer than {fact:annual_min_n} respondents or an effective sample below {fact:neff_floor} are left out."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024 cumulative file; weighted (weight_use); 95% intervals on the effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No gap",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "label": "Mostly web",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2021,
        "x2": 2024
      }
    ],
    "breaks": [
      2021
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Ideology gap": "total",
      "Party gap": "total"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1976,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -40,
      20
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Party gap, Democrats minus Republicans (points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Gap in the share who would allow a racist to speak in their community, in points, by survey year, all interview modes, with 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Gap"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "High"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Republicans allowed the racist speaker more often than Democrats did in {fact:n_pg_neg} of {fact:n_pg_years} survey years, with the largest estimated leads in 2021, 2022 and 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "caption": "The party line is below zero in {fact:n_pg_neg} of {fact:n_pg_years} survey years, so Republicans allowed the racist speaker more often in every year but 2008, and {fact:n_pg_ci_neg} single-year intervals lie entirely below zero. The estimate is farthest below zero in 2021, the first mostly online wave, at {fact:pg_rac_2021}. The gray band marks the mostly web waves, 2021 to 2024. Single-year intervals are wide, so the period averages and the mode comparison in this chapter are more precise. The party gap is Democrats minus Republicans.",
      "filter": {
        "series": "Party gap"
      },
      "id": "party",
      "label": "By party",
      "spec": {
        "yLabel": "Party gap, Democrats minus Republicans (points)"
      },
      "title": "Republicans allowed the racist speaker more often than Democrats did in {fact:n_pg_neg} of {fact:n_pg_years} survey years, with the largest estimated leads in 2021, 2022 and 2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The ideology line sits above zero in most years before 2010, near zero in the 2010s, and below zero in 2021, 2022 and 2024, and the 2024 interval includes zero. The gray band marks the mostly web waves, 2021 to 2024. Single-year intervals are wide, so the period averages and the mode comparison in this chapter are more precise. The ideology gap is liberals minus conservatives.",
      "filter": {
        "series": "Ideology gap"
      },
      "id": "ideology",
      "label": "By ideology",
      "spec": {
        "yLabel": "Ideology gap, liberals minus conservatives (points)"
      },
      "title": "The liberal lead on the racist speaker was above zero in most years before 2010, near zero in the 2010s and below zero in 2021 to 2024"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}