{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row for each of four speakers, comparing the share allowing the speech among interviewer-administered and web respondents in 2022 and 2024. The racist row has a long connector, with the web dot far to the left of the interviewer dot. The Communist, anti-religionist and Muslim clergyman rows have short connectors.",
  "caption": "The racist connector is long: the web share is {fact:rac_mode_diff_abs} points lower than the interviewer-administered share, and the interval on that difference excludes zero. The connectors for the other three speakers are short and their intervals include zero. An open dot is the interviewer-administered estimate and a filled dot is the web estimate. The gap views compare the party and ideology gaps in the two modes. Interviewer-administered means in person, by phone or by the residual mode the file does not label.",
  "data": [
    {
      "interviewer": 54.687,
      "interviewer_hi": 59.368,
      "interviewer_lo": 50.007,
      "measure": "all",
      "n_interviewer": 1118,
      "n_web": 1153,
      "target": "Racist",
      "web": 40.719,
      "web_hi": 44.947,
      "web_lo": 36.491
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 65.675,
      "interviewer_hi": 70.236,
      "interviewer_lo": 61.114,
      "measure": "all",
      "n_interviewer": 1081,
      "n_web": 1151,
      "target": "Communist",
      "web": 67.71,
      "web_hi": 71.736,
      "web_lo": 63.683
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 79.414,
      "interviewer_hi": 83.186,
      "interviewer_lo": 75.642,
      "measure": "all",
      "n_interviewer": 1130,
      "n_web": 1150,
      "target": "Anti-religionist",
      "web": 78.005,
      "web_hi": 81.572,
      "web_lo": 74.438
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 46.258,
      "interviewer_hi": 50.938,
      "interviewer_lo": 41.578,
      "measure": "all",
      "n_interviewer": 1111,
      "n_web": 1148,
      "target": "Muslim clergyman",
      "web": 44.003,
      "web_hi": 48.28,
      "web_lo": 39.726
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 49.794,
      "interviewer_hi": 57.013,
      "interviewer_lo": 42.575,
      "measure": "dem",
      "n_interviewer": 443,
      "n_web": 469,
      "target": "Racist",
      "web": 33.442,
      "web_hi": 40.107,
      "web_lo": 26.777
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 65.874,
      "interviewer_hi": 72.718,
      "interviewer_lo": 59.03,
      "measure": "dem",
      "n_interviewer": 437,
      "n_web": 467,
      "target": "Communist",
      "web": 69.465,
      "web_hi": 75.986,
      "web_lo": 62.944
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 79.054,
      "interviewer_hi": 84.866,
      "interviewer_lo": 73.242,
      "measure": "dem",
      "n_interviewer": 451,
      "n_web": 468,
      "target": "Anti-religionist",
      "web": 81.884,
      "web_hi": 87.331,
      "web_lo": 76.436
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 46.469,
      "interviewer_hi": 53.616,
      "interviewer_lo": 39.322,
      "measure": "dem",
      "n_interviewer": 440,
      "n_web": 468,
      "target": "Muslim clergyman",
      "web": 49.897,
      "web_hi": 56.965,
      "web_lo": 42.83
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 61.545,
      "interviewer_hi": 70.114,
      "interviewer_lo": 52.977,
      "measure": "rep",
      "n_interviewer": 360,
      "n_web": 342,
      "target": "Racist",
      "web": 48.936,
      "web_hi": 56.252,
      "web_lo": 41.619
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 65.069,
      "interviewer_hi": 73.632,
      "interviewer_lo": 56.507,
      "measure": "rep",
      "n_interviewer": 350,
      "n_web": 342,
      "target": "Communist",
      "web": 63.897,
      "web_hi": 70.927,
      "web_lo": 56.868
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 77.469,
      "interviewer_hi": 84.763,
      "interviewer_lo": 70.176,
      "measure": "rep",
      "n_interviewer": 364,
      "n_web": 341,
      "target": "Anti-religionist",
      "web": 71.09,
      "web_hi": 77.73,
      "web_lo": 64.45
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 47.611,
      "interviewer_hi": 56.409,
      "interviewer_lo": 38.813,
      "measure": "rep",
      "n_interviewer": 361,
      "n_web": 342,
      "target": "Muslim clergyman",
      "web": 35.511,
      "web_hi": 42.514,
      "web_lo": 28.507
    },
    {
      "interviewer": -11.751,
      "interviewer_hi": -0.547,
      "interviewer_lo": -22.955,
      "measure": "party_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 803,
      "n_web": 811,
      "target": "Racist",
      "web": -15.494,
      "web_hi": -5.597,
      "web_lo": -25.391
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 0.804,
      "interviewer_hi": 11.766,
      "interviewer_lo": -10.157,
      "measure": "party_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 787,
      "n_web": 809,
      "target": "Communist",
      "web": 5.568,
      "web_hi": 15.156,
      "web_lo": -4.02
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 1.584,
      "interviewer_hi": 10.911,
      "interviewer_lo": -7.742,
      "measure": "party_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 815,
      "n_web": 809,
      "target": "Anti-religionist",
      "web": 10.794,
      "web_hi": 19.382,
      "web_lo": 2.205
    },
    {
      "interviewer": -1.142,
      "interviewer_hi": 10.193,
      "interviewer_lo": -12.477,
      "measure": "party_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 801,
      "n_web": 810,
      "target": "Muslim clergyman",
      "web": 14.387,
      "web_hi": 24.337,
      "web_lo": 4.437
    },
    {
      "interviewer": -5.052,
      "interviewer_hi": 7.526,
      "interviewer_lo": -17.63,
      "measure": "ideology_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 649,
      "n_web": 731,
      "target": "Racist",
      "web": -17.285,
      "web_hi": -7.18,
      "web_lo": -27.39
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 9.314,
      "interviewer_hi": 21.538,
      "interviewer_lo": -2.91,
      "measure": "ideology_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 637,
      "n_web": 730,
      "target": "Communist",
      "web": 10.472,
      "web_hi": 19.457,
      "web_lo": 1.488
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 5.814,
      "interviewer_hi": 16.055,
      "interviewer_lo": -4.426,
      "measure": "ideology_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 657,
      "n_web": 725,
      "target": "Anti-religionist",
      "web": 12.899,
      "web_hi": 20.623,
      "web_lo": 5.175
    },
    {
      "interviewer": 6.639,
      "interviewer_hi": 19.265,
      "interviewer_lo": -5.988,
      "measure": "ideology_gap",
      "n_interviewer": 644,
      "n_web": 726,
      "target": "Muslim clergyman",
      "web": 16.771,
      "web_hi": 26.954,
      "web_lo": 6.589
    }
  ],
  "id": "mode_comparison",
  "notes": [
    "Only the racist, Communist, anti-religionist and Muslim clergyman items were asked in 2022 and 2024. Phone and other-mode respondents are counted as interviewer-administered because in-person cells alone fall below the effective-sample floor for Republicans and conservatives.",
    "The 2021 wave is left out: it has too few interviewer-administered respondents.",
    "Shares among Democrats and among Republicans separately are in the data table only."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024 cumulative file; weighted (weight_use); 95% intervals on the effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "interviewer_hi",
    "hi2": "web_hi",
    "label1": "Interviewer-administered",
    "label2": "Web",
    "lo1": "interviewer_lo",
    "lo2": "web_lo",
    "n1": "n_interviewer",
    "n2": "n_web",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "interviewer",
    "x2": "web",
    "xDomain": [
      30,
      90
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0,
      "suffix": "%"
    },
    "xLabel": "Share of adults who would allow the speech (%)",
    "y": "target"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share who would allow the speaker to speak (percent) or the gap in that share between groups (points), by interview mode, 2022 and 2024, with 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "measure",
        "label": "Measure"
      },
      {
        "key": "target",
        "label": "Speaker"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "interviewer",
        "label": "Interviewer-administered"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "interviewer_lo",
        "label": "Low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "interviewer_hi",
        "label": "High"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "web",
        "label": "Web"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "web_lo",
        "label": "Low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "web_hi",
        "label": "High"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_interviewer",
        "label": "Respondents, interviewer"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_web",
        "label": "Respondents, web"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Web respondents allowed the racist speaker {fact:rac_mode_diff_abs} points less often; the other three speakers show no detectable mode difference",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "measure": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All adults",
      "title": "Web respondents allowed the racist speaker {fact:rac_mode_diff_abs} points less often; the other three speakers show no detectable mode difference"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Each row compares the party gap, Democrats minus Republicans, in interviewer-administered and web samples. The racist row is negative in both, and the interval on the difference between modes ({fact:pg_rac_modechg} points) includes zero. The other three rows sit farther right on the web. The interval on the mode difference includes zero for the Communist and the anti-religionist, and the Muslim clergyman difference is {fact:pg_mslm_modechg} points with a lower bound of {fact:pg_mslm_modechg_lo}. On a design-based interval the Muslim clergyman difference includes zero (see the last section).",
      "filter": {
        "measure": "party_gap"
      },
      "id": "party_gap",
      "label": "Party gap",
      "spec": {
        "reference": 0,
        "referenceLabel": "No gap",
        "xDomain": [
          -30,
          30
        ],
        "xFormat": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "xLabel": "Party gap: Democrats minus Republicans (points)"
      },
      "title": "The racist party gap was negative in both modes, and the Muslim clergyman mode difference of {fact:pg_mslm_modechg} points has a lower bound of {fact:pg_mslm_modechg_lo}"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Each row compares the ideology gap, liberals minus conservatives, in interviewer-administered and web samples. The racist interval includes zero in the interviewer-administered sample and lies below zero on the web, and the interval on the difference between modes ({fact:ig_rac_modechg} points) includes zero.",
      "filter": {
        "measure": "ideology_gap"
      },
      "id": "ideology_gap",
      "label": "Ideology gap",
      "spec": {
        "reference": 0,
        "referenceLabel": "No gap",
        "xDomain": [
          -30,
          30
        ],
        "xFormat": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "xLabel": "Ideology gap: liberals minus conservatives (points)"
      },
      "title": "The racist ideology gap was below zero on the web and not distinguishable from zero among interviewer-administered respondents"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}