{
  "alt": "Two panels, one for 1976 to 1994 and one for 2008 to 2018, each with one dot and interval per speaker. In the party view every dot in the first panel is left of zero; in the second panel the racist and militarist dots have intervals that lie left of zero, the racist dot is farthest left, and the dots for the Communist, anti-religionist, homosexual man and Muslim clergyman sit close to zero.",
  "caption": "In 1976 to 1994 every interval lies left of zero, which means that Democrats allowed each speaker less often than Republicans did (Democrats minus Republicans). By 2008 to 2018 only the racist ({fact:pg_rac_late}) and militarist ({fact:pg_mil_late}) intervals do. The Communist, anti-religionist and Muslim clergyman intervals include zero, and the homosexual man gap is {fact:pg_homo_late} with an interval that starts at {fact:pg_homo_late_lo}. Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -2.631,
      "conf_low": -6.31,
      "estimate": -4.47,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 15315,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.725,
      "conf_low": -6.449,
      "estimate": -4.587,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 15329,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.497,
      "conf_low": -6.168,
      "estimate": -4.333,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 15275,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.536,
      "conf_low": -8.003,
      "estimate": -6.27,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 15497,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.716,
      "conf_low": -4.112,
      "estimate": -2.414,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 15167,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.995,
      "conf_low": -9.7,
      "estimate": -6.847,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 7054,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.146,
      "conf_low": -6.418,
      "estimate": -3.782,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 7069,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.467,
      "conf_low": -1.94,
      "estimate": 0.764,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 6981,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.959,
      "conf_low": -3.766,
      "estimate": -1.403,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 7098,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.965,
      "conf_low": 0.138,
      "estimate": 2.051,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 7063,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.37,
      "conf_low": -2.409,
      "estimate": 0.481,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party",
      "n": 7062,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Muslim clergyman"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.631,
      "conf_low": -6.31,
      "estimate": -4.47,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 15315,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.725,
      "conf_low": -6.449,
      "estimate": -4.587,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 15329,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.497,
      "conf_low": -6.168,
      "estimate": -4.333,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 15275,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.536,
      "conf_low": -8.003,
      "estimate": -6.27,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 15497,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.716,
      "conf_low": -4.112,
      "estimate": -2.414,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 15167,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -5.245,
      "conf_low": -11.465,
      "estimate": -8.355,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 5984,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.922,
      "conf_low": -6.64,
      "estimate": -3.781,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 5998,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.841,
      "conf_low": -3.047,
      "estimate": -0.103,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 5911,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.164,
      "conf_low": -5.283,
      "estimate": -2.724,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 6019,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.129,
      "conf_low": -0.909,
      "estimate": 1.11,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 5994,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.918,
      "conf_low": -3.398,
      "estimate": -0.24,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_no2008",
      "n": 5990,
      "period": "2010 to 2018 (2008 left out)",
      "target": "Muslim clergyman"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.398,
      "conf_low": 4.095,
      "estimate": 6.246,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 10399,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.418,
      "conf_low": 7.051,
      "estimate": 9.235,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 10398,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.089,
      "conf_low": 8.849,
      "estimate": 10.969,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 10405,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.534,
      "conf_low": 6.528,
      "estimate": 8.531,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 10504,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.464,
      "conf_low": 8.551,
      "estimate": 10.508,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 10322,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.243,
      "conf_low": -2.182,
      "estimate": 1.03,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5302,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.229,
      "conf_low": 3.412,
      "estimate": 6.32,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5302,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.248,
      "conf_low": 7.423,
      "estimate": 10.336,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5240,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.796,
      "conf_low": 4.677,
      "estimate": 7.236,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5333,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.935,
      "conf_low": 5.889,
      "estimate": 7.912,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5293,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.955,
      "conf_low": 10.422,
      "estimate": 13.688,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology",
      "n": 5293,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Muslim clergyman"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.622,
      "conf_low": -3.143,
      "estimate": -1.26,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 15228,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.18,
      "conf_low": -2.492,
      "estimate": -0.656,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 15243,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.042,
      "conf_low": -1.565,
      "estimate": 0.238,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 15190,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.038,
      "conf_low": -3.378,
      "estimate": -1.67,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 15406,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.704,
      "conf_low": -0.649,
      "estimate": 1.028,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 15080,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.833,
      "conf_low": -6.881,
      "estimate": -3.857,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 7037,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.402,
      "conf_low": -2.935,
      "estimate": -0.267,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 7052,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.524,
      "conf_low": 2.057,
      "estimate": 4.79,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 6965,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.403,
      "conf_low": 0.537,
      "estimate": 2.97,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 7082,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.758,
      "conf_low": 2.69,
      "estimate": 4.724,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 7046,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.703,
      "conf_low": 2.869,
      "estimate": 5.786,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "party_adjusted",
      "n": 7045,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Muslim clergyman"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.857,
      "conf_low": 3.546,
      "estimate": 5.702,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 10338,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.848,
      "conf_low": 4.653,
      "estimate": 6.75,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 10338,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.356,
      "conf_low": 7.288,
      "estimate": 9.322,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 10343,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.836,
      "conf_low": 4.944,
      "estimate": 6.89,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 10441,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.649,
      "conf_low": 6.752,
      "estimate": 8.7,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 10261,
      "period": "1976 to 1994",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.111,
      "conf_low": -1.396,
      "estimate": 1.857,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5289,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Racist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.811,
      "conf_low": 2.099,
      "estimate": 4.955,
      "family": "Objectionable to liberals",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5289,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Militarist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.477,
      "conf_low": 5.807,
      "estimate": 8.642,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5227,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Communist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.305,
      "conf_low": 4.137,
      "estimate": 6.721,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5321,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Anti-religionist"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.715,
      "conf_low": 4.647,
      "estimate": 6.681,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5280,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Homosexual man"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.548,
      "conf_low": 10.31,
      "estimate": 13.429,
      "family": "Objectionable to conservatives",
      "grouping": "ideology_adjusted",
      "n": 5280,
      "period": "2008 to 2018",
      "target": "Muslim clergyman"
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_by_speaker",
  "notes": [
    "The speakers are grouped by which side is expected to object to them: liberals for the racist and the militarist, conservatives for the other four. The grouping is a coding choice, and the rows let a reader regroup them.",
    "The Muslim clergyman was first asked about in 2008.",
    "Raw intervals use the effective sample size. Adjusted intervals come from a weighted linear regression with robust (HC3) errors on respondents with complete age, education, race and sex."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024 cumulative file; weighted (weight_use); 95% intervals on the effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Objectionable to conservatives": "cat1",
      "Objectionable to liberals": "cat2"
    },
    "facet": "period",
    "group": "family",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No gap",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -15,
      10
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Democrats minus Republicans (points)",
    "y": "target"
  },
  "subtitle": "Gap in the share who would allow the speaker to speak, in points, by speaker and period, with 95% intervals; the axis names the two groups",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "target",
        "label": "Speaker"
      },
      {
        "key": "period",
        "label": "Period"
      },
      {
        "key": "grouping",
        "label": "Grouping"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "High"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Republicans allowed every speaker more often in 1976 to 1994, and by 2008 to 2018 only the racist and militarist leads remained",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "caption": "In 1976 to 1994 every interval lies left of zero, which means that Democrats allowed each speaker less often than Republicans did (Democrats minus Republicans). By 2008 to 2018 only the racist ({fact:pg_rac_late}) and militarist ({fact:pg_mil_late}) intervals do. The Communist, anti-religionist and Muslim clergyman intervals include zero, and the homosexual man gap is {fact:pg_homo_late} with an interval that starts at {fact:pg_homo_late_lo}. Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
      "filter": {
        "grouping": "party"
      },
      "id": "party",
      "label": "By party",
      "spec": {
        "xLabel": "Democrats minus Republicans (points)"
      },
      "title": "Republicans allowed every speaker more often in 1976 to 1994, and by 2008 to 2018 only the racist and militarist leads remained"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The rows of the party view with the 2008 wave left out of the second panel; the 1976 to 1994 panel is unchanged. Without the 2008 wave the anti-religionist interval lies left of zero and the homosexual man interval includes zero, so those two verdicts depend on that wave (see the text). Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
      "filter": {
        "grouping": "party_no2008"
      },
      "id": "party_no2008",
      "label": "By party, without 2008",
      "spec": {
        "xLabel": "Democrats minus Republicans (points)"
      },
      "title": "Without the 2008 wave, the intervals for the racist, militarist and anti-religionist party gaps lie below zero in 2010 to 2018"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Dots right of zero mean liberals allowed the speaker more often than conservatives did (liberals minus conservatives). The speakers that conservatives are expected to object to sit right of zero in every period in which they were asked (three speakers in 1976 to 1994 and four in 2008 to 2018), and the Muslim clergyman gap is {fact:ig_mslm_late}. The racist gap moved from {fact:ig_rac_early} to {fact:ig_rac_late}. Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
      "filter": {
        "grouping": "ideology"
      },
      "id": "ideology",
      "label": "By ideology",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          -5,
          20
        ],
        "xLabel": "Liberals minus conservatives (points)"
      },
      "title": "Liberals allowed each speaker objectionable to conservatives more often than conservatives did in every period the speaker was asked about"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Democrats minus Republicans among respondents of the same age, education, race and sex. Every 1976 to 1994 dot is within {fact:adjpg_early_abs_max} points of zero. In 2008 to 2018 the Communist, anti-religionist, homosexual man and Muslim clergyman dots sit right of zero, from {fact:adjpg_con_min} to {fact:adjpg_con_max} points, and the racist dot sits left of zero at {fact:adjpg_rac_late}. The adjusted views compare Democrats with Republicans, or liberals with conservatives, of the same age, education, race and sex in the same survey year, from a weighted linear regression with robust errors. Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
      "filter": {
        "grouping": "party_adjusted"
      },
      "id": "party_adjusted",
      "label": "By party, adjusted",
      "spec": {
        "xLabel": "Democrats minus Republicans, adjusted (points)"
      },
      "title": "Among adults of the same age, education, race and sex, party gaps were near zero in 1976 to 1994 and positive for four speakers in 2008 to 2018"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Liberals minus conservatives among respondents of the same age, education, race and sex. The four speakers that conservatives are expected to object to keep gaps from {fact:adjig_con_min} to {fact:adjig_con_max} points in 2008 to 2018. The adjusted views compare Democrats with Republicans, or liberals with conservatives, of the same age, education, race and sex in the same survey year, from a weighted linear regression with robust errors. Gold marks the racist and the militarist, the speakers that liberals are expected to object to (the top two rows of each panel), and green marks the other four, the speakers that conservatives are expected to object to.",
      "filter": {
        "grouping": "ideology_adjusted"
      },
      "id": "ideology_adjusted",
      "label": "By ideology, adjusted",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          -5,
          20
        ],
        "xLabel": "Liberals minus conservatives, adjusted (points)"
      },
      "title": "Among adults of the same age, education, race and sex, the ideology gaps are slightly smaller than the raw gaps"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}