{
  "alt": "Horizontal stacked bars with four bars, Democratic voters and Republican voters in an earlier and a later period, each split into the groups of one dimension. In the education view the four-year degree segment grows in both parties' bars, by more in the Democratic one, whose earlier segment is the smaller of the two. The buttons show income, race and ethnicity, religion, age and gender.",
  "caption": "Each bar shows who is in one party's coalition in one period, and the segments in a bar sum to the whole of the party's voters. In the default view, the four-year degree segment grows in both coalitions and by more in the Democratic one. Segments are shares of the party's voters, not shares of the group voting for the party. The tooltip and the table give the interval for each segment.",
  "data": [
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 82.5102,
      "conf_low": 79.1329,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 80.8216,
      "group": "No four-year degree",
      "n": 2173,
      "n_cell": 1754
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 20.8671,
      "conf_low": 17.4898,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 19.1784,
      "group": "Four-year degree or more",
      "n": 2173,
      "n_cell": 419
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 58.0094,
      "conf_low": 55.1558,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 56.5826,
      "group": "No four-year degree",
      "n": 9449,
      "n_cell": 4639
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 44.8442,
      "conf_low": 41.9906,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 43.4174,
      "group": "Four-year degree or more",
      "n": 9449,
      "n_cell": 4810
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 76.541,
      "conf_low": 73.1105,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 74.8258,
      "group": "No four-year degree",
      "n": 2563,
      "n_cell": 1919
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 26.8895,
      "conf_low": 23.459,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 25.1742,
      "group": "Four-year degree or more",
      "n": 2563,
      "n_cell": 644
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 70.0751,
      "conf_low": 67.1579,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 68.6165,
      "group": "No four-year degree",
      "n": 7156,
      "n_cell": 4340
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 32.8421,
      "conf_low": 29.9249,
      "dimension": "Education",
      "estimate": 31.3835,
      "group": "Four-year degree or more",
      "n": 7156,
      "n_cell": 2816
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 35.5924,
      "conf_low": 31.3842,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 33.4883,
      "group": "Lowest third",
      "n": 2011,
      "n_cell": 664
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 37.7886,
      "conf_low": 33.5178,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 35.6532,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 2011,
      "n_cell": 716
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 32.9179,
      "conf_low": 28.7992,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 30.8585,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 2011,
      "n_cell": 631
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 26.1673,
      "conf_low": 23.6453,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 24.9063,
      "group": "Lowest third",
      "n": 9236,
      "n_cell": 2855
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 33.9078,
      "conf_low": 31.1755,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 32.5416,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 9236,
      "n_cell": 3111
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 43.9938,
      "conf_low": 41.1105,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 42.5521,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 9236,
      "n_cell": 3270
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 21.9321,
      "conf_low": 18.6314,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 20.2817,
      "group": "Lowest third",
      "n": 2376,
      "n_cell": 474
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 36.5995,
      "conf_low": 32.6935,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 34.6465,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 2376,
      "n_cell": 813
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 47.1139,
      "conf_low": 43.0296,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 45.0718,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 2376,
      "n_cell": 1089
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 22.4199,
      "conf_low": 19.8082,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 21.1141,
      "group": "Lowest third",
      "n": 6908,
      "n_cell": 1911
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 37.1621,
      "conf_low": 34.0974,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 35.6297,
      "group": "Middle third",
      "n": 6908,
      "n_cell": 2506
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 44.8414,
      "conf_low": 41.671,
      "dimension": "Income",
      "estimate": 43.2562,
      "group": "Highest third",
      "n": 6908,
      "n_cell": 2491
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 74.5805,
      "conf_low": 70.7631,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 72.6718,
      "group": "White non-Hispanic",
      "n": 2179,
      "n_cell": 1594
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 21.7302,
      "conf_low": 18.3028,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 20.0165,
      "group": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "n": 2179,
      "n_cell": 425
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 8.42671,
      "conf_low": 6.19673,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 7.31172,
      "group": "Hispanic or another race",
      "n": 2179,
      "n_cell": 160
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 59.3971,
      "conf_low": 56.5629,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 57.98,
      "group": "White non-Hispanic",
      "n": 9493,
      "n_cell": 5863
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 21.0284,
      "conf_low": 18.7366,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 19.8825,
      "group": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "n": 9493,
      "n_cell": 1778
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 23.3295,
      "conf_low": 20.9455,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 22.1375,
      "group": "Hispanic or another race",
      "n": 9493,
      "n_cell": 1852
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 95.694,
      "conf_low": 93.9446,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 94.8193,
      "group": "White non-Hispanic",
      "n": 2570,
      "n_cell": 2436
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 1.7635,
      "conf_low": 0.864656,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 1.31408,
      "group": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "n": 2570,
      "n_cell": 33
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 4.62751,
      "conf_low": 3.10575,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 3.86663,
      "group": "Hispanic or another race",
      "n": 2570,
      "n_cell": 101
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 87.0137,
      "conf_low": 84.8334,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 85.9235,
      "group": "White non-Hispanic",
      "n": 7190,
      "n_cell": 6234
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 1.972,
      "conf_low": 1.18998,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 1.58099,
      "group": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "n": 7190,
      "n_cell": 82
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 13.532,
      "conf_low": 11.459,
      "dimension": "Race and ethnicity",
      "estimate": 12.4955,
      "group": "Hispanic or another race",
      "n": 7190,
      "n_cell": 874
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 61.5895,
      "conf_low": 57.3913,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 59.4904,
      "group": "Protestant",
      "n": 2186,
      "n_cell": 1293
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 29.8718,
      "conf_low": 26.0341,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 27.953,
      "group": "Catholic",
      "n": 2186,
      "n_cell": 619
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 13.9735,
      "conf_low": 11.1398,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 12.5566,
      "group": "Jewish, another religion or none",
      "n": 2186,
      "n_cell": 274
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 37.5921,
      "conf_low": 34.4792,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 36.0356,
      "group": "Protestant",
      "n": 7349,
      "n_cell": 2676
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 23.1168,
      "conf_low": 20.4406,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 21.7787,
      "group": "Catholic",
      "n": 7349,
      "n_cell": 1571
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 43.7867,
      "conf_low": 40.5846,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 42.1857,
      "group": "Jewish, another religion or none",
      "n": 7349,
      "n_cell": 3102
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 70.662,
      "conf_low": 67.0056,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 68.8338,
      "group": "Protestant",
      "n": 2569,
      "n_cell": 1773
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 24.797,
      "conf_low": 21.4682,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 23.1326,
      "group": "Catholic",
      "n": 2569,
      "n_cell": 595
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 9.1065,
      "conf_low": 6.96074,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 8.03362,
      "group": "Jewish, another religion or none",
      "n": 2569,
      "n_cell": 201
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 54.0477,
      "conf_low": 50.5355,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 52.2916,
      "group": "Protestant",
      "n": 5497,
      "n_cell": 2881
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 23.9605,
      "conf_low": 21.0245,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 22.4925,
      "group": "Catholic",
      "n": 5497,
      "n_cell": 1258
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2020",
      "conf_high": 26.7427,
      "conf_low": 23.6891,
      "dimension": "Religion",
      "estimate": 25.2159,
      "group": "Jewish, another religion or none",
      "n": 5497,
      "n_cell": 1358
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 20.9349,
      "conf_low": 17.5602,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 19.2475,
      "group": "18 to 29",
      "n": 2182,
      "n_cell": 409
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 32.5648,
      "conf_low": 28.6204,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 30.5926,
      "group": "30 to 44",
      "n": 2182,
      "n_cell": 675
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 33.1451,
      "conf_low": 29.1804,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 31.1627,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "n": 2182,
      "n_cell": 687
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 20.6761,
      "conf_low": 17.3182,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 18.9971,
      "group": "65 and over",
      "n": 2182,
      "n_cell": 411
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 19.604,
      "conf_low": 17.3508,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 18.4774,
      "group": "18 to 29",
      "n": 9304,
      "n_cell": 1125
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 25.9006,
      "conf_low": 23.3986,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 24.6496,
      "group": "30 to 44",
      "n": 9304,
      "n_cell": 2255
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 35.9494,
      "conf_low": 33.1884,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 34.5689,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "n": 9304,
      "n_cell": 3301
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 23.5125,
      "conf_low": 21.0957,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 22.3041,
      "group": "65 and over",
      "n": 9304,
      "n_cell": 2623
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 20.4836,
      "conf_low": 17.3876,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 18.9356,
      "group": "18 to 29",
      "n": 2564,
      "n_cell": 472
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 34.8805,
      "conf_low": 31.1642,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 33.0223,
      "group": "30 to 44",
      "n": 2564,
      "n_cell": 851
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 31.3865,
      "conf_low": 27.7799,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 29.5832,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "n": 2564,
      "n_cell": 765
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 19.9917,
      "conf_low": 16.926,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 18.4588,
      "group": "65 and over",
      "n": 2564,
      "n_cell": 476
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 14.1754,
      "conf_low": 12.028,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 13.1017,
      "group": "18 to 29",
      "n": 6976,
      "n_cell": 548
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 22.7799,
      "conf_low": 20.1666,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 21.4732,
      "group": "30 to 44",
      "n": 6976,
      "n_cell": 1431
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 41.6047,
      "conf_low": 38.4864,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 40.0456,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "n": 6976,
      "n_cell": 2685
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 26.7642,
      "conf_low": 23.9947,
      "dimension": "Age",
      "estimate": 25.3795,
      "group": "65 and over",
      "n": 6976,
      "n_cell": 2312
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 60.7362,
      "conf_low": 56.5292,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 58.6327,
      "group": "Women",
      "n": 2191,
      "n_cell": 1286
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 43.4708,
      "conf_low": 39.2638,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 41.3673,
      "group": "Men",
      "n": 2191,
      "n_cell": 905
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 56.9005,
      "conf_low": 54.0452,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 55.4729,
      "group": "Women",
      "n": 9495,
      "n_cell": 5391
    },
    {
      "category": "Democratic voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 45.9548,
      "conf_low": 43.0995,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 44.5271,
      "group": "Men",
      "n": 9495,
      "n_cell": 4104
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 55.1505,
      "conf_low": 51.219,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 53.1847,
      "group": "Women",
      "n": 2579,
      "n_cell": 1373
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 1976 to 1988",
      "conf_high": 48.781,
      "conf_low": 44.8495,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 46.8153,
      "group": "Men",
      "n": 2579,
      "n_cell": 1206
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 51.1246,
      "conf_low": 47.9922,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 49.5584,
      "group": "Women",
      "n": 7205,
      "n_cell": 3564
    },
    {
      "category": "Republican voters, 2012 to 2024",
      "conf_high": 52.0078,
      "conf_low": 48.8754,
      "dimension": "Gender",
      "estimate": 50.4416,
      "group": "Men",
      "n": 7205,
      "n_cell": 3641
    }
  ],
  "id": "composition_stacks",
  "notes": [
    "Each period pools four elections, 1976, 1980, 1984 and 1988 against 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024, and every election has the same total weight. The religion view ends in 2020 because the 2024 religion codes of the cumulative file are unusable.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and ignore clustering in the sample design.",
    "Stacked bars carry no whiskers; the interval and the number of voters in the party's denominator are in the tooltip and the table."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1976 to 1988 and 2012 to 2024; weighted (weight_postelection where the file has one, else weight; each election has the same total weight); two-party presidential voters",
  "spec": {
    "category": "category",
    "colors": {
      "18 to 29": "cat1",
      "30 to 44": "cat2",
      "45 to 64": "cat3",
      "65 and over": "cat4",
      "Black non-Hispanic": "cat1",
      "Catholic": "cat2",
      "Four-year degree or more": "cat1",
      "Highest third": "cat1",
      "Hispanic or another race": "cat2",
      "Jewish, another religion or none": "cat3",
      "Lowest third": "cat3",
      "Men": "cat2",
      "Middle third": "muted",
      "No four-year degree": "muted",
      "Protestant": "cat1",
      "White non-Hispanic": "cat4",
      "Women": "cat1"
    },
    "format": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "group": "group",
    "normalize": true,
    "orientation": "h",
    "stack": true,
    "value": "estimate",
    "valueLabel": "Share of the party's voters (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Make-up of each party's two-party presidential voters, percent, in 1976 to 1988 and 2012 to 2024 (the buttons switch the dimension); pooled elections; 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "dimension",
        "label": "Dimension"
      },
      {
        "key": "category",
        "label": "Party and period"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Share of the party's voters (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n party voters"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_cell",
        "label": "n in group"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Four-year degree holders rose from {fact:deg_d0} to {fact:deg_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:deg_r0} to {fact:deg_r1} of Republican voters",
  "type": "bar",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Education"
      },
      "id": "education",
      "label": "Education",
      "title": "Four-year degree holders rose from {fact:deg_d0} to {fact:deg_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:deg_r0} to {fact:deg_r1} of Republican voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Income"
      },
      "id": "income",
      "label": "Income",
      "title": "The highest income third went from {fact:inc_d0} to {fact:inc_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:inc_r0} to {fact:inc_r1} of Republican voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Race and ethnicity"
      },
      "id": "race_and_ethnicity",
      "label": "Race and ethnicity",
      "title": "White non-Hispanic voters fell from {fact:wh_d0} to {fact:wh_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:wh_r0} to {fact:wh_r1} of Republican voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Religion"
      },
      "id": "religion",
      "label": "Religion",
      "title": "Protestants fell from {fact:pro_d0} to {fact:pro_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:pro_r0} to {fact:pro_r1} of Republican voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Age"
      },
      "id": "age",
      "label": "Age",
      "title": "The oldest age band went from {fact:a65_d0} to {fact:a65_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:a65_r0} to {fact:a65_r1} of Republican voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "dimension": "Gender"
      },
      "id": "gender",
      "label": "Gender",
      "title": "Women fell from {fact:wom_d0} to {fact:wom_d1} of Democratic voters and from {fact:wom_r0} to {fact:wom_r1} of Republican voters"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}