{
  "alt": "A line chart of the correlation between the ANES child-rearing measure and party identification by study year, with 95% bands, for white, Black, and Hispanic and other respondents and, dashed, all respondents. The white line starts near zero in 1992 and rises to the highest value in 2024, the Hispanic and other line rises from below zero in 1992 to a clearly positive value in 2024, and the Black line stays near zero, with its interval including zero in most years. The all-respondent line rises in every study after 2008. Other views show the ANES party and liberal-conservative lines with the GSS party line for all respondents, the partial correlation holding college degree, age and whether the respondent is white non-Hispanic fixed, which still rises, and the face-to-face and web samples, where the party line is positive in 2024 in both.",
  "caption": "The white and Hispanic and other lines rise across studies, and the Black line stays near zero. White non-Hispanic respondents go from {fact:anes_white_party_1992} in 1992 to {fact:anes_white_party_2024} in 2024 and Hispanic and other respondents from {fact:anes_other_party_1992} to {fact:anes_other_party_2024}. Among Black non-Hispanic respondents the interval includes zero in {fact:n_black_incl} of {fact:n_black_years} study years. The dashed line is all respondents. Hispanic and other holds every respondent who is neither white nor Black non-Hispanic, {fact:anes_other_share_1992}% of the weighted sample in 1992 and {fact:anes_other_share_2024}% in 2024.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.00119599,
      "conf_low": -0.0860054,
      "estimate": -0.0424856,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2023,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0866758,
      "conf_low": -0.0129386,
      "estimate": 0.0369604,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1551,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.138193,
      "conf_low": -0.105237,
      "estimate": 0.0167259,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 261,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0222794,
      "conf_low": -0.248488,
      "estimate": -0.115245,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 206,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.10888,
      "conf_low": 0.020679,
      "estimate": 0.064906,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1971,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.263718,
      "conf_low": 0.166961,
      "estimate": 0.21587,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1498,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.331446,
      "conf_low": 0.227704,
      "estimate": 0.280394,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1217,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.230687,
      "conf_low": -0.0919978,
      "estimate": 0.0712076,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 147,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.303865,
      "conf_low": -0.0339891,
      "estimate": 0.13898,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 131,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.287804,
      "conf_low": 0.190713,
      "estimate": 0.239858,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1457,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0576306,
      "conf_low": -0.0542214,
      "estimate": 0.00170995,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1527,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.144811,
      "conf_low": 0.0195631,
      "estimate": 0.0825127,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1184,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.151989,
      "conf_low": -0.207559,
      "estimate": -0.0287136,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 151,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.184249,
      "conf_low": -0.14576,
      "estimate": 0.0197833,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 183,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.135621,
      "conf_low": 0.0237155,
      "estimate": 0.0799198,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1510,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.318653,
      "conf_low": 0.148052,
      "estimate": 0.235163,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 575,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.335548,
      "conf_low": 0.148353,
      "estimate": 0.244225,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 470,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.318488,
      "conf_low": 0.146213,
      "estimate": 0.234188,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 568,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.120274,
      "conf_low": -0.0132553,
      "estimate": 0.0537499,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1041,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.248442,
      "conf_low": 0.0949067,
      "estimate": 0.172723,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 741,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.180016,
      "conf_low": -0.175421,
      "estimate": 0.00237285,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 152,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.278228,
      "conf_low": -0.0972903,
      "estimate": 0.0938038,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 132,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.206308,
      "conf_low": 0.0736642,
      "estimate": 0.140617,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1025,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.327778,
      "conf_low": 0.188258,
      "estimate": 0.259371,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 817,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.390748,
      "conf_low": 0.235789,
      "estimate": 0.315369,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 614,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.322054,
      "conf_low": 0.181064,
      "estimate": 0.252901,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 810,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.107,
      "conf_low": -0.000884938,
      "estimate": 0.0532127,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2050,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.225427,
      "conf_low": 0.0919528,
      "estimate": 0.159418,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1022,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0958045,
      "conf_low": -0.103036,
      "estimate": -0.00365184,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 484,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.194605,
      "conf_low": -0.0340172,
      "estimate": 0.081364,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 524,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.107,
      "conf_low": -0.000884938,
      "estimate": 0.0532127,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 2050,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.196395,
      "conf_low": 0.0886454,
      "estimate": 0.142944,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1994,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.326191,
      "conf_low": 0.209626,
      "estimate": 0.268893,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1473,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.384149,
      "conf_low": 0.246015,
      "estimate": 0.31676,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 815,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.334831,
      "conf_low": 0.0793623,
      "estimate": 0.210691,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 266,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.395062,
      "conf_low": 0.141732,
      "estimate": 0.273126,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 378,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.326191,
      "conf_low": 0.209626,
      "estimate": 0.268893,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1473,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.33664,
      "conf_low": 0.218881,
      "estimate": 0.278808,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1433,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.117851,
      "conf_low": 0.0468245,
      "estimate": 0.0824423,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 5453,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.25309,
      "conf_low": 0.171104,
      "estimate": 0.212471,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3255,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0119325,
      "conf_low": -0.211708,
      "estimate": -0.112962,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 949,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.145536,
      "conf_low": -0.0223548,
      "estimate": 0.0620292,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1233,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.108415,
      "conf_low": -0.0165257,
      "estimate": 0.0461251,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1888,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.142994,
      "conf_low": 0.0569015,
      "estimate": 0.100135,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 3565,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.199927,
      "conf_low": 0.129536,
      "estimate": 0.164942,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 5329,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.266311,
      "conf_low": 0.195517,
      "estimate": 0.23122,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4912,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.345053,
      "conf_low": 0.265081,
      "estimate": 0.305606,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3100,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.229625,
      "conf_low": 0.0087009,
      "estimate": 0.120657,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 752,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.259828,
      "conf_low": 0.0824681,
      "estimate": 0.172546,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1047,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.269832,
      "conf_low": 0.131412,
      "estimate": 0.201629,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1365,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.285104,
      "conf_low": 0.203077,
      "estimate": 0.244528,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 3547,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.282561,
      "conf_low": 0.211548,
      "estimate": 0.247387,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4805,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.181599,
      "conf_low": 0.10454,
      "estimate": 0.143287,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3600,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.329261,
      "conf_low": 0.245332,
      "estimate": 0.287849,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2601,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.152046,
      "conf_low": -0.114025,
      "estimate": 0.0193529,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 338,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.120206,
      "conf_low": -0.0668803,
      "estimate": 0.0268983,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 643,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.183767,
      "conf_low": 0.0350758,
      "estimate": 0.110037,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1038,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.198518,
      "conf_low": 0.108415,
      "estimate": 0.153786,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 2562,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.239918,
      "conf_low": 0.163117,
      "estimate": 0.201827,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3482,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.391934,
      "conf_low": 0.315301,
      "estimate": 0.354212,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2856,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.461013,
      "conf_low": 0.379037,
      "estimate": 0.420883,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2175,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.380168,
      "conf_low": 0.0468368,
      "estimate": 0.219912,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 200,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.360147,
      "conf_low": 0.158456,
      "estimate": 0.262162,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 467,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.39373,
      "conf_low": 0.242125,
      "estimate": 0.319974,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 821,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.409865,
      "conf_low": 0.321113,
      "estimate": 0.366322,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 2035,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.382811,
      "conf_low": 0.304146,
      "estimate": 0.344082,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2760,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.244051,
      "conf_low": 0.184684,
      "estimate": 0.214566,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 7314,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.429033,
      "conf_low": 0.369281,
      "estimate": 0.399582,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 5332,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0774189,
      "conf_low": -0.137173,
      "estimate": -0.0302255,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 638,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.196995,
      "conf_low": 0.0504295,
      "estimate": 0.124391,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1280,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.283325,
      "conf_low": 0.223578,
      "estimate": 0.253693,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 6929,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.414224,
      "conf_low": 0.357879,
      "estimate": 0.386412,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 6288,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.499597,
      "conf_low": 0.441517,
      "estimate": 0.471067,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4764,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.279905,
      "conf_low": 0.0270257,
      "estimate": 0.156021,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 425,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.407948,
      "conf_low": 0.263109,
      "estimate": 0.337525,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1049,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.40036,
      "conf_low": 0.341731,
      "estimate": 0.371415,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 5966,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.321408,
      "conf_low": 0.244447,
      "estimate": 0.283384,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4668,
      "race_series": "All respondents",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.465497,
      "conf_low": 0.384839,
      "estimate": 0.426014,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3379,
      "race_series": "White",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.183427,
      "conf_low": -0.0841909,
      "estimate": 0.0505251,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 418,
      "race_series": "Black",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.347699,
      "conf_low": 0.171637,
      "estimate": 0.261845,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 833,
      "race_series": "Hispanic and other",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "race",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.375548,
      "conf_low": 0.207959,
      "estimate": 0.294012,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 905,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.319812,
      "conf_low": 0.202229,
      "estimate": 0.261993,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 1736,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.34522,
      "conf_low": 0.267267,
      "estimate": 0.306758,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4429,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.462461,
      "conf_low": 0.389216,
      "estimate": 0.426538,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 4085,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.543604,
      "conf_low": 0.466666,
      "estimate": 0.506141,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3067,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.392089,
      "conf_low": 0.0948927,
      "estimate": 0.249353,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 290,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Black non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.489516,
      "conf_low": 0.317751,
      "estimate": 0.407228,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 694,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Hispanic and other",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.527255,
      "conf_low": 0.370921,
      "estimate": 0.452558,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 784,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.493556,
      "conf_low": 0.384462,
      "estimate": 0.440635,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 1473,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.445013,
      "conf_low": 0.368131,
      "estimate": 0.407293,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 3866,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic",
      "series": "ANES ideology",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0553942,
      "conf_low": -0.106757,
      "estimate": -0.0258514,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 728,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.00518026,
      "conf_low": -0.108748,
      "estimate": -0.0519529,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1776,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.101456,
      "conf_low": -0.038135,
      "estimate": 0.0318158,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 975,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0284066,
      "conf_low": -0.111162,
      "estimate": -0.0415807,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 985,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.055348,
      "conf_low": -0.0955854,
      "estimate": -0.020234,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 861,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.097694,
      "conf_low": -0.0429341,
      "estimate": 0.0275161,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 970,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.111007,
      "conf_low": -0.0272304,
      "estimate": 0.0420898,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1016,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0653223,
      "conf_low": -0.0350453,
      "estimate": 0.0151767,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1914,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0944142,
      "conf_low": -0.00689821,
      "estimate": 0.0438708,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1856,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0528504,
      "conf_low": -0.0512255,
      "estimate": 0.000814683,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1830,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0699214,
      "conf_low": -0.0333281,
      "estimate": 0.0183455,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1817,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0937691,
      "conf_low": -0.0620951,
      "estimate": 0.0159338,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 876,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0488874,
      "conf_low": -0.110123,
      "estimate": -0.0308129,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 856,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0877209,
      "conf_low": -0.0878025,
      "estimate": -4.11006e-05,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 692,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.136857,
      "conf_low": -0.0159851,
      "estimate": 0.0607925,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 980,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.147745,
      "conf_low": -0.0081013,
      "estimate": 0.0702506,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 918,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.139325,
      "conf_low": 0.0112721,
      "estimate": 0.0756101,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1319,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.147348,
      "conf_low": 0.0127349,
      "estimate": 0.080408,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1169,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0419726,
      "conf_low": -0.0950089,
      "estimate": -0.0266432,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1312,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0338212,
      "conf_low": -0.111486,
      "estimate": -0.0390385,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1170,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.133611,
      "conf_low": -0.00391184,
      "estimate": 0.0651587,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1274,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.138149,
      "conf_low": -0.00975828,
      "estimate": 0.0645497,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1109,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0924511,
      "conf_low": -0.0205324,
      "estimate": 0.0360746,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1620,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0953312,
      "conf_low": -0.0262889,
      "estimate": 0.0346494,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1391,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.16235,
      "conf_low": 0.0528648,
      "estimate": 0.107935,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1860,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.17779,
      "conf_low": 0.0646494,
      "estimate": 0.121615,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1735,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.164911,
      "conf_low": 0.0336338,
      "estimate": 0.0997062,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 1470,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.152664,
      "conf_low": 0.0161045,
      "estimate": 0.0847823,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 1320,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.163394,
      "conf_low": 0.0667434,
      "estimate": 0.115342,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2479,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.171195,
      "conf_low": 0.0684853,
      "estimate": 0.120162,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 2171,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.180176,
      "conf_low": 0.0502516,
      "estimate": 0.115708,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2209,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.203451,
      "conf_low": 0.00509533,
      "estimate": 0.105321,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 962,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.216856,
      "conf_low": 0.0349625,
      "estimate": 0.126976,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 1042,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.187409,
      "conf_low": 0.067202,
      "estimate": 0.127775,
      "mode": "All modes",
      "n": 2045,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.218614,
      "conf_low": 0.0135329,
      "estimate": 0.117324,
      "mode": "Face-to-face",
      "n": 691,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.255961,
      "conf_low": 0.0956851,
      "estimate": 0.176996,
      "mode": "Web",
      "n": 1135,
      "race_series": "",
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "series": "GSS party",
      "view_group": "other",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "us_party_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Party identification runs from strong Democrat to strong Republican with leaners included, and higher values are more Republican. The GSS drops respondents who name another party.",
    "The ANES Cumulative File has none of the four child-rearing items in 1996, so the ANES lines run from 1992 to 2000. ANES 2020 and part of 2024 are mixed-mode and have no face-to-face or web weight for some respondents; the mode views show what mode weights allow.",
    "Intervals are model based (Fisher z on the Kish effective sample size) and ignore clustering in the sample design."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, presidential-year studies 1992-2024; weighted (weight, VCF0009z; mode-specific weights in the mode views); General Social Survey, 1986-2024; weighted (weight_use)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No correlation",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All respondents": "total",
      "Black": "cat2",
      "Hispanic and other": "cat3",
      "White": "cat1"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "All respondents"
    ],
    "n": "n",
    "series": "race_series",
    "x": "year",
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.3,
      0.6
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation with party identification"
  },
  "subtitle": "Correlation of the child-rearing measure with party identification among ANES respondents, by race and study year, with 95% bands; the other views add liberal-conservative self-placement and the GSS",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Study year"
      },
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "key": "sample",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "key": "mode",
        "label": "Mode"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents in cell"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The correlation with party rose among white and Hispanic and other respondents and stayed near zero among Black respondents",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view_group": "race"
      },
      "id": "race",
      "label": "By race"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The ANES party line rises from near zero, and the ANES liberal-conservative line starts higher and also rises. The GSS party line, from a different measure, is near zero through 2014 and higher from 2016 to 2024. Positive values mean that respondents on the obedience side are more Republican or more conservative.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "All modes",
        "sample": "All respondents"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "Party, ideology and GSS",
      "spec": {
        "colors": {
          "ANES ideology": "cat2",
          "ANES party": "cat1",
          "GSS party": "cat3"
        },
        "dashed": [
          "GSS party"
        ],
        "series": "series",
        "yLabel": "Correlation of the measure with party or ideology"
      },
      "title": "Among all respondents the correlation with party identification rose from {fact:anes_party_1992} in 1992 to {fact:anes_party_2024} in 2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The correlation with party identification is {fact:anes_net_party_1992} in 1992 and {fact:anes_net_party_2024} in 2024 when a college degree, age and whether the respondent is white non-Hispanic are held fixed. This is a partial correlation: the correlation left after removing what those three variables explain of each of the two measures. The GSS series is not shown here.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "All modes",
        "sample": "Net of college, age and white non-Hispanic"
      },
      "id": "net",
      "label": "Net of college, age and race",
      "spec": {
        "colors": {
          "ANES ideology": "cat2",
          "ANES party": "cat1",
          "GSS party": "cat3"
        },
        "dashed": [
          "GSS party"
        ],
        "series": "series",
        "yLabel": "Correlation of the measure with party or ideology"
      },
      "title": "Holding a college degree, age and whether the respondent is white fixed, the correlation with party identification still rose between 1992 and 2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Only the years with a face-to-face weight are shown (ANES 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024; GSS 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022 and 2024). ANES 2020 has no mode weights and is left open.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "Face-to-face"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "Face-to-face only",
      "spec": {
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ],
        "colors": {
          "ANES ideology": "cat2",
          "ANES party": "cat1",
          "GSS party": "cat3"
        },
        "dashed": [
          "GSS party"
        ],
        "series": "series",
        "yLabel": "Correlation of the measure with party or ideology"
      },
      "title": "In the face-to-face samples the correlation with party identification is {fact:anes_ftf_party_2024} in 2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Only the years with a web weight are shown (ANES 2012, 2016 and 2024; GSS 2021, 2022 and 2024). ANES 2020 has no mode weights and is left open.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "Web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web only",
      "spec": {
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ],
        "colors": {
          "ANES ideology": "cat2",
          "ANES party": "cat1",
          "GSS party": "cat3"
        },
        "dashed": [
          "GSS party"
        ],
        "series": "series",
        "yLabel": "Correlation of the measure with party or ideology"
      },
      "title": "In the web samples the correlation with party identification is {fact:anes_web_party_2024} in 2024"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}