{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row per household-income bracket, the highest at the top, joining the 2008 Democratic share to the 2024 share with a confidence interval on each end. In 2008 the share falls from {fact:sh_b1_2008} in the lowest bracket to {fact:sh_b4_2008} in the fourth and is {fact:sh_b5_2008} in the highest. In 2024 the shares from the lowest bracket to the highest are {fact:sh_b1_2024}, {fact:sh_b2_2024}, {fact:sh_b3_2024}, {fact:sh_b4_2024} and {fact:sh_b5_2024}. The three lowest brackets sit further left, toward the Republican side, than in 2008, the fourth bracket sits close to its 2008 position, and the highest bracket sits further right and has the highest share.",
  "caption": "In the default view the three lowest brackets have moved toward the Republican candidate since 2008, the lowest bracket furthest (a change of {fact:chg_b1} points), and the highest bracket has moved toward the Democratic candidate (a change of {fact:chg_b5} points); the fourth bracket has not moved by more than sampling error. The ring is 2008 and the dot is the later election, and the buttons switch the later election.",
  "data": [
    {
      "bracket": "$150k or more",
      "change": 3.87902,
      "change_hi": 7.32397,
      "change_lo": 0.434068,
      "comparison": 2024,
      "hi_2008": 56.1324,
      "hi_later": 59.0792,
      "lo_2008": 50.4183,
      "lo_later": 55.2296,
      "n_2008": 1634,
      "n_later": 4832,
      "share_2008": 53.2754,
      "share_later": 57.1544
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$100k to $150k",
      "change": -0.695309,
      "change_hi": 1.95086,
      "change_lo": -3.34147,
      "comparison": 2024,
      "hi_2008": 51.9265,
      "hi_later": 51.0301,
      "lo_2008": 47.9886,
      "lo_later": 47.4944,
      "n_2008": 3244,
      "n_later": 6416,
      "share_2008": 49.9575,
      "share_later": 49.2622
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$60k to $100k",
      "change": -3.50426,
      "change_hi": -1.43169,
      "change_lo": -5.57683,
      "comparison": 2024,
      "hi_2008": 51.8384,
      "hi_later": 48.4206,
      "lo_2008": 48.9951,
      "lo_later": 45.4044,
      "n_2008": 6261,
      "n_later": 9646,
      "share_2008": 50.4168,
      "share_later": 46.9125
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$30k to $60k",
      "change": -7.19624,
      "change_hi": -5.11362,
      "change_lo": -9.27885,
      "comparison": 2024,
      "hi_2008": 55.4299,
      "hi_later": 48.4227,
      "lo_2008": 52.6797,
      "lo_later": 45.2945,
      "n_2008": 7172,
      "n_later": 10250,
      "share_2008": 54.0548,
      "share_later": 46.8586
    },
    {
      "bracket": "Under $30k",
      "change": -10.9423,
      "change_hi": -8.06749,
      "change_lo": -13.8171,
      "comparison": 2024,
      "hi_2008": 64.3713,
      "hi_later": 53.5857,
      "lo_2008": 60.4654,
      "lo_later": 49.3664,
      "n_2008": 3900,
      "n_later": 7449,
      "share_2008": 62.4184,
      "share_later": 51.4761
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$150k or more",
      "change": 5.97952,
      "change_hi": 9.35061,
      "change_lo": 2.60843,
      "comparison": 2020,
      "hi_2008": 56.1324,
      "hi_later": 61.0441,
      "lo_2008": 50.4183,
      "lo_later": 57.4656,
      "n_2008": 1634,
      "n_later": 3908,
      "share_2008": 53.2754,
      "share_later": 59.2549
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$100k to $150k",
      "change": 3.7579,
      "change_hi": 6.23782,
      "change_lo": 1.27798,
      "comparison": 2020,
      "hi_2008": 51.9265,
      "hi_later": 55.2232,
      "lo_2008": 47.9886,
      "lo_later": 52.2077,
      "n_2008": 3244,
      "n_later": 6062,
      "share_2008": 49.9575,
      "share_later": 53.7154
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$60k to $100k",
      "change": -0.131235,
      "change_hi": 1.73092,
      "change_lo": -1.99339,
      "comparison": 2020,
      "hi_2008": 51.8384,
      "hi_later": 51.4882,
      "lo_2008": 48.9951,
      "lo_later": 49.0828,
      "n_2008": 6261,
      "n_later": 10534,
      "share_2008": 50.4168,
      "share_later": 50.2855
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$30k to $60k",
      "change": -2.42259,
      "change_hi": -0.571797,
      "change_lo": -4.27338,
      "comparison": 2020,
      "hi_2008": 55.4299,
      "hi_later": 52.871,
      "lo_2008": 52.6797,
      "lo_later": 50.3935,
      "n_2008": 7172,
      "n_later": 11283,
      "share_2008": 54.0548,
      "share_later": 51.6322
    },
    {
      "bracket": "Under $30k",
      "change": -5.78559,
      "change_hi": -3.26025,
      "change_lo": -8.31093,
      "comparison": 2020,
      "hi_2008": 64.3713,
      "hi_later": 58.2338,
      "lo_2008": 60.4654,
      "lo_later": 55.0317,
      "n_2008": 3900,
      "n_later": 7867,
      "share_2008": 62.4184,
      "share_later": 56.6328
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$150k or more",
      "change": 5.14382,
      "change_hi": 8.77761,
      "change_lo": 1.51003,
      "comparison": 2016,
      "hi_2008": 56.1324,
      "hi_later": 60.6645,
      "lo_2008": 50.4183,
      "lo_later": 56.1738,
      "n_2008": 1634,
      "n_later": 2739,
      "share_2008": 53.2754,
      "share_later": 58.4192
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$100k to $150k",
      "change": 2.87708,
      "change_hi": 5.45635,
      "change_lo": 0.297804,
      "comparison": 2016,
      "hi_2008": 51.9265,
      "hi_later": 54.5007,
      "lo_2008": 47.9886,
      "lo_later": 51.1685,
      "n_2008": 3244,
      "n_later": 5428,
      "share_2008": 49.9575,
      "share_later": 52.8346
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$60k to $100k",
      "change": -0.0658733,
      "change_hi": 1.83197,
      "change_lo": -1.96372,
      "comparison": 2016,
      "hi_2008": 51.8384,
      "hi_later": 51.6082,
      "lo_2008": 48.9951,
      "lo_later": 49.0936,
      "n_2008": 6261,
      "n_later": 10089,
      "share_2008": 50.4168,
      "share_later": 50.3509
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$30k to $60k",
      "change": -4.91851,
      "change_hi": -3.06421,
      "change_lo": -6.77282,
      "comparison": 2016,
      "hi_2008": 55.4299,
      "hi_later": 50.3803,
      "lo_2008": 52.6797,
      "lo_later": 47.8923,
      "n_2008": 7172,
      "n_later": 11291,
      "share_2008": 54.0548,
      "share_later": 49.1363
    },
    {
      "bracket": "Under $30k",
      "change": -7.36367,
      "change_hi": -4.77409,
      "change_lo": -9.95326,
      "comparison": 2016,
      "hi_2008": 64.3713,
      "hi_later": 56.7553,
      "lo_2008": 60.4654,
      "lo_later": 53.3541,
      "n_2008": 3900,
      "n_later": 7025,
      "share_2008": 62.4184,
      "share_later": 55.0547
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$150k or more",
      "change": 2.909,
      "change_hi": 7.11196,
      "change_lo": -1.29397,
      "comparison": 2012,
      "hi_2008": 56.1324,
      "hi_later": 59.2669,
      "lo_2008": 50.4183,
      "lo_later": 53.1018,
      "n_2008": 1634,
      "n_later": 2206,
      "share_2008": 53.2754,
      "share_later": 56.1844
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$100k to $150k",
      "change": 2.03095,
      "change_hi": 4.98197,
      "change_lo": -0.92007,
      "comparison": 2012,
      "hi_2008": 51.9265,
      "hi_later": 54.1866,
      "lo_2008": 47.9886,
      "lo_later": 49.7904,
      "n_2008": 3244,
      "n_later": 4300,
      "share_2008": 49.9575,
      "share_later": 51.9885
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$60k to $100k",
      "change": 0.237482,
      "change_hi": 2.33918,
      "change_lo": -1.86422,
      "comparison": 2012,
      "hi_2008": 51.8384,
      "hi_later": 52.2022,
      "lo_2008": 48.9951,
      "lo_later": 49.1063,
      "n_2008": 6261,
      "n_later": 8686,
      "share_2008": 50.4168,
      "share_later": 50.6542
    },
    {
      "bracket": "$30k to $60k",
      "change": -0.299932,
      "change_hi": 1.66445,
      "change_lo": -2.26431,
      "comparison": 2012,
      "hi_2008": 55.4299,
      "hi_later": 55.1577,
      "lo_2008": 52.6797,
      "lo_later": 52.3521,
      "n_2008": 7172,
      "n_later": 10959,
      "share_2008": 54.0548,
      "share_later": 53.7549
    },
    {
      "bracket": "Under $30k",
      "change": -2.80883,
      "change_hi": -0.192292,
      "change_lo": -5.42538,
      "comparison": 2012,
      "hi_2008": 64.3713,
      "hi_later": 61.3509,
      "lo_2008": 60.4654,
      "lo_later": 57.8681,
      "n_2008": 3900,
      "n_later": 6872,
      "share_2008": 62.4184,
      "share_later": 59.6095
    }
  ],
  "id": "ladder_2008_vs_later",
  "notes": [
    "Brackets are in the nominal dollars of each survey year; the lowest and highest brackets hold a different share of voters in different years.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and ignore clustering in the sample design."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study cumulative file, presidential years 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024; weighted (weight_cumulative); two-party presidential voters who reported household income",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "hi_2008",
    "hi2": "hi_later",
    "label1": "2008",
    "label2": "2024",
    "lo1": "lo_2008",
    "lo2": "lo_later",
    "n1": "n_2008",
    "n2": "n_later",
    "reference": 50,
    "referenceLabel": "Even split",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "share_2008",
    "x2": "share_later",
    "xDomain": [
      40,
      70
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Democratic share of the two-party vote (%)",
    "y": "bracket"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share of the two-party presidential vote by household-income bracket, 2008 and 2024 (the buttons show other elections); two-party voters who reported income; 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "comparison",
        "label": "Later election"
      },
      {
        "key": "bracket",
        "label": "Income bracket"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "share_2008",
        "label": "Share 2008 (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_2008",
        "label": "95% CI low 2008"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_2008",
        "label": "95% CI high 2008"
      },
      {
        "key": "n_2008",
        "label": "n 2008"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "share_later",
        "label": "Share later (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_later",
        "label": "95% CI low later"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_later",
        "label": "95% CI high later"
      },
      {
        "key": "n_later",
        "label": "n later"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "change",
        "label": "Change (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "change_lo",
        "label": "95% CI low change"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "change_hi",
        "label": "95% CI high change"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The most Democratic income bracket in 2008 was the lowest, and in 2024 it was the highest",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "comparison": 2024
      },
      "id": "2024",
      "label": "2008 and 2024",
      "spec": {
        "label2": "2024"
      }
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "comparison": 2020
      },
      "id": "2020",
      "label": "2008 and 2020",
      "spec": {
        "label2": "2020"
      }
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "comparison": 2016
      },
      "id": "2016",
      "label": "2008 and 2016",
      "spec": {
        "label2": "2016"
      }
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "comparison": 2012
      },
      "id": "2012",
      "label": "2008 and 2012",
      "spec": {
        "label2": "2012"
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}