{
  "alt": "Line chart of two series with confidence bands across five presidential elections. The line for voters with a four-year degree climbs from {fact:hi_deg_2008} in 2008 to {fact:hi_deg_2020} in 2020 and is {fact:hi_deg_2024} in 2024. The line for voters without a degree is {fact:hi_nod_2008} in 2008, {fact:hi_nod_2020} in 2020 and {fact:hi_nod_2024} in 2024, with wide bands. The bands overlap in 2008 and are separate in the four later elections.",
  "caption": "The two bands overlap in 2008 and are apart from 2012 on. The share among degree holders rises to 2020 and then changes by {fact:hi_deg_chg} points to 2024; the share among voters without a degree stays within sampling error of its 2008 level in every later election. The gap between the two groups is {fact:hi_gap_2008} points in 2008, {fact:hi_gap_2020} in 2020 and {fact:hi_gap_2024} in 2024; the 2008 interval reaches zero, and the change from 2020 to 2024, {fact:hi_gap_chg_2024} points, is within sampling error. Degree means a four-year degree or more, and the highest bracket is the top of the five used throughout the chapter. Bands are confidence intervals.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 58.8357,
      "conf_low": 52.6425,
      "degree": "Degree",
      "estimate": 55.7391,
      "gap": 6.31119,
      "gap_hi": 12.6164,
      "gap_lo": 0.00597376,
      "n": 1094,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.9203,
      "conf_low": 43.9355,
      "degree": "No degree",
      "estimate": 49.4279,
      "gap": 6.31119,
      "gap_hi": 12.6164,
      "gap_lo": 0.00597376,
      "n": 540,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.2531,
      "conf_low": 56.3986,
      "degree": "Degree",
      "estimate": 59.8258,
      "gap": 10.1584,
      "gap_hi": 17.0733,
      "gap_lo": 3.24336,
      "n": 1607,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.6734,
      "conf_low": 43.6615,
      "degree": "No degree",
      "estimate": 49.6675,
      "gap": 10.1584,
      "gap_hi": 17.0733,
      "gap_lo": 3.24336,
      "n": 599,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.7722,
      "conf_low": 59.9671,
      "degree": "Degree",
      "estimate": 62.3697,
      "gap": 11.3468,
      "gap_hi": 16.5481,
      "gap_lo": 6.14539,
      "n": 2003,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.6361,
      "conf_low": 46.4097,
      "degree": "No degree",
      "estimate": 51.0229,
      "gap": 11.3468,
      "gap_hi": 16.5481,
      "gap_lo": 6.14539,
      "n": 736,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.8856,
      "conf_low": 62.0008,
      "degree": "Degree",
      "estimate": 63.9432,
      "gap": 17.5785,
      "gap_hi": 21.9818,
      "gap_lo": 13.1751,
      "n": 2965,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.3165,
      "conf_low": 42.4129,
      "degree": "No degree",
      "estimate": 46.3647,
      "gap": 17.5785,
      "gap_hi": 21.9818,
      "gap_lo": 13.1751,
      "n": 943,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.9313,
      "conf_low": 58.7024,
      "degree": "Degree",
      "estimate": 60.8169,
      "gap": 14.3637,
      "gap_hi": 19.1116,
      "gap_lo": 9.61578,
      "n": 3569,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.7043,
      "conf_low": 42.202,
      "degree": "No degree",
      "estimate": 46.4532,
      "gap": 14.3637,
      "gap_hi": 19.1116,
      "gap_lo": 9.61578,
      "n": 1263,
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "high_income_by_degree",
  "notes": [
    "Brackets are in the nominal dollars of each survey year; the lowest and highest brackets hold a different share of voters in different years.",
    "Intervals are model based (Kish effective sample size, normal approximation) and ignore clustering in the sample design."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study cumulative file, presidential years 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024; weighted (weight_cumulative); two-party presidential voters who reported household income",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Even split",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 50
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Degree": "cat1",
      "No degree": "cat2"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "degree",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      2008,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Presidential election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      40,
      70
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Democratic share of the two-party vote (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share of the two-party presidential vote among voters in the highest household-income bracket, by education, 2008 to 2024; 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "degree",
        "label": "Education"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Election"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Democratic share (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap",
        "label": "Gap, degree minus no degree (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_lo",
        "label": "Gap 95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_hi",
        "label": "Gap 95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n voters"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "In the highest bracket, degree holders were {fact:hi_deg_2008} Democratic in 2008 and {fact:hi_deg_2020} in 2020, and voters without a degree were {fact:hi_nod_2008} and {fact:hi_nod_2020}",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "body"
}