{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with five rows joining the 2008 gap between the highest and lowest income brackets to the 2024 gap, with confidence intervals and a line at zero. In every row the 2024 dot is to the right of the 2008 ring. In 2024 the gap is {fact:gap_2024} in the row for all voters and {fact:gap_edu_2024} in the row net of education, and it is nearer zero in every row that holds education fixed than in the row for all voters.",
  "caption": "Within education groups and net of education the 2024 gap is nearer zero than for all voters, and each of those four 2024 intervals includes zero, while the gap still rises in every row. The ring is 2008 and the dot is 2024, and a value to the right of zero means the highest bracket is more Democratic than the lowest. Degree means a four-year degree or more. The last two rows are coefficients from a weighted linear probability model that adds education (four levels), or education and race and ethnicity (five groups), to the two end brackets, so they are not averages of the rows above them.",
  "data": [
    {
      "comparison": "All voters",
      "gap_2008": -9.14298,
      "gap_2024": 5.67832,
      "hi_2008": -5.3927,
      "hi_2024": 10.2586,
      "lo_2008": -12.8933,
      "lo_2024": 1.09806,
      "n_2008": 5534,
      "n_2024": 12281
    },
    {
      "comparison": "No degree",
      "gap_2008": -12.1977,
      "gap_2024": -3.29566,
      "hi_2008": -7.01151,
      "hi_2024": 2.66949,
      "lo_2008": -17.3838,
      "lo_2024": -9.26081,
      "n_2008": 3845,
      "n_2024": 7437
    },
    {
      "comparison": "Degree",
      "gap_2008": -12.4674,
      "gap_2024": 0.387434,
      "hi_2008": -5.08886,
      "hi_2024": 5.98459,
      "lo_2008": -19.8459,
      "lo_2024": -5.20972,
      "n_2008": 1689,
      "n_2024": 4844
    },
    {
      "comparison": "Net of education",
      "gap_2008": -13.6938,
      "gap_2024": -4.5323,
      "hi_2008": -9.77304,
      "hi_2024": 0.081227,
      "lo_2008": -17.6146,
      "lo_2024": -9.14584,
      "n_2008": 5534,
      "n_2024": 12281
    },
    {
      "comparison": "Net of education and race",
      "gap_2008": -9.73689,
      "gap_2024": -1.9466,
      "hi_2008": -6.24719,
      "hi_2024": 2.30565,
      "lo_2008": -13.2266,
      "lo_2024": -6.19885,
      "n_2008": 5534,
      "n_2024": 12281
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_net_of_education",
  "notes": [
    "Model rows use only the highest and lowest brackets. Education has four levels: high school or less, some college, a four-year degree, and postgraduate study.",
    "Intervals use standard errors clustered by state (the states and the District of Columbia) and a normal approximation; they are model based."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study cumulative file, presidential years 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024; weighted (weight_cumulative); two-party presidential voters who reported household income",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "hi_2008",
    "hi2": "hi_2024",
    "label1": "2008",
    "label2": "2024",
    "lo1": "lo_2008",
    "lo2": "lo_2024",
    "n1": "n_2008",
    "n2": "n_2024",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No difference",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "gap_2008",
    "x2": "gap_2024",
    "xDomain": [
      -26,
      14
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Highest minus lowest bracket, Democratic share (percentage points)",
    "y": "comparison"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share in the highest bracket minus the lowest, percentage points, 2008 and 2024, for all voters, within education groups, and net of education and race and ethnicity; 95% intervals clustered by state",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "comparison",
        "label": "Comparison"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap_2008",
        "label": "Gap 2008 (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_2008",
        "label": "95% CI low 2008"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_2008",
        "label": "95% CI high 2008"
      },
      {
        "key": "n_2008",
        "label": "n 2008"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "gap_2024",
        "label": "Gap 2024 (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_2024",
        "label": "95% CI low 2024"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_2024",
        "label": "95% CI high 2024"
      },
      {
        "key": "n_2024",
        "label": "n 2024"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Net of education the 2024 gap is {fact:gap_edu_2024} points against {fact:gap_2024} for all voters, and its interval includes zero",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "width": "wide"
}