{
  "alt": "Line chart with confidence bands of the correlation between attendance and ideology by year for three series. The European ESS panel line runs from {fact:ess_2002} in 2002 to {fact:ess_2023} in 2023 with no consistent movement between. The GSS line rises from {fact:gss_c_2002} in 2002 to {fact:gss_c_2008} in 2008, is {fact:gss_c_2018} in 2018 and {fact:gss_c_2021} in 2021, and reaches {fact:gss_c_2024} in 2024; the two rings mark {fact:gss_c_ftf} among in-person and {fact:gss_c_web} among web respondents in 2022 and 2024 pooled. The CES line is {fact:ces_c_2008} in 2008, dips to {fact:ces_c_2010} in 2010 and is back at {fact:ces_c_2018} in 2018 and {fact:ces_c_2024} in 2024.",
  "caption": "The GSS line is higher in 2024 than in 2002, the CES line falls after 2008 and returns by 2018, and the European panel line stays level. Each line is one survey's correlation by year with a 95% interval band, and the European line is the mean over the countries that took part in every ESS round, placed at the year each round began. The shaded band marks the GSS years with web interviews, and the two rings are the GSS of 2022 and 2024 pooled, split by interview mode.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.203965,
      "conf_low": 0.135363,
      "estimate": 0.167153,
      "n": 26103,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.195322,
      "conf_low": 0.115667,
      "estimate": 0.152567,
      "n": 25153,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.223859,
      "conf_low": 0.143296,
      "estimate": 0.180804,
      "n": 25528,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.196431,
      "conf_low": 0.11843,
      "estimate": 0.154959,
      "n": 25843,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.212929,
      "conf_low": 0.130013,
      "estimate": 0.166791,
      "n": 25234,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.202252,
      "conf_low": 0.109886,
      "estimate": 0.154116,
      "n": 26600,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.195555,
      "conf_low": 0.0939396,
      "estimate": 0.142534,
      "n": 25084,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.192361,
      "conf_low": 0.0867441,
      "estimate": 0.138549,
      "n": 24898,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.206886,
      "conf_low": 0.102339,
      "estimate": 0.150501,
      "n": 23263,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.206444,
      "conf_low": 0.0940228,
      "estimate": 0.148123,
      "n": 29750,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.21222,
      "conf_low": 0.0957716,
      "estimate": 0.150167,
      "n": 22401,
      "series": "Europe, ESS",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.348211,
      "conf_low": 0.324098,
      "estimate": 0.336209,
      "n": 29793,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.339473,
      "conf_low": 0.302738,
      "estimate": 0.321226,
      "n": 12123,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2009
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.280684,
      "conf_low": 0.255096,
      "estimate": 0.267938,
      "n": 51265,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.298534,
      "conf_low": 0.259685,
      "estimate": 0.279224,
      "n": 18198,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.326427,
      "conf_low": 0.302007,
      "estimate": 0.314269,
      "n": 48517,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.296928,
      "conf_low": 0.254211,
      "estimate": 0.275705,
      "n": 14509,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.306478,
      "conf_low": 0.2821,
      "estimate": 0.294337,
      "n": 49407,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.297786,
      "conf_low": 0.254068,
      "estimate": 0.27607,
      "n": 12719,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.296921,
      "conf_low": 0.276281,
      "estimate": 0.286634,
      "n": 58315,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.306529,
      "conf_low": 0.265614,
      "estimate": 0.286202,
      "n": 16175,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.338765,
      "conf_low": 0.316826,
      "estimate": 0.327839,
      "n": 53579,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.325555,
      "conf_low": 0.288981,
      "estimate": 0.307382,
      "n": 16287,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.318721,
      "conf_low": 0.297215,
      "estimate": 0.308007,
      "n": 54697,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.331708,
      "conf_low": 0.301214,
      "estimate": 0.316543,
      "n": 23134,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.341941,
      "conf_low": 0.319697,
      "estimate": 0.330865,
      "n": 54246,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.297866,
      "conf_low": 0.265207,
      "estimate": 0.281618,
      "n": 21693,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.3445,
      "conf_low": 0.318761,
      "estimate": 0.331692,
      "n": 55195,
      "series": "US, CES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.235599,
      "conf_low": 0.113109,
      "estimate": 0.175031,
      "n": 1325,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.23086,
      "conf_low": 0.107267,
      "estimate": 0.169731,
      "n": 1305,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.259975,
      "conf_low": 0.191956,
      "estimate": 0.226241,
      "n": 4322,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.307978,
      "conf_low": 0.208524,
      "estimate": 0.258937,
      "n": 1926,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.262515,
      "conf_low": 0.157275,
      "estimate": 0.210505,
      "n": 1968,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.290119,
      "conf_low": 0.18272,
      "estimate": 0.237144,
      "n": 1868,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.321738,
      "conf_low": 0.236202,
      "estimate": 0.279524,
      "n": 2438,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.277649,
      "conf_low": 0.191001,
      "estimate": 0.234791,
      "n": 2748,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.293515,
      "conf_low": 0.192141,
      "estimate": 0.243493,
      "n": 2235,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.281934,
      "conf_low": 0.209174,
      "estimate": 0.2459,
      "n": 3916,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.303357,
      "conf_low": 0.20274,
      "estimate": 0.253734,
      "n": 3395,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.341522,
      "conf_low": 0.25209,
      "estimate": 0.297458,
      "n": 3137,
      "series": "US, GSS",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "europe_time",
  "notes": [
    "GSS 2021 to 2024 include web interviews: 2021 was mostly web, and 2022 and 2024 mixed in-person and web interviews. The 2024 point falls in that period, and the in-person 2018 interval overlaps the 2002 interval. The three surveys use different attendance and ideology items, so levels are compared less safely than trends.",
    "ESS rounds are placed at the year fieldwork began; round 10 ran from 2020 to 2022 and round 11 began in 2023. The panel is the {fact:n_panel} countries present in every round: Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden and Slovenia.",
    "The panel mean hides opposite movements: the correlation rose in {fact:n_panel_up} of the countries and fell in {fact:n_panel_down}. The largest rise is in Poland, from {fact:pl_2002} in 2002 to {fact:pl_2023} in 2023, and the largest fall in Belgium, from {fact:be_2002} to {fact:be_2023}."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 2002-2024; Cooperative Election Study, 2008-2024; European Social Survey, rounds 1-11 (2002-2023); weighted",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Web interviews",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2021,
        "x2": 2024
      },
      {
        "label": "In person",
        "type": "point",
        "x": 2023,
        "y": 0.215759
      },
      {
        "label": "Web",
        "type": "point",
        "x": 2023,
        "y": 0.325962
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Europe, ESS": "cat3",
      "US, CES": "cat2",
      "US, GSS": "cat1"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "US, CES"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      2001,
      2025
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      0.45
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation of attendance with ideology"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted correlation between church attendance and left-right or ideological self-placement, by survey year; the United States in the GSS and CES and a fixed panel of European countries in the ESS; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The United States attendance-ideology correlation depends on the survey and the years compared, and a European panel shows no change",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}