{
  "alt": "Line chart with confidence bands of the correlation of attendance with three outcomes over six periods from 1975 to 2024. The cultural conservatism line lies well above zero in every period, near {fact:r_cult_all}; the economic conservatism line sits close to zero at {fact:r_econ_1975} in 1975 to 1984 and rises to {fact:r_econ_2021} in 2021 to 2024; the self-placed ideology line lies between the two.",
  "caption": "The cultural line lies above the economic line in every period, and the economic line is higher in the last period than in the first. Each point is the correlation in the survey years of one period, placed at the period's midpoint, with a 95% interval band, and a higher value means that more frequent attenders were more conservative. The shaded band marks the period with web interviews.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.402555,
      "conf_low": 0.339249,
      "era": "1975 to 1984",
      "estimate": 0.371333,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1979.5,
      "n": 4196
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.408925,
      "conf_low": 0.370321,
      "era": "1985 to 1994",
      "estimate": 0.389794,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1989.5,
      "n": 9643
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.446316,
      "conf_low": 0.40256,
      "era": "1995 to 2004",
      "estimate": 0.424686,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1999.5,
      "n": 6963
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.466435,
      "conf_low": 0.421886,
      "era": "2005 to 2014",
      "estimate": 0.444435,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2009.5,
      "n": 7362
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.50507,
      "conf_low": 0.438724,
      "era": "2015 to 2018",
      "estimate": 0.472566,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2016.5,
      "n": 3317
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.490652,
      "conf_low": 0.438255,
      "era": "2021 to 2024",
      "estimate": 0.46486,
      "index": "Cultural conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2022.5,
      "n": 6846
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.109155,
      "conf_low": 0.0361258,
      "era": "1975 to 1984",
      "estimate": 0.072738,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1979.5,
      "n": 4196
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0810502,
      "conf_low": 0.0356891,
      "era": "1985 to 1994",
      "estimate": 0.0583998,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1989.5,
      "n": 9643
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.100363,
      "conf_low": 0.0472754,
      "era": "1995 to 2004",
      "estimate": 0.0738714,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 1999.5,
      "n": 6963
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.114253,
      "conf_low": 0.059164,
      "era": "2005 to 2014",
      "estimate": 0.0867747,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2009.5,
      "n": 7362
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.165874,
      "conf_low": 0.0817978,
      "era": "2015 to 2018",
      "estimate": 0.124058,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2016.5,
      "n": 3317
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.215384,
      "conf_low": 0.150803,
      "era": "2021 to 2024",
      "estimate": 0.183291,
      "index": "Economic conservatism",
      "midpoint": 2022.5,
      "n": 6846
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.174956,
      "conf_low": 0.0979555,
      "era": "1975 to 1984",
      "estimate": 0.136662,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 1979.5,
      "n": 3565
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.189063,
      "conf_low": 0.151071,
      "era": "1985 to 1994",
      "estimate": 0.17013,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 1989.5,
      "n": 12990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.228595,
      "conf_low": 0.186919,
      "era": "1995 to 2004",
      "estimate": 0.207851,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 1999.5,
      "n": 10527
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.260398,
      "conf_low": 0.220489,
      "era": "2005 to 2014",
      "estimate": 0.240545,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 2009.5,
      "n": 12522
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.271513,
      "conf_low": 0.20555,
      "era": "2015 to 2018",
      "estimate": 0.238807,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 2016.5,
      "n": 4983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.290061,
      "conf_low": 0.239661,
      "era": "2021 to 2024",
      "estimate": 0.265042,
      "index": "Self-placed ideology",
      "midpoint": 2022.5,
      "n": 10448
    }
  ],
  "id": "culture_economics",
  "notes": [
    "The first period rests on the surveys of 1975, 1983 and 1984, the only ones in it that asked the economic items. All three outcomes use the survey years in which both indices were measured; the ideology points include every respondent who answered the ideology item in those years. The periods are 1975 to 1984, 1985 to 1994, 1995 to 2004, 2005 to 2014, 2015 to 2018 and 2021 to 2024.",
    "Cultural conservatism averages five standardized items (homosexuality, premarital sex, extramarital sex, pornography law, abortion for any reason); economic conservatism averages three (help for the poor, help for the sick, government action on income differences). Each index needs at least two answers. The mean correlation among the cultural items is {fact:item_r_cult} and among the economic items {fact:item_r_econ}.",
    "GSS 2021 to 2024 include web interviews, and 2015 to 2018 is the last period before them. Correlations use the Kish effective sample size for the interval."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024; weighted",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No correlation",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "label": "Web interviews",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2021,
        "x2": 2024
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Cultural conservatism": "cat1",
      "Economic conservatism": "cat2",
      "Self-placed ideology": "cat3"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "index",
    "x": "midpoint",
    "xDomain": [
      1974,
      2026
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Period midpoint (survey years pooled)",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.05,
      0.6
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation with attendance"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted correlation of church attendance (never to more than weekly) with cultural conservatism, economic conservatism and self-placed ideology, by period, GSS respondents, 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "index",
        "label": "Outcome"
      },
      {
        "key": "era",
        "label": "Period"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Attendance correlates more closely with cultural than with economic conservatism, and the economic correlation has grown",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}