{
  "alt": "Line chart from 1977 to 2024 of two gaps in the share giving the traditional answer in the GSS, each with a 95% band. The Republican-minus-Democrat gap starts near zero and rises to its highest values in 2021 and 2024. The men-minus-women gap ranges from {fact:gss_gender_min} to {fact:gss_gender_max}, and its band excludes zero in {fact:n_gss_gender_ci_pos} of {fact:n_gss_years} survey years.",
  "caption": "The party gap estimate reaches {fact:gss_party_gap_2024} in 2024, in the shaded years when the GSS is partly or largely online: it is {fact:gss_party_ftf_2024} among face-to-face respondents and {fact:gss_party_web_2024} among web respondents, against {fact:gss_party_gap_2018} in 2018. The face-to-face interval overlaps the 2018 interval, so growth after 2018 cannot be separated from the change of mode. The gender gap is {fact:gss_gender_gap_1977} in 1977 and {fact:gss_gender_gap_2024} in 2024, its highest estimate is {fact:gss_gender_max} in 2012, and its interval lies above zero in {fact:n_gss_gender_ci_pos} of {fact:n_gss_years} survey years.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 4.00724,
      "conf_low": -8.0025,
      "estimate": -1.99763,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1319,
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.2013,
      "conf_low": -0.593794,
      "estimate": 4.80378,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1503,
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.31288,
      "conf_low": -5.08728,
      "estimate": 1.6128,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1340,
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.5763,
      "conf_low": 0.934886,
      "estimate": 7.25558,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1502,
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.59414,
      "conf_low": -4.83489,
      "estimate": 1.37963,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1252,
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.67622,
      "conf_low": -3.84015,
      "estimate": 1.91804,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1444,
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.2153,
      "conf_low": -1.87251,
      "estimate": 5.67142,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 835,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.2859,
      "conf_low": -0.581922,
      "estimate": 6.35197,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 964,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.44391,
      "conf_low": -6.73822,
      "estimate": 0.852845,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 846,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.7082,
      "conf_low": -2.34111,
      "estimate": 4.68356,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 977,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.21543,
      "conf_low": -7.13479,
      "estimate": 0.540318,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 792,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.0154,
      "conf_low": 0.526576,
      "estimate": 7.77097,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 901,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.91098,
      "conf_low": -6.88812,
      "estimate": 0.511428,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 866,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.3763,
      "conf_low": -6.02984,
      "estimate": 1.17323,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 996,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.4226,
      "conf_low": -1.58225,
      "estimate": 5.42019,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 907,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.3352,
      "conf_low": -0.768838,
      "estimate": 5.78318,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1054,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.1882,
      "conf_low": 0.48189,
      "estimate": 5.83503,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1622,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.3746,
      "conf_low": 0.505185,
      "estimate": 5.43991,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1916,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.4773,
      "conf_low": 3.72202,
      "estimate": 8.59967,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1951,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.6383,
      "conf_low": 1.72006,
      "estimate": 6.17916,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 2353,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.4585,
      "conf_low": 1.26101,
      "estimate": 6.85977,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1472,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.01406,
      "conf_low": -2.19122,
      "estimate": 2.91142,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1818,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.6522,
      "conf_low": 3.86871,
      "estimate": 9.76047,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1393,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.41969,
      "conf_low": -1.96057,
      "estimate": 3.22956,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1804,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.8267,
      "conf_low": 2.62019,
      "estimate": 11.2235,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 696,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.7729,
      "conf_low": -1.46426,
      "estimate": 6.15432,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 898,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.8343,
      "conf_low": -0.760281,
      "estimate": 7.53699,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 739,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.66915,
      "conf_low": -5.45344,
      "estimate": 2.10785,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 894,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.6153,
      "conf_low": 5.14745,
      "estimate": 10.8814,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1553,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.81736,
      "conf_low": -0.424397,
      "estimate": 4.69648,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1968,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.022,
      "conf_low": 6.96006,
      "estimate": 13.991,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1080,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.4302,
      "conf_low": -1.07201,
      "estimate": 5.17912,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1308,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.4048,
      "conf_low": 4.17888,
      "estimate": 11.2919,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1132,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.9243,
      "conf_low": 1.41867,
      "estimate": 7.67149,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1418,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.0459,
      "conf_low": 11.0459,
      "estimate": 18.5459,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1004,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.5806,
      "conf_low": 5.63395,
      "estimate": 12.1073,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1285,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.4966,
      "conf_low": 6.31271,
      "estimate": 12.4046,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1276,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.16582,
      "conf_low": -2.47937,
      "estimate": 2.84322,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1655,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.0145,
      "conf_low": 9.87271,
      "estimate": 15.4436,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1501,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.17574,
      "conf_low": -4.78346,
      "estimate": 0.196142,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1872,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.7683,
      "conf_low": 4.90543,
      "estimate": 11.3369,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1186,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.6761,
      "conf_low": -0.649768,
      "estimate": 5.01318,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1545,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25.2596,
      "conf_low": 16.2923,
      "estimate": 20.7759,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 2054,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.47639,
      "conf_low": 1.63943,
      "estimate": 5.55791,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 2647,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.5644,
      "conf_low": 10.6401,
      "estimate": 17.1022,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1710,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.4381,
      "conf_low": 4.30376,
      "estimate": 9.87092,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 2335,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.9009,
      "conf_low": 19.6086,
      "estimate": 25.7548,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 1548,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.89161,
      "conf_low": -1.06229,
      "estimate": 4.41466,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "GSS",
      "n": 2153,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25.2069,
      "conf_low": 16.0481,
      "estimate": 20.6275,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1448,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.45591,
      "conf_low": -3.41181,
      "estimate": 1.02205,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1627,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.1169,
      "conf_low": 22.861,
      "estimate": 26.989,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1834,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.77633,
      "conf_low": -2.98698,
      "estimate": 0.894677,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 2085,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.7192,
      "conf_low": 13.1077,
      "estimate": 18.4135,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1255,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.7242,
      "conf_low": -3.32207,
      "estimate": 1.70107,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1427,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.0406,
      "conf_low": 13.9375,
      "estimate": 19.9891,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1166,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.7429,
      "conf_low": -1.43821,
      "estimate": 4.65233,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1276,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.9512,
      "conf_low": 19.2493,
      "estimate": 25.1002,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 917,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.9051,
      "conf_low": 2.45434,
      "estimate": 8.17972,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1028,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.5325,
      "conf_low": 16.2058,
      "estimate": 21.3691,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1723,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.8252,
      "conf_low": 3.47735,
      "estimate": 8.15129,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 1972,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.0178,
      "conf_low": 24.8861,
      "estimate": 28.4519,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 4657,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.7941,
      "conf_low": 6.08667,
      "estimate": 9.44039,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 5376,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.5075,
      "conf_low": 26.1905,
      "estimate": 29.849,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 3098,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.57023,
      "conf_low": 2.41935,
      "estimate": 5.99479,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 3537,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.8876,
      "conf_low": 31.4677,
      "estimate": 34.1777,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 6453,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.80198,
      "conf_low": 4.31944,
      "estimate": 7.06071,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 7279,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.8721,
      "conf_low": 28.3383,
      "estimate": 31.6052,
      "gap": "Party gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 5103,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.1251,
      "conf_low": 5.4598,
      "estimate": 8.79243,
      "gap": "Gender gap",
      "instrument": "ANES",
      "n": 5475,
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "attitude_gap_trends",
  "notes": [
    "GSS item: agree or strongly agree that it is much better if the man is the achiever outside the home and the woman takes care of the home and family. ANES item: rating feminists below 50 on the 0 to 100 feeling thermometer.",
    "The GSS 2021, 2022 and 2024 samples mix interview modes; the ANES has web interviews from 2012. Lines are not drawn across the years in which the item was not asked (GSS 1978 to 1984 and 2019 to 2020, ANES 1996), so the GSS 1977 estimate stands alone; its interval is in the tooltip and the data table."
  ],
  "source": "GSS 1977-2024, weighted (survey weights); ANES Cumulative Data File, 1988-2024, weighted (survey weights)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "label": "Web or mixed mode",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2020.5,
        "x2": 2026
      },
      {
        "label": "1977",
        "type": "point",
        "x": 1977,
        "y": -1.99763
      }
    ],
    "breaks": [
      1981,
      2019
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Gender gap": "cat2",
      "Party gap": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "gap",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1973,
      2026
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -12,
      42
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Gap in the traditional or hostile position (points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Gap in the share taking the traditional or hostile position, points: Republicans minus Democrats (party gap) and men minus women (gender gap); GSS 1977 to 2024 and ANES 1988 to 2024; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "instrument",
        "label": "Survey"
      },
      {
        "key": "gap",
        "label": "Gap"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "thousands": false
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "thousands": false
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower 95%"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "thousands": false
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper 95%"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The GSS party gap went from {fact:gss_party_gap_1977} in 1977 to {fact:gss_party_gap_2018} in 2018, and the estimated gender gap never exceeded {fact:gss_gender_max}",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "GSS"
      },
      "id": "gss",
      "label": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The ANES party gap sits above the gender gap in every survey year: it is {fact:anes_party_gap_1988} in 1988 and {fact:anes_party_gap_2024} in 2024, while the gender gap estimates run from {fact:anes_gender_min_to_2000} to {fact:anes_gender_max_to_2000} through 2000 and from {fact:anes_gender_min_from_2004} to {fact:anes_gender_max_from_2004} from 2004 on. Web interviews entered the sample in 2012.",
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "ANES"
      },
      "id": "anes",
      "label": "ANES",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [
          {
            "type": "y-rule",
            "y": 0
          },
          {
            "label": "Web interviews in the sample",
            "type": "band",
            "x1": 2011.5,
            "x2": 2026
          }
        ],
        "breaks": [
          1996
        ],
        "xDomain": [
          1986,
          2026
        ]
      },
      "title": "In the ANES the party gap in cold ratings of feminists was {fact:anes_party_gap_1988} in 1988 and {fact:anes_party_gap_2024} in 2024"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}