{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart in blocks for the economic, cultural, racial and immigration indices, each block with a row for all respondents, Democrats, Republicans and net of party identification, joining the graduate gap in 1992 to 2000 to the gap in 2016 to 2024. The cultural, racial and immigration rows for Democrats are right of zero in both periods. The Republican rows are smaller than the Democratic rows on the cultural and racial indices and right of zero on immigration. The economic row for Republicans is left of zero in both periods.",
  "caption": "Among Democrats the cultural and racial gaps are right of zero in both periods and narrower in the later period, among Republicans they are smaller, and the economic gap among Republicans is left of zero in both periods. The last row of each block is the graduate coefficient from a regression that holds the seven party-identification categories fixed. For the cultural index the overall gap was {fact:d_cultural_late} in 2016 to 2024, against {fact:pp_cultural_d_late} among Democrats, {fact:pp_cultural_r_late} among Republicans and {fact:net_cultural_late} net of party identification.",
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      "late_hi": -0.0810105,
      "late_lo": -0.147311,
      "n_early": 6510,
      "n_late": 14058,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0506249,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.273826,
      "early_hi": 0.329385,
      "early_lo": 0.218266,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.324451,
      "late_hi": 0.366961,
      "late_lo": 0.28194,
      "n_early": 8023,
      "n_late": 14986,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.252881,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.633178,
      "early_hi": 0.708798,
      "early_lo": 0.557557,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.380296,
      "late_hi": 0.428556,
      "late_lo": 0.332037,
      "n_early": 3989,
      "n_late": 7139,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.00772946,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.0441278,
      "early_hi": 0.121871,
      "early_lo": -0.033615,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": 0.0518573,
      "late_hi": 0.109824,
      "late_lo": -0.0061089,
      "n_early": 3117,
      "n_late": 6309,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.153234,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.358665,
      "early_hi": 0.410954,
      "early_lo": 0.306377,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.205431,
      "late_hi": 0.24094,
      "late_lo": 0.169923,
      "n_early": 7980,
      "n_late": 14952,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0844118,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.109414,
      "early_hi": 0.166497,
      "early_lo": 0.0523315,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.193826,
      "late_hi": 0.237926,
      "late_lo": 0.149726,
      "n_early": 6714,
      "n_late": 13651,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.229695,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.407637,
      "early_hi": 0.500374,
      "early_lo": 0.3149,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.177942,
      "late_hi": 0.23813,
      "late_lo": 0.117754,
      "n_early": 3320,
      "n_late": 6566,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.0226967,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": -0.000556999,
      "early_hi": 0.061598,
      "early_lo": -0.062712,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.0232537,
      "late_hi": 0.0207391,
      "late_lo": -0.0672466,
      "n_early": 2694,
      "n_late": 5830,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.119361,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.18698,
      "early_hi": 0.240683,
      "early_lo": 0.133278,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.0676196,
      "late_hi": 0.104608,
      "late_lo": 0.0306309,
      "n_early": 6682,
      "n_late": 13625,
      "view": "ANES common items"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.212685,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": -0.199047,
      "early_hi": -0.144337,
      "early_lo": -0.253758,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.0136379,
      "late_hi": 0.067526,
      "late_lo": -0.0402502,
      "n_early": 8455,
      "n_late": 10477,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0257068,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": 0.0357361,
      "early_hi": 0.109333,
      "early_lo": -0.0378607,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.0614429,
      "late_hi": 0.124157,
      "late_lo": -0.00127134,
      "n_early": 3868,
      "n_late": 4526,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.129365,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": -0.341446,
      "early_hi": -0.264994,
      "early_lo": -0.417899,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.212081,
      "late_hi": -0.126189,
      "late_lo": -0.297974,
      "n_early": 3121,
      "n_late": 3419,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0447696,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": -0.137949,
      "early_hi": -0.088117,
      "early_lo": -0.187781,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": -0.0931793,
      "late_hi": -0.0472419,
      "late_lo": -0.139117,
      "n_early": 8253,
      "n_late": 10100,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.0719211,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.303856,
      "early_hi": 0.351015,
      "early_lo": 0.256698,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.231935,
      "late_hi": 0.282832,
      "late_lo": 0.181039,
      "n_early": 12545,
      "n_late": 12069,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.198873,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.577174,
      "early_hi": 0.645637,
      "early_lo": 0.508712,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.378302,
      "late_hi": 0.439255,
      "late_lo": 0.317348,
      "n_early": 5772,
      "n_late": 5290,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.152759,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.108807,
      "early_hi": 0.176784,
      "early_lo": 0.0408297,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.0439525,
      "late_hi": 0.0517327,
      "late_lo": -0.139638,
      "n_early": 4579,
      "n_late": 3920,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.164726,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.341652,
      "early_hi": 0.387574,
      "early_lo": 0.29573,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.176926,
      "late_hi": 0.227353,
      "late_lo": 0.126499,
      "n_early": 12278,
      "n_late": 11608,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.139224,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.147909,
      "early_hi": 0.199381,
      "early_lo": 0.0964367,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.287133,
      "late_hi": 0.336441,
      "late_lo": 0.237825,
      "n_early": 10162,
      "n_late": 13038,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.00729802,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.375066,
      "early_hi": 0.452932,
      "early_lo": 0.297201,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.382364,
      "late_hi": 0.443254,
      "late_lo": 0.321474,
      "n_early": 4706,
      "n_late": 5626,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0134794,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": -0.00813363,
      "early_hi": 0.0566568,
      "early_lo": -0.0729241,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": 0.0053458,
      "late_hi": 0.0742934,
      "late_lo": -0.0636018,
      "n_early": 3670,
      "n_late": 4248,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.00826172,
      "domain": "Racial index",
      "early": 0.190312,
      "early_hi": 0.237698,
      "early_lo": 0.142925,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.18205,
      "late_hi": 0.2234,
      "late_lo": 0.1407,
      "n_early": 9957,
      "n_late": 12564,
      "view": "GSS"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.150046,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": 0.0327505,
      "early_hi": 0.0586368,
      "early_lo": 0.00686412,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.182796,
      "late_hi": 0.206242,
      "late_lo": 0.15935,
      "n_early": 48781,
      "n_late": 51551,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.000810797,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": 0.167186,
      "early_hi": 0.199142,
      "early_lo": 0.135231,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.167997,
      "late_hi": 0.191706,
      "late_lo": 0.144288,
      "n_early": 22211,
      "n_late": 25217,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0112609,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": -0.162897,
      "early_hi": -0.136243,
      "early_lo": -0.189551,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.151636,
      "late_hi": -0.123103,
      "late_lo": -0.180169,
      "n_early": 16996,
      "n_late": 17944,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0124131,
      "domain": "Economic index",
      "early": -0.0105953,
      "early_hi": 0.00937727,
      "early_lo": -0.030568,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.00181773,
      "late_hi": 0.020052,
      "late_lo": -0.0164166,
      "n_early": 46694,
      "n_late": 50405,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.144595,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.157306,
      "early_hi": 0.182062,
      "early_lo": 0.132549,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.301901,
      "late_hi": 0.324558,
      "late_lo": 0.279244,
      "n_early": 55757,
      "n_late": 60988,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0372854,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.362186,
      "early_hi": 0.392468,
      "early_lo": 0.331903,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.399471,
      "late_hi": 0.424194,
      "late_lo": 0.374748,
      "n_early": 25526,
      "n_late": 29351,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.00445188,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": -0.0701494,
      "early_hi": -0.0362513,
      "early_lo": -0.104047,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.0746013,
      "late_hi": -0.0454657,
      "late_lo": -0.103737,
      "n_early": 18935,
      "n_late": 20412,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0249095,
      "domain": "Cultural index",
      "early": 0.142061,
      "early_hi": 0.163556,
      "early_lo": 0.120566,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.166971,
      "late_hi": 0.185701,
      "late_lo": 0.148241,
      "n_early": 53057,
      "n_late": 58620,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": 0.0490737,
      "domain": "Immigration item",
      "early": 0.134299,
      "early_hi": 0.15852,
      "early_lo": 0.110079,
      "group": "All respondents",
      "late": 0.183373,
      "late_hi": 0.205992,
      "late_lo": 0.160754,
      "n_early": 56200,
      "n_late": 60910,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.0557072,
      "domain": "Immigration item",
      "early": 0.289584,
      "early_hi": 0.321822,
      "early_lo": 0.257346,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "late": 0.233877,
      "late_hi": 0.259235,
      "late_lo": 0.208518,
      "n_early": 25737,
      "n_late": 29318,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.055002,
      "domain": "Immigration item",
      "early": -0.03046,
      "early_hi": 0.00246498,
      "early_lo": -0.063385,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "late": -0.085462,
      "late_hi": -0.055277,
      "late_lo": -0.115647,
      "n_early": 19039,
      "n_late": 20377,
      "view": "CES"
    },
    {
      "change": -0.0584476,
      "domain": "Immigration item",
      "early": 0.120112,
      "early_hi": 0.141945,
      "early_lo": 0.098278,
      "group": "Net of party identification",
      "late": 0.0616641,
      "late_hi": 0.080832,
      "late_lo": 0.0424962,
      "n_early": 53459,
      "n_late": 58543,
      "view": "CES"
    }
  ],
  "id": "within_party",
  "notes": [
    "Democrats and Republicans include leaners; pure independents are in the all-respondents row and the net row only. Each index is standardized among all respondents in the period before the group is selected.",
    "The net row comes from a weighted linear regression with HC3 errors; the other rows use Kish intervals. The CES view compares 2014 with 2020 and has no racial index; the GSS view has no immigration index.",
    "The in-person view uses the 1992 to 1998 studies and the in-person samples of 2016 and 2024. The common-items view uses jobs and government services (economic), abortion and moral traditionalism (cultural) and government help and affirmative action (racial), the items asked in every study of both windows; it has no immigration index.",
    "A cell needs at least 100 respondents and a Kish effective sample size of at least 100; cells below that are left out."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1992-2024, General Social Survey, 1993-2024, and Cooperative Election Study, 2014 and 2020, as the buttons show; weighted (VCF0009z, weight_use and weight_cumulative)",
  "spec": {
    "group": "domain",
    "hi1": "early_hi",
    "hi2": "late_hi",
    "label1": "1992 to 2000",
    "label2": "2016 to 2024",
    "lo1": "early_lo",
    "lo2": "late_lo",
    "n1": "n_early",
    "n2": "n_late",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No gap",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "early",
    "x2": "late",
    "xDomain": [
      -0.7,
      1
    ],
    "xLabel": "Graduate minus non-graduate gap (standard deviations; positive = more liberal answers among graduates)",
    "y": "group"
  },
  "subtitle": "Graduate minus other respondents on each domain index, standard deviations, for all respondents, Democrats, Republicans and net of party identification; ANES 1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024 (buttons: white non-Hispanic respondents, in-person samples, items asked in every study, GSS, CES); 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "view",
        "label": "Survey view"
      },
      {
        "key": "domain",
        "label": "Index"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "early",
        "label": "Early gap (SD)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "early_lo",
        "label": "95% CI low early"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "early_hi",
        "label": "95% CI high early"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_early",
        "label": "n early"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "late",
        "label": "Late gap (SD)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "late_lo",
        "label": "95% CI low late"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "late_hi",
        "label": "95% CI high late"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_late",
        "label": "n late"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "change",
        "label": "Change (SD)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Graduate Democrats stay more liberal than other Democrats on cultural, racial and immigration items, and graduate Republicans are more conservative than other Republicans on economic items",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "ANES"
      },
      "id": "anes",
      "label": "ANES"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "ANES white"
      },
      "id": "white",
      "label": "ANES, white non-Hispanic",
      "title": "Among white non-Hispanic ANES respondents the gaps net of party identification stay positive on the cultural, racial and immigration indices"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "ANES face to face"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "ANES, in person only",
      "spec": {
        "label1": "1992 to 1998",
        "label2": "2016 and 2024"
      },
      "title": "In the in-person ANES samples the gaps within the Democratic Party stay positive on the cultural, racial and immigration indices"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "ANES common items"
      },
      "id": "common",
      "label": "ANES, items asked in every study",
      "title": "With only the items asked in every study, the ANES cultural and racial gaps are positive in both periods and the economic gap moves from below zero to zero"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "GSS"
      },
      "id": "gss",
      "label": "GSS",
      "title": "In the GSS the cultural gap among Democrats stays positive and the gap among Republicans falls to zero"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "CES"
      },
      "id": "ces",
      "label": "CES",
      "spec": {
        "label1": "2014",
        "label2": "2020"
      },
      "title": "In the CES the cultural gap among Democrats is positive and the gap among Republicans is below zero in 2014 and 2020"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}