{
  "alt": "Line chart of four lines, the Democratic share of the two-party vote in 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024 for voters with a high school education or less, some college, a four-year degree and a postgraduate degree. In 2008 the first three lines are close together and the postgraduate line is above them. From 2016 the four lines are ordered by education and separated, and the span from the lowest line to the highest is {fact:span_2024} points in 2024.",
  "caption": "The four lines fan out: in 2008 the lines for some college and for a four-year degree overlap and postgraduates sit above them, and by 2024 the lines are separated at every level. Postgraduates were {fact:span_2008} points more Democratic than voters with a high school education or less in 2008 and {fact:span_2024} points in 2024. Each point is a weighted Democratic share with a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 55.7975,
      "conf_low": 52.9641,
      "estimate": 54.3808,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 5430,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.8065,
      "conf_low": 49.8787,
      "estimate": 51.3426,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 8004,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.2846,
      "conf_low": 58.42,
      "estimate": 60.3523,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 2680,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.7501,
      "conf_low": 53.1802,
      "estimate": 54.4652,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 7471,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 56.2935,
      "conf_low": 53.292,
      "estimate": 54.7927,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 9203,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.2329,
      "conf_low": 49.2927,
      "estimate": 50.7628,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 9248,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.6911,
      "conf_low": 58.998,
      "estimate": 60.8446,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 5907,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.1794,
      "conf_low": 50.7402,
      "estimate": 51.9598,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 13431,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.9447,
      "conf_low": 55.6909,
      "estimate": 56.8178,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 10205,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.2754,
      "conf_low": 42.5177,
      "estimate": 43.8966,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 9580,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.3729,
      "conf_low": 62.6515,
      "estimate": 64.0122,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 6347,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.7066,
      "conf_low": 49.7281,
      "estimate": 50.7173,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 14759,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.5515,
      "conf_low": 57.4293,
      "estimate": 58.4904,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 11567,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.2118,
      "conf_low": 42.3715,
      "estimate": 43.7917,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 10646,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.5953,
      "conf_low": 66.0381,
      "estimate": 67.3167,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 7301,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.1502,
      "conf_low": 48.1757,
      "estimate": 49.1629,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 14358,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.9371,
      "conf_low": 51.1866,
      "estimate": 52.5618,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 10429,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.6167,
      "conf_low": 38.2947,
      "estimate": 39.9557,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 10255,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.39,
      "conf_low": 60.3239,
      "estimate": 61.857,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 6565,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.4862,
      "conf_low": 45.8398,
      "estimate": 47.163,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 14759,
      "population": "All voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.1213,
      "conf_low": 48.1382,
      "estimate": 49.6298,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 4676,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.4492,
      "conf_low": 40.4046,
      "estimate": 41.9269,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 6826,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.0126,
      "conf_low": 55.9459,
      "estimate": 57.9793,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 2406,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.7773,
      "conf_low": 44.0466,
      "estimate": 45.412,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 5981,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.5043,
      "conf_low": 49.1254,
      "estimate": 50.8149,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 7351,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.7414,
      "conf_low": 40.6195,
      "estimate": 42.1805,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 7719,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.9866,
      "conf_low": 56.9045,
      "estimate": 58.9456,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 4867,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.3767,
      "conf_low": 43.6074,
      "estimate": 44.9921,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 10419,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.9461,
      "conf_low": 51.3271,
      "estimate": 52.6366,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 7165,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.5909,
      "conf_low": 31.8523,
      "estimate": 33.2216,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 7960,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.2233,
      "conf_low": 60.1246,
      "estimate": 61.6739,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 4893,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.059,
      "conf_low": 40.8006,
      "estimate": 41.9298,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 10709,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.1528,
      "conf_low": 52.7543,
      "estimate": 53.9535,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 8433,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.3314,
      "conf_low": 28.7757,
      "estimate": 30.0535,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 8684,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.7176,
      "conf_low": 62.8443,
      "estimate": 64.2809,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 5637,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.9366,
      "conf_low": 38.7515,
      "estimate": 39.844,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 10103,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.196,
      "conf_low": 47.1378,
      "estimate": 48.6669,
      "level": "Four-year degree",
      "n": 7929,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.5666,
      "conf_low": 30.1016,
      "estimate": 31.8341,
      "level": "High school or less",
      "n": 8226,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.5463,
      "conf_low": 57.1186,
      "estimate": 58.8325,
      "level": "Postgraduate degree",
      "n": 4888,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.9411,
      "conf_low": 39.052,
      "estimate": 40.4966,
      "level": "Some college",
      "n": 10814,
      "population": "White non-Hispanic voters",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "ces_education_levels",
  "notes": [
    "The CES is an opt-in online panel, so its intervals are model based and ignore how respondents came to be in the panel.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size; they treat the weighted sample as a random sample and ignore the stages of the sample design."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study cumulative file, 2008-2024; weighted (weight_cumulative)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Even split",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 50
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Four-year degree": "cat3",
      "High school or less": "cat1",
      "Postgraduate degree": "cat4",
      "Some college": "cat2"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "level",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      2008,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Election year",
    "xTicks": "data",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      25,
      75
    ],
    "yLabel": "Democratic share of the two-party vote (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share of the two-party presidential vote by highest degree, CES, 2008 to 2024; voters who reported a major-party vote, all voters (the button shows white non-Hispanic voters)",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "population",
        "label": "Population"
      },
      {
        "key": "level",
        "label": "Education"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Election"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Democratic share (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n voters"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "In the CES the Democratic share rose at each step of education by 2016, while in 2008 a four-year degree did not differ from some college",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "population": "All voters"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All voters"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "population": "White non-Hispanic voters"
      },
      "id": "white",
      "label": "White non-Hispanic voters"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}