{
  "alt": "Small line charts of the graduate gap by study year, one for each of a jobs item, an abortion item, a government-help-for-Black-Americans item and an immigration item, each with a confidence band and a line at zero. The jobs line is below zero in every study from 1974 to 2016 and close to zero in 2020 and 2024. The abortion and immigration lines are above zero in every study, and the Black-Americans line is above zero in most studies and close to zero in 2008 and 2012.",
  "caption": "The jobs gap is negative in every study from 1974 to 2016 and is close to zero in 2020 and 2024, while the abortion and immigration gaps stay above zero. The jobs gap was {fact:jobs_2016} in 2016, {fact:jobs_2020} in 2020 and {fact:jobs_2024} in 2024. Each panel is one item, so the item set does not change over time. The GSS view shows the economic, cultural and racial anchors in that survey.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.586425,
      "conf_low": 0.341202,
      "estimate": 0.463814,
      "n": 1545,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.635873,
      "conf_low": 0.400021,
      "estimate": 0.517947,
      "n": 1358,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.549541,
      "conf_low": 0.338587,
      "estimate": 0.444064,
      "n": 2164,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.484215,
      "conf_low": 0.283779,
      "estimate": 0.383997,
      "n": 2102,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.401315,
      "conf_low": 0.193481,
      "estimate": 0.297398,
      "n": 1960,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.543143,
      "conf_low": 0.335114,
      "estimate": 0.439128,
      "n": 1904,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.482583,
      "conf_low": 0.305502,
      "estimate": 0.394042,
      "n": 2346,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.443708,
      "conf_low": 0.2167,
      "estimate": 0.330204,
      "n": 1697,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.475185,
      "conf_low": 0.257917,
      "estimate": 0.366551,
      "n": 1676,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.486632,
      "conf_low": 0.228812,
      "estimate": 0.357722,
      "n": 1255,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.480848,
      "conf_low": 0.274325,
      "estimate": 0.377586,
      "n": 1757,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.525374,
      "conf_low": 0.246124,
      "estimate": 0.385749,
      "n": 1047,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.494507,
      "conf_low": 0.156055,
      "estimate": 0.325281,
      "n": 1026,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.344412,
      "conf_low": 0.201149,
      "estimate": 0.27278,
      "n": 5787,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.387794,
      "conf_low": 0.247229,
      "estimate": 0.317512,
      "n": 4176,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.354967,
      "conf_low": 0.24094,
      "estimate": 0.297953,
      "n": 7788,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.42948,
      "conf_low": 0.275603,
      "estimate": 0.352541,
      "n": 4983,
      "panel": "Cultural: abortion always a personal choice",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.134041,
      "conf_low": -0.0764761,
      "estimate": 0.0287824,
      "n": 2128,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0700888,
      "conf_low": -0.243503,
      "estimate": -0.0867072,
      "n": 1297,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.000651734,
      "conf_low": -0.221648,
      "estimate": -0.11115,
      "n": 1784,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.00425992,
      "conf_low": -0.208228,
      "estimate": -0.101984,
      "n": 1816,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.056439,
      "conf_low": -0.301011,
      "estimate": -0.178725,
      "n": 1176,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.104192,
      "conf_low": -0.350032,
      "estimate": -0.227112,
      "n": 1209,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.137453,
      "conf_low": -0.342188,
      "estimate": -0.23982,
      "n": 1908,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00180928,
      "conf_low": -0.269316,
      "estimate": -0.135563,
      "n": 1000,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0991105,
      "conf_low": -0.30259,
      "estimate": -0.20085,
      "n": 1690,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.129273,
      "conf_low": -0.343594,
      "estimate": -0.236434,
      "n": 1664,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0748019,
      "conf_low": -0.257582,
      "estimate": -0.166192,
      "n": 2106,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.203698,
      "conf_low": -0.427295,
      "estimate": -0.315497,
      "n": 1616,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.148567,
      "conf_low": -0.367215,
      "estimate": -0.257891,
      "n": 1551,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.077073,
      "conf_low": -0.331488,
      "estimate": -0.204281,
      "n": 1118,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0965694,
      "conf_low": -0.362318,
      "estimate": -0.229444,
      "n": 908,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0144165,
      "conf_low": -0.242776,
      "estimate": -0.11418,
      "n": 1103,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00710892,
      "conf_low": -0.328964,
      "estimate": -0.168037,
      "n": 1020,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.128631,
      "conf_low": -0.273538,
      "estimate": -0.201085,
      "n": 5414,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0233745,
      "conf_low": -0.171955,
      "estimate": -0.0976647,
      "n": 3742,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.112378,
      "conf_low": -0.00763968,
      "estimate": 0.0523692,
      "n": 7213,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.149442,
      "conf_low": -0.0122168,
      "estimate": 0.0686127,
      "n": 4702,
      "panel": "Economic: government should guarantee jobs",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.379888,
      "conf_low": 0.177789,
      "estimate": 0.278839,
      "n": 2113,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.519014,
      "conf_low": 0.27283,
      "estimate": 0.395922,
      "n": 1694,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.520355,
      "conf_low": 0.294604,
      "estimate": 0.40748,
      "n": 1496,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.486502,
      "conf_low": 0.233538,
      "estimate": 0.36002,
      "n": 1240,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.739929,
      "conf_low": 0.475696,
      "estimate": 0.607813,
      "n": 1047,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.587803,
      "conf_low": 0.341747,
      "estimate": 0.464775,
      "n": 2048,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.463558,
      "conf_low": 0.313454,
      "estimate": 0.388506,
      "n": 5333,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.411276,
      "conf_low": 0.2587,
      "estimate": 0.334988,
      "n": 3597,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.440059,
      "conf_low": 0.321728,
      "estimate": 0.380893,
      "n": 7241,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.4478,
      "conf_low": 0.288794,
      "estimate": 0.368297,
      "n": 4856,
      "panel": "Immigration: more immigrants admitted",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.390283,
      "conf_low": 0.0858648,
      "estimate": 0.238074,
      "n": 1346,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.406264,
      "conf_low": 0.193747,
      "estimate": 0.300005,
      "n": 1999,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.448653,
      "conf_low": 0.145891,
      "estimate": 0.297272,
      "n": 1333,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.359227,
      "conf_low": 0.143652,
      "estimate": 0.25144,
      "n": 1845,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.191068,
      "conf_low": -0.0150859,
      "estimate": 0.0879911,
      "n": 2033,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.342937,
      "conf_low": 0.0788886,
      "estimate": 0.210913,
      "n": 1200,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.41722,
      "conf_low": 0.166536,
      "estimate": 0.291878,
      "n": 1194,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.245755,
      "conf_low": 0.0235616,
      "estimate": 0.134658,
      "n": 1937,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.300036,
      "conf_low": 0.104224,
      "estimate": 0.20213,
      "n": 1931,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.209749,
      "conf_low": 0.00661347,
      "estimate": 0.108181,
      "n": 1748,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.317017,
      "conf_low": 0.103889,
      "estimate": 0.210453,
      "n": 1751,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.377746,
      "conf_low": 0.192216,
      "estimate": 0.284981,
      "n": 2168,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.249614,
      "conf_low": 0.0161714,
      "estimate": 0.132893,
      "n": 1618,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.240935,
      "conf_low": 0.0118514,
      "estimate": 0.126393,
      "n": 1560,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.286982,
      "conf_low": 0.026874,
      "estimate": 0.156928,
      "n": 1150,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.279783,
      "conf_low": -0.00269366,
      "estimate": 0.138545,
      "n": 923,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.335914,
      "conf_low": 0.0736895,
      "estimate": 0.204802,
      "n": 1073,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.199365,
      "conf_low": -0.0447882,
      "estimate": 0.0772885,
      "n": 1910,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.111666,
      "conf_low": -0.0398907,
      "estimate": 0.0358876,
      "n": 5131,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.222518,
      "conf_low": 0.0733408,
      "estimate": 0.147929,
      "n": 3724,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.298315,
      "conf_low": 0.180075,
      "estimate": 0.239195,
      "n": 7294,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.334929,
      "conf_low": 0.174671,
      "estimate": 0.2548,
      "n": 4746,
      "panel": "Racial: government help for Black Americans",
      "source": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.641297,
      "conf_low": 0.313671,
      "estimate": 0.477484,
      "n": 1473,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.700306,
      "conf_low": 0.307103,
      "estimate": 0.503704,
      "n": 1481,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.698211,
      "conf_low": 0.356097,
      "estimate": 0.527154,
      "n": 1402,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.545598,
      "conf_low": 0.193455,
      "estimate": 0.369527,
      "n": 1752,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.748683,
      "conf_low": 0.406953,
      "estimate": 0.577818,
      "n": 1514,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.689712,
      "conf_low": 0.367096,
      "estimate": 0.528404,
      "n": 1417,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.642929,
      "conf_low": 0.308144,
      "estimate": 0.475536,
      "n": 1481,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.622825,
      "conf_low": 0.323619,
      "estimate": 0.473222,
      "n": 1722,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.806084,
      "conf_low": 0.440907,
      "estimate": 0.623495,
      "n": 935,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.537269,
      "conf_low": 0.183262,
      "estimate": 0.360265,
      "n": 983,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.499371,
      "conf_low": 0.1291,
      "estimate": 0.314236,
      "n": 873,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.614791,
      "conf_low": 0.262531,
      "estimate": 0.438661,
      "n": 947,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.503697,
      "conf_low": 0.17506,
      "estimate": 0.339379,
      "n": 1009,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.360315,
      "conf_low": 0.127319,
      "estimate": 0.243817,
      "n": 1931,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.463582,
      "conf_low": 0.227445,
      "estimate": 0.345514,
      "n": 1814,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.408255,
      "conf_low": 0.164162,
      "estimate": 0.286208,
      "n": 1773,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.466356,
      "conf_low": 0.215808,
      "estimate": 0.341082,
      "n": 1755,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.443116,
      "conf_low": 0.0820473,
      "estimate": 0.262581,
      "n": 899,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.614146,
      "conf_low": 0.26982,
      "estimate": 0.441983,
      "n": 852,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.482139,
      "conf_low": 0.232506,
      "estimate": 0.357322,
      "n": 1939,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.538844,
      "conf_low": 0.250798,
      "estimate": 0.394821,
      "n": 1298,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.537391,
      "conf_low": 0.244822,
      "estimate": 0.391107,
      "n": 1230,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.592962,
      "conf_low": 0.298106,
      "estimate": 0.445534,
      "n": 1248,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.571352,
      "conf_low": 0.335128,
      "estimate": 0.45324,
      "n": 1653,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.466284,
      "conf_low": 0.225831,
      "estimate": 0.346058,
      "n": 1808,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.513679,
      "conf_low": 0.239117,
      "estimate": 0.376398,
      "n": 1524,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.477669,
      "conf_low": 0.229126,
      "estimate": 0.353397,
      "n": 1322,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.453506,
      "conf_low": 0.102081,
      "estimate": 0.277794,
      "n": 1136,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.400285,
      "conf_low": 0.159127,
      "estimate": 0.279706,
      "n": 2138,
      "panel": "Cultural: legal abortion for any reason",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.10182,
      "conf_low": -0.403268,
      "estimate": -0.252544,
      "n": 1447,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.132023,
      "conf_low": -0.423218,
      "estimate": -0.277621,
      "n": 1528,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.126694,
      "conf_low": -0.405286,
      "estimate": -0.26599,
      "n": 1407,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.103873,
      "conf_low": -0.359929,
      "estimate": -0.231901,
      "n": 1429,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0253353,
      "conf_low": -0.247423,
      "estimate": -0.111044,
      "n": 1754,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.111385,
      "conf_low": -0.21244,
      "estimate": -0.0505272,
      "n": 971,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0420918,
      "conf_low": -0.381106,
      "estimate": -0.211599,
      "n": 997,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0381903,
      "conf_low": -0.367649,
      "estimate": -0.20292,
      "n": 874,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.119457,
      "conf_low": -0.450749,
      "estimate": -0.285103,
      "n": 980,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.143221,
      "conf_low": -0.437747,
      "estimate": -0.290484,
      "n": 1025,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.153018,
      "conf_low": -0.365987,
      "estimate": -0.259502,
      "n": 1933,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.119721,
      "conf_low": -0.344204,
      "estimate": -0.231962,
      "n": 1845,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.073066,
      "conf_low": -0.308052,
      "estimate": -0.190559,
      "n": 1836,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0445619,
      "conf_low": -0.275318,
      "estimate": -0.15994,
      "n": 1812,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0895946,
      "conf_low": -0.233801,
      "estimate": -0.0721032,
      "n": 888,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0539477,
      "conf_low": -0.384945,
      "estimate": -0.219447,
      "n": 864,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0243892,
      "conf_low": -0.255667,
      "estimate": -0.140028,
      "n": 1958,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0195472,
      "conf_low": -0.29088,
      "estimate": -0.155214,
      "n": 1332,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0494692,
      "conf_low": -0.317917,
      "estimate": -0.183693,
      "n": 1340,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.103571,
      "conf_low": -0.381691,
      "estimate": -0.242631,
      "n": 1294,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0285373,
      "conf_low": -0.259217,
      "estimate": -0.143877,
      "n": 1638,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.128033,
      "conf_low": -0.0970714,
      "estimate": 0.015481,
      "n": 1884,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.166196,
      "conf_low": -0.104352,
      "estimate": 0.0309223,
      "n": 1519,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.119294,
      "conf_low": -0.0580178,
      "estimate": 0.0306383,
      "n": 2621,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.147274,
      "conf_low": -0.112403,
      "estimate": 0.0174353,
      "n": 2322,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00538576,
      "conf_low": -0.24781,
      "estimate": -0.126598,
      "n": 2127,
      "panel": "Economic: government should improve the living standards of the poor",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.429544,
      "conf_low": 0.108597,
      "estimate": 0.26907,
      "n": 1447,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.320607,
      "conf_low": 0.0099515,
      "estimate": 0.165279,
      "n": 1524,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.247684,
      "conf_low": -0.0616006,
      "estimate": 0.0930419,
      "n": 1397,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.395064,
      "conf_low": 0.114234,
      "estimate": 0.254649,
      "n": 1426,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.388388,
      "conf_low": 0.11662,
      "estimate": 0.252504,
      "n": 1757,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.453719,
      "conf_low": 0.0968976,
      "estimate": 0.275308,
      "n": 963,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.412428,
      "conf_low": 0.0630287,
      "estimate": 0.237728,
      "n": 995,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.432995,
      "conf_low": 0.157919,
      "estimate": 0.295457,
      "n": 1318,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.175561,
      "conf_low": -0.15723,
      "estimate": 0.00916587,
      "n": 977,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0821869,
      "conf_low": -0.218358,
      "estimate": -0.0680853,
      "n": 1017,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.161751,
      "conf_low": -0.0520118,
      "estimate": 0.0548697,
      "n": 1933,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.108757,
      "conf_low": -0.121046,
      "estimate": -0.0061445,
      "n": 1847,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.25895,
      "conf_low": 0.023073,
      "estimate": 0.141011,
      "n": 1828,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.211292,
      "conf_low": -0.0264633,
      "estimate": 0.0924144,
      "n": 1789,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.311022,
      "conf_low": -0.0311601,
      "estimate": 0.139931,
      "n": 890,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.230515,
      "conf_low": -0.107148,
      "estimate": 0.0616836,
      "n": 858,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.196049,
      "conf_low": -0.0375767,
      "estimate": 0.0792363,
      "n": 1948,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.23402,
      "conf_low": -0.0417577,
      "estimate": 0.0961312,
      "n": 1307,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0802308,
      "conf_low": -0.200884,
      "estimate": -0.0603265,
      "n": 1322,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.214349,
      "conf_low": -0.0782233,
      "estimate": 0.0680627,
      "n": 1282,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.173001,
      "conf_low": -0.0654956,
      "estimate": 0.0537526,
      "n": 1622,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.27561,
      "conf_low": 0.0448974,
      "estimate": 0.160254,
      "n": 1872,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.313849,
      "conf_low": 0.0239397,
      "estimate": 0.168894,
      "n": 1493,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.407508,
      "conf_low": 0.230761,
      "estimate": 0.319134,
      "n": 2590,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.439327,
      "conf_low": 0.175618,
      "estimate": 0.307472,
      "n": 2283,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.185578,
      "conf_low": -0.0585235,
      "estimate": 0.0635273,
      "n": 2105,
      "panel": "Racial: government obligation to help Black Americans",
      "source": "GSS",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "anchor_gaps",
  "notes": [
    "A cell needs at least 100 respondents and a Kish effective sample size of at least 100; cells below that are left out.",
    "Items are oriented so that a positive gap means graduates gave the more liberal answer. GSS 2021 was collected mostly on the web and GSS 2022 and 2024 mixed in-person and web interviews.",
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size; they treat the weighted sample as a random sample and ignore the stages of the sample design."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1970-2024; General Social Survey, 1975-2024; weighted (VCF0009z and weight_use)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No gap",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "endLabels": false,
    "facet": "panel",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1970,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.6,
      0.9
    ],
    "yLabel": "Graduate minus other respondents (standard deviations)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Graduate minus other respondents on one long-running item per domain, standard deviations of the item among all respondents in the study year; ANES 1970 to 2024 (the button shows the GSS); 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "source",
        "label": "Survey"
      },
      {
        "key": "panel",
        "label": "Item"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Study year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Gap (SD)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% CI low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% CI high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The graduate gap on guaranteed jobs rose from below zero to about zero by 2020, while the gaps on abortion and immigration stayed positive in every study",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "source": "ANES"
      },
      "id": "anes",
      "label": "ANES"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "source": "GSS"
      },
      "id": "gss",
      "label": "GSS",
      "title": "In the GSS the economic gap rose to zero through 2022 and fell again in 2024, and the cultural gap stayed positive"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}