{
  "abort_max": {
    "display": "+0.52",
    "estimand": "largest annual gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1980 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.517947,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "abort_min": {
    "display": "+0.27",
    "estimand": "smallest annual gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1980 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.27278,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "aid_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -0.04,
      0.11
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.04",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 5131,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "ANES respondents, government help for Black Americans item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0358876,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "aid_2024": {
    "ci": [
      0.17,
      0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.25",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 4746,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, government help for Black Americans item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.2548,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "anes_abort_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.05,
      0.17
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.11",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7142,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.106755,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "anes_cert_diff_2020": {
    "ci": [
      2,
      5.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+3.7",
    "estimand": "ANES weighted Democratic share minus the certified two-party share; the interval is the ANES Kish interval",
    "n": 6119,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES share minus certified share)",
    "value": 3.7196,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "anes_cert_diff_2024": {
    "ci": [
      3.8,
      8.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+6.0",
    "estimand": "ANES weighted Democratic share minus the certified two-party share; the interval is the ANES Kish interval",
    "n": 3948,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES share minus certified share)",
    "value": 6.03191,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "anes_post_2024": {
    "ci": [
      18.7,
      27.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+22.9",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3903,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, under the post-election weight",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 22.9147,
    "weights": "weight_postelection (V240107b)"
  },
  "anes_share_2020": {
    "ci": [
      54.3,
      57.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "56.0%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 6119,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 55.9876,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "anes_share_2024": {
    "ci": [
      53,
      57.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "55.3%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 3948,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 55.2819,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "cert_2020": {
    "display": "52.3%",
    "estimand": "certified Democratic share of the Democratic and Republican state vote totals",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "all voters in the national count",
    "source": "state-returns",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 52.268,
    "weights": "none (full counts)"
  },
  "cert_2024": {
    "display": "49.2%",
    "estimand": "certified Democratic share of the Democratic and Republican state vote totals",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "all voters in the national count",
    "source": "state-returns",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 49.2499,
    "weights": "none (full counts)"
  },
  "ces_cert_max": {
    "display": "1.1",
    "estimand": "largest absolute difference between the CES weighted Democratic share and the certified two-party share",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (absolute CES share minus certified share)",
    "value": 1.05918,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_cult_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.28,
      0.32
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.30",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 60988,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.301901,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_cult_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.15,
      0.19
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.17",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 58620,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents, cultural index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.166971,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_cult_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.1,
      -0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.07",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 20412,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "Republican CES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0746013,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_econ_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.16,
      0.21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.18",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 51551,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents, economic index",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.182796,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_econ_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.02,
      0.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "0.00",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 50405,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents, economic index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.00181773,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_grad_2008": {
    "ci": [
      24.1,
      25.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "24.7%",
    "estimand": "weighted share with a four-year or postgraduate degree",
    "n": 32800,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents with a known education",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of respondents",
    "value": 24.6658,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_grad_2024": {
    "ci": [
      34.1,
      35.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "34.8%",
    "estimand": "weighted share with a four-year or postgraduate degree",
    "n": 60000,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents with a known education",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of respondents",
    "value": 34.7613,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_imm_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.16,
      0.21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.18",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 60910,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents, immigration index",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.183373,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_share_2020": {
    "ci": [
      51.9,
      53.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "52.5%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 43872,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 52.5253,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ces_share_2024": {
    "ci": [
      48.2,
      49.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "49.0%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 42008,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 48.9597,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "ci_cultural_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.22,
      0.33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.27",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8023,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.273826,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ci_cultural_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.28,
      0.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.32",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 14986,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.324451,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ci_economic_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.36,
      -0.25
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.30",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6540,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.30119,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ci_economic_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.02,
      0.06
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 14092,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0203623,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ci_racial_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.05,
      0.17
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.11",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6714,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.109414,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ci_racial_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.15,
      0.24
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.19",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 13651,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index of the items asked in every study",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.193826,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "cp_all_2008": {
    "ci": [
      -3,
      -0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−1.6",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 28600,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": -1.55338,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cp_all_2020": {
    "ci": [
      11.1,
      13.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.3",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 49769,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 12.3221,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cp_all_2024": {
    "ci": [
      8,
      10.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+9.4",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 50847,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 9.43475,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_2008": {
    "ci": [
      2.2,
      5.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+3.7",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 23585,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 3.67746,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_2016": {
    "ci": [
      11.1,
      13.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.3",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 40891,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 12.285,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_2020": {
    "ci": [
      14.1,
      16.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+15.3",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 43872,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 15.2723,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_2024": {
    "ci": [
      10.8,
      13.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.3",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 42008,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 12.3149,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_grad_2024": {
    "ci": [
      55.1,
      57.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "56.1%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 16994,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, graduates",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 56.1264,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_all_non_2024": {
    "ci": [
      42.8,
      44.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "43.8%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 25014,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, non-graduates",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 43.8115,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_chg_2024": {
    "ci": [
      -4.8,
      -1.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−3.0",
    "estimand": "gap in 2024 minus gap in 2020; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 to 2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap)",
    "value": -2.95738,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_post_2016": {
    "ci": [
      8.8,
      11.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+10.1",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 40891,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, under the post-election weight",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 10.1406,
    "weights": "weight_post"
  },
  "cv_post_2020": {
    "ci": [
      11.6,
      14.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.9",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 43871,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, under the post-election weight",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 12.8641,
    "weights": "weight_post"
  },
  "cv_vv_2020": {
    "ci": [
      14.9,
      17.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+16.2",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 35746,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, under the validated-vote weight",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 16.217,
    "weights": "vvweight"
  },
  "cv_white_2008": {
    "ci": [
      7.6,
      10.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+9.2",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 19889,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 9.1999,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "cv_white_2024": {
    "ci": [
      14.5,
      17.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+16.1",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 31857,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 16.0825,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "d_cultural_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.12
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.05",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 25937,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0543057,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_cultural_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.25,
      0.36
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.30",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8405,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.301291,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_cultural_hi_share": {
    "display": "40%",
    "estimand": "upper end of the interval for the change in the cultural gap, as a share of the 1992 to 2000 gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the 1992 to 2000 cultural gap",
    "value": 40.0359,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_cultural_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.32,
      0.39
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.36",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 17532,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.355597,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_economic_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.37,
      -0.28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.32",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8626,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.32478,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_economic_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.02,
      0.06
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 17568,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0190034,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_immigration_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.05,
      0.09
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 22237,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0167224,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_immigration_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.3,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.36",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6543,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.356669,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_immigration_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.33,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.37",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 15694,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.373391,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_racial_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.16,
      0.27
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.21",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7974,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.213683,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "d_racial_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.27,
      0.35
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.31",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 15664,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.307351,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "diff_2008": {
    "ci": [
      -16.7,
      -2.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−9.7",
    "estimand": "ANES gap minus CES gap; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 1533,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES graduate gap minus CES graduate gap)",
    "value": -9.67611,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -10.9,
      -1.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−6.4",
    "estimand": "ANES gap minus CES gap; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 4144,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES graduate gap minus CES graduate gap)",
    "value": -6.38499,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_2024": {
    "ci": [
      6.5,
      15.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+11.0",
    "estimand": "ANES gap minus CES gap; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 3918,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES graduate gap minus CES graduate gap)",
    "value": 11.0317,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_grad_2024": {
    "ci": [
      9.8,
      16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.9",
    "estimand": "ANES share minus CES share; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 19007,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote, graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES Democratic share minus CES Democratic share)",
    "value": 12.8729,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_max_abs": {
    "display": "11.0",
    "estimand": "largest absolute difference between the two surveys' gaps",
    "note": "",
    "period": "largest of 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (absolute ANES minus CES graduate gap)",
    "value": 11.0317,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_non_2024": {
    "ci": [
      -1.5,
      5.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+1.8",
    "estimand": "ANES share minus CES share; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 26919,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote, non-graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES Democratic share minus CES Democratic share)",
    "value": 1.84115,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "diff_web_ces_2024": {
    "ci": [
      1,
      14.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+7.9",
    "estimand": "ANES web gap minus CES gap; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 43365,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES web respondents and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (ANES web graduate gap minus CES graduate gap)",
    "value": 7.87182,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y) and weight_cumulative"
  },
  "econ_early_max": {
    "display": "−0.10",
    "estimand": "smallest or largest of the point estimates across the economic items",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic items",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.102498,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "econ_early_min": {
    "display": "−0.36",
    "estimand": "smallest or largest of the point estimates across the economic items",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic items",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.357772,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "econ_late_max": {
    "display": "+0.09",
    "estimand": "smallest or largest of the point estimates across the economic items",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic items",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0909461,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "econ_late_min": {
    "display": "−0.04",
    "estimand": "smallest or largest of the point estimates across the economic items",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic items",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0432462,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "floor_n": {
    "display": "100",
    "estimand": "minimum respondents in each group of a plotted or tabled estimate, together with a Kish effective sample size of at least 100",
    "note": "",
    "period": "all years",
    "population": "survey cells in this chapter",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 100,
    "weights": "none (definition)"
  },
  "ftf_cultural_chg": {
    "ci": [
      0.03,
      0.28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.16",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 8824,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 1998 and 2016 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents interviewed in person, cultural",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.156322,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) before 2008; weight_ftf (VCF0009x) for 2016 and 2024"
  },
  "ftf_economic_chg": {
    "ci": [
      0.34,
      0.59
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.46",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 9054,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 1998 and 2016 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents interviewed in person, economic",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.463448,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) before 2008; weight_ftf (VCF0009x) for 2016 and 2024"
  },
  "ftf_immigration_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.06,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.07",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 8477,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 1998 and 2016 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents interviewed in person, immigration",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0695669,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) before 2008; weight_ftf (VCF0009x) for 2016 and 2024"
  },
  "ftf_racial_chg": {
    "ci": [
      0.11,
      0.37
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.24",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 8348,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 1998 and 2016 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents interviewed in person, racial",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.238335,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z) before 2008; weight_ftf (VCF0009x) for 2016 and 2024"
  },
  "grad_share_1952": {
    "ci": [
      5.2,
      7.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "6.4%",
    "estimand": "weighted share with a college or advanced degree",
    "n": 1790,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1952",
    "population": "ANES respondents with a known education",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of respondents",
    "value": 6.36872,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "grad_share_2024": {
    "ci": [
      32.6,
      36.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "34.4%",
    "estimand": "weighted share with a college or advanced degree",
    "n": 5465,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents with a known education",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of respondents",
    "value": 34.3884,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "gss_cult_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.14,
      0
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.07",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 24614,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0719211,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_cult_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.26,
      0.35
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.30",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 12545,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "GSS respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.303856,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_cult_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.18,
      0.28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.23",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 12069,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.231935,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_cult_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.13,
      0.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.18",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 11608,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, cultural index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.176926,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_cult_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.14,
      0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.04",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3920,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican GSS identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0439525,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_econ_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.25,
      -0.14
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.20",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8455,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "GSS respondents, economic index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.199047,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_econ_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.04,
      0.07
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.01",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 10477,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, economic index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0136379,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_help_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -0.38,
      -0.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.24",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 1294,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "GSS respondents, government should improve the living standards of the poor",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.242631,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_help_2022": {
    "ci": [
      -0.11,
      0.15
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.02",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2322,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2022",
    "population": "GSS respondents, government should improve the living standards of the poor",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0174353,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_help_2024": {
    "ci": [
      -0.25,
      -0.01
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.13",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2127,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, government should improve the living standards of the poor",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.126598,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_help_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.32,
      0.03
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.14",
    "estimand": "gap in 2024 minus gap in 2022; independent surveys, standard errors combined",
    "n": 4449,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2022 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, government should improve the living standards of the poor",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.144033,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_homosex_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.25,
      -0.09
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.17",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 18368,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, item on sex between two adults of the same sex",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.171345,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_homosex_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.38,
      0.49
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.44",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8101,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "GSS respondents, item on sex between two adults of the same sex",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.435555,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_homosex_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.21,
      0.32
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.26",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 10267,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, item on sex between two adults of the same sex",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.26421,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_mode_halfwidth": {
    "display": "0.18",
    "estimand": "smallest half-width, across the three indices, of the interval for the in-person gap minus the web gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2022 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "GSS respondents, economic, cultural and racial indices",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations (smallest half-width of a 95% interval for an in-person minus web gap difference)",
    "value": 0.184738,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_mode_maxdiff": {
    "display": "0.03",
    "estimand": "largest absolute difference between the in-person and web gaps across the three indices",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2022 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "GSS respondents, economic, cultural and racial indices",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations (absolute in-person minus web gap)",
    "value": 0.0322097,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_race_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.1,
      0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.15",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 10162,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "GSS respondents, racial index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.147909,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "gss_race_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.24,
      0.34
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.29",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 13038,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "GSS respondents, racial index",
    "source": "gss",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.287133,
    "weights": "weight_use"
  },
  "imm_max": {
    "display": "+0.61",
    "estimand": "largest annual gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.607813,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "imm_min": {
    "display": "+0.28",
    "estimand": "smallest annual gap",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.278839,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_chg_net_0824": {
    "ci": [
      11.4,
      29.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+20.3",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient in 2024 minus the coefficient in 2008 (income-rank groups added); independent studies, HC3 standard errors combined",
    "n": 5012,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap, from weighted linear probability models)",
    "value": 20.3271,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_chg_net_1224": {
    "ci": [
      11.9,
      25.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+18.6",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient in 2024 minus the coefficient in 2012 (income-rank groups added); independent studies, HC3 standard errors combined",
    "n": 7610,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap, from weighted linear probability models)",
    "value": 18.6306,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_chg_netr_1224": {
    "ci": [
      10.4,
      23.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+16.9",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient in 2024 minus the coefficient in 2012 (income-rank groups and a white indicator added); independent studies, HC3 standard errors combined",
    "n": 7610,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap, from weighted linear probability models)",
    "value": 16.8719,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_chg_raw_0824": {
    "ci": [
      21.6,
      38.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+30.0",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient in 2024 minus the coefficient in 2008 (no other term); independent studies, HC3 standard errors combined",
    "n": 5012,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap, from weighted linear probability models)",
    "value": 30.0456,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_chg_raw_1224": {
    "ci": [
      18.3,
      30.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+24.5",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient in 2024 minus the coefficient in 2012 (no other term); independent studies, HC3 standard errors combined",
    "n": 7610,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap, from weighted linear probability models)",
    "value": 24.4829,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_diff_max": {
    "display": "8.3",
    "estimand": "largest difference",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (adjusted minus unadjusted gap)",
    "value": 8.26242,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_diff_min": {
    "display": "1.3",
    "estimand": "smallest difference",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (adjusted minus unadjusted gap)",
    "value": 1.32564,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_late_maxdiff": {
    "display": "3.2",
    "estimand": "largest absolute difference",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016, 2020 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (absolute adjusted minus unadjusted gap)",
    "value": 3.17196,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_net_1992": {
    "ci": [
      -10.5,
      2.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−4.1",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient with five income-rank groups added; HC3 errors",
    "n": 1238,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": -4.0777,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_net_2020": {
    "ci": [
      13.9,
      21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+17.5",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient with five income-rank groups added; HC3 errors",
    "n": 5902,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": 17.4606,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_net_2024": {
    "ci": [
      17.2,
      27
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+22.1",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient with five income-rank groups added; HC3 errors",
    "n": 3570,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": 22.1209,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_raw_1992": {
    "ci": [
      -15.8,
      -3.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−9.8",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient, no other term; HC3 errors",
    "n": 1238,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": -9.77436,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_raw_2020": {
    "ci": [
      11.8,
      18.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+15.1",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient, no other term; HC3 errors",
    "n": 5902,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": 15.1093,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_raw_2024": {
    "ci": [
      19.1,
      28
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+23.6",
    "estimand": "graduate coefficient, no other term; HC3 errors",
    "n": 3570,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates, from a weighted linear probability model)",
    "value": 23.5771,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_shrink_0824": {
    "display": "32.3%",
    "estimand": "one minus the adjusted rise over the unadjusted rise",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the unadjusted rise in the graduate gap",
    "value": 32.3459,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "inc_shrink_1224": {
    "display": "23.9%",
    "estimand": "one minus the adjusted rise over the unadjusted rise",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote and a family income",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the unadjusted rise in the graduate gap",
    "value": 23.9034,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_abortion_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.32,
      0.42
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.37",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8731,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.369141,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_abortion_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.28,
      0.36
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.32",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 16947,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.318986,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_affirm_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.11,
      -0.01
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.06",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7977,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, affirmative action item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0585298,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_affirm_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.01,
      0.09
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.05",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 15261,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, affirmative action item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0516692,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_immig_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.3,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.36",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6543,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.356669,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_immig_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.33,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.37",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 15694,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.373391,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_resent_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.38,
      0.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.44",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6692,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial resentment index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.440072,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "item_resent_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.44,
      0.52
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.48",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 15748,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial resentment index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.476232,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "jobs_2016": {
    "ci": [
      -0.17,
      -0.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.10",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3742,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "ANES respondents, guaranteed jobs item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0976647,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "jobs_2020": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.11
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.05",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7213,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents, guaranteed jobs item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0523692,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "jobs_2024": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.15
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.07",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 4702,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, guaranteed jobs item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0686127,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "lv_abort_gap": {
    "ci": [
      13,
      16.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+14.9",
    "estimand": "difference in the weighted share saying abortion should always be allowed",
    "n": 16947,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who answered the abortion item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (share among graduates minus share among other respondents)",
    "value": 14.9472,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "lv_abort_grad": {
    "ci": [
      56.7,
      59.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "58.2%",
    "estimand": "weighted share",
    "n": 7329,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who answered the abortion item, graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent saying abortion should always be allowed",
    "value": 58.1827,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "lv_abort_non": {
    "ci": [
      41.9,
      44.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "43.2%",
    "estimand": "weighted share",
    "n": 9618,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who answered the abortion item, non-graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent saying abortion should always be allowed",
    "value": 43.2354,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "lv_imm_grad": {
    "ci": [
      25,
      27.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "26.4%",
    "estimand": "weighted share answering decreased a little or a lot",
    "n": 7012,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who answered the immigration item, graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent wanting immigration decreased",
    "value": 26.3607,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "lv_imm_non": {
    "ci": [
      40.6,
      43.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "42.0%",
    "estimand": "weighted share answering decreased a little or a lot",
    "n": 8682,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who answered the immigration item, non-graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent wanting immigration decreased",
    "value": 41.9894,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "mi_anes_cultural_diff": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.25
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.12",
    "estimand": "in-person gap minus web gap; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 7272,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (in-person gap minus web gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.118262,
    "weights": "weight_ftf (VCF0009x) and weight_web (VCF0009y)"
  },
  "mi_anes_cultural_ftf": {
    "ci": [
      0.35,
      0.57
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.46",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 2195,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index, interviewed in person",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.457833,
    "weights": "weight_ftf (VCF0009x)"
  },
  "mi_anes_cultural_web": {
    "ci": [
      0.27,
      0.41
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.34",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 5077,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index, interviewed on the web",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.339571,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y)"
  },
  "mi_anes_economic_ftf": {
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      0.01,
      0.24
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.13",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 2196,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index, interviewed in person",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.126364,
    "weights": "weight_ftf (VCF0009x)"
  },
  "mi_anes_economic_web": {
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      -0.15,
      -0.02
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.08",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 5094,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index, interviewed on the web",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0839096,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y)"
  },
  "mi_anes_racial_ftf": {
    "ci": [
      0.35,
      0.59
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.47",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 1936,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index, interviewed in person",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.469168,
    "weights": "weight_ftf (VCF0009x)"
  },
  "mi_anes_racial_web": {
    "ci": [
      0.15,
      0.29
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.22",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature; each mode standardized within itself",
    "n": 4291,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 and 2024 pooled",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index, interviewed on the web",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.218287,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y)"
  },
  "mode_v_diff_2024": {
    "ci": [
      -22,
      1.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−10.3",
    "estimand": "web gap minus in-person gap; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 2045,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (web gap minus in-person gap)",
    "value": -10.2669,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y) and weight_ftf (VCF0009x)"
  },
  "mode_v_ftf_2024": {
    "ci": [
      20.8,
      40.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+30.5",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature; face-to-face mode weight",
    "n": 688,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, interviewed in person",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 30.4536,
    "weights": "weight_ftf (VCF0009x)"
  },
  "mode_v_other_2024": {
    "ci": [
      12.6,
      24.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+18.5",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature; full-sample weight",
    "n": 1873,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, panel and paper cases with no mode weight",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 18.5484,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "mode_v_web_2024": {
    "ci": [
      13.5,
      26.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+20.2",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature; web mode weight",
    "n": 1357,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, interviewed on the web",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 20.1867,
    "weights": "weight_web (VCF0009y)"
  },
  "n_anes_vote": {
    "display": "32,098",
    "estimand": "count of respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote and have a known education, in the elections plotted (1952 and 1960 left out)",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 32098,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_anes_vote_0824": {
    "display": "0",
    "estimand": "count of respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote and have a known education",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 0,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_ces_vote": {
    "display": "188,145",
    "estimand": "count of respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008 to 2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 188145,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_inc_elections": {
    "display": "17",
    "estimand": "count of elections",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2020",
    "population": "ANES presidential elections with an income-adjusted estimate",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "elections",
    "value": 17,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_jobs_below": {
    "display": "15",
    "estimand": "count of studies",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1974 to 2016",
    "population": "ANES studies whose jobs-item gap interval lies below zero",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "studies",
    "value": 15,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_jobs_studies": {
    "display": "18",
    "estimand": "count of studies",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1974 to 2016",
    "population": "ANES studies with a jobs-item gap estimate",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "studies",
    "value": 18,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_mode_2024": {
    "display": "2,045",
    "estimand": "count of respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote and have a known education, in the in-person or web mode group",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 2045,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_pid_below": {
    "display": "25",
    "estimand": "count of studies",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1952 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES studies whose party-identification gap interval lies below zero",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "studies",
    "value": 25,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_pid_studies": {
    "display": "27",
    "estimand": "count of studies",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1952 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES studies with a graduate gap estimate in party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "studies",
    "value": 27,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_vote_2024": {
    "display": "3,918",
    "estimand": "count of respondents",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote and have a known education",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "respondents",
    "value": 3918,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_vote_below": {
    "display": "8",
    "estimand": "count of elections",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES presidential elections whose graduate gap interval lies below zero",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "elections",
    "value": 8,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_vote_elections": {
    "display": "14",
    "estimand": "count of elections",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES presidential elections with a graduate gap estimate",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "elections",
    "value": 14,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_vote_point_below": {
    "display": "12",
    "estimand": "count of elections",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES presidential elections whose graduate gap point estimate is below zero",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "elections",
    "value": 12,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "n_vote_zero": {
    "display": "6",
    "estimand": "count of elections",
    "note": "",
    "period": "1956 to 2012",
    "population": "ANES presidential elections whose graduate gap interval includes zero",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "elections",
    "value": 6,
    "weights": "none (count)"
  },
  "net_cultural_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.22,
      0.29
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.26",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 17476,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, cultural index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.255694,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "net_economic_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.13,
      -0.07
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.10",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 17506,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0998863,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "net_immigration_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.26,
      0.34
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.30",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 15647,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, immigration item, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.297611,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "net_racial_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.15,
      0.21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.18",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 15621,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, racial index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.180407,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_all_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -9.7,
      -1.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−5.8",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 5034,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": -5.79993,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_all_2016": {
    "ci": [
      -2.2,
      5.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+1.6",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3643,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 1.64664,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_all_2020": {
    "ci": [
      5.9,
      11.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+8.9",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7181,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 8.85314,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_all_2024": {
    "ci": [
      13.6,
      21.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+17.5",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 5055,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 17.4986,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_white_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -5,
      4.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.4",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2981,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": -0.381414,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "p_white_2016": {
    "ci": [
      5.1,
      13.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+9.5",
    "estimand": "share of party identifiers who are Democrats among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2636,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents who identify with a party, leaners included",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share of party identifiers among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 9.51114,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_cultural_d_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -0.36,
      -0.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.28",
    "estimand": "gap in the later period minus gap in the earlier; independent samples, standard errors combined",
    "n": 12415,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000 and 2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (change in the graduate gap; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.280685,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_cultural_d_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.6,
      0.75
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.67",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 4181,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.673398,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_cultural_d_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.35,
      0.43
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.39",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8234,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.392713,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_cultural_r_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.02,
      0.13
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.06",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3237,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0594254,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_cultural_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.09,
      0.21
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.15",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7406,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), cultural index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.147769,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_economic_d_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.04,
      0.14
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.09",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 8237,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), economic index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0899298,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_economic_net_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.25,
      -0.16
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.21",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 8577,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.205899,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_economic_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.13,
      -0.07
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.10",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 17506,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents, economic index, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0998863,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_economic_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.32,
      -0.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.27",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7419,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), economic index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.272229,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_immigration_d_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.34,
      0.45
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.40",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7418,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.396301,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_immigration_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.17,
      0.29
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.23",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6627,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), immigration item",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.22751,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_racial_d_early": {
    "ci": [
      0.47,
      0.64
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.55",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3952,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.552709,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_racial_d_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.27,
      0.38
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.32",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 7404,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Democratic ANES identifiers (leaners included), racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.323831,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_racial_r_early": {
    "ci": [
      -0.01,
      0.11
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.05",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3124,
    "note": "",
    "period": "1992 to 2000",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0511979,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "pp_racial_r_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.01,
      0.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.06",
    "estimand": "weighted mean standardized answer of graduates minus that of non-graduates; standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6613,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "Republican ANES identifiers (leaners included), racial index",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.0570341,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ppw_cultural_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.15,
      0.23
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.19",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 12591,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents, cultural, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.191543,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ppw_economic_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      -0.12,
      -0.05
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.08",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 12602,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents, economic, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": -0.0820186,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ppw_immigration_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.29,
      0.38
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.34",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 11386,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents, immigration, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.337015,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "ppw_racial_net_late": {
    "ci": [
      0.23,
      0.31
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+0.27",
    "estimand": "coefficient on a graduate indicator in a weighted regression of the standardized index on the indicator and party-identification categories; HC3 errors",
    "n": 11375,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016 to 2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents, racial, net of seven-category party identification",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "standard deviations of the item or index among all respondents (graduates minus non-graduates; a positive value is a more liberal answer among graduates)",
    "value": 0.270025,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "span_2008": {
    "ci": [
      6.6,
      11.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "9.0",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Post-grad minus HS or less); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 10684,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 9.00972,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "span_2024": {
    "ci": [
      19.6,
      24.2
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "21.9",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Post-grad minus HS or less); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 16820,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 21.9013,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "span_white_2024": {
    "ci": [
      24.6,
      29.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "27.0",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Post-grad minus HS or less); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 13114,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 26.9983,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "step_col_sc_2008": {
    "ci": [
      -2,
      1.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.1",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (College minus Some college); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 12901,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": -0.0843893,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "step_col_sc_2024": {
    "ci": [
      3.5,
      7.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+5.4",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (College minus Some college); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 25188,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 5.39884,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "step_pg_col_2008": {
    "ci": [
      3.6,
      8.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+6.0",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Post-grad minus College); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 8110,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2008",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 5.9715,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "step_pg_col_2024": {
    "ci": [
      7.2,
      11.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+9.3",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Post-grad minus College); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 16994,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 9.29514,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "step_sc_hs_2024": {
    "ci": [
      5.1,
      9.3
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+7.2",
    "estimand": "Democratic share at the higher education level minus the share at the lower level (Some college minus HS or less); weighted shares, standard errors combined",
    "n": 25014,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "CES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "ces",
    "unit": "percentage points (difference in the Democratic share of the two-party vote)",
    "value": 7.20727,
    "weights": "weight_cumulative"
  },
  "v_all_2012": {
    "ci": [
      -5,
      3.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−0.8",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 4144,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": -0.76708,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_2016": {
    "ci": [
      7.4,
      16.4
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+11.9",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2591,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2016",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 11.9293,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_2020": {
    "ci": [
      11.6,
      18.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+14.9",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 6029,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 14.8621,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_2024": {
    "ci": [
      19,
      27.7
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+23.3",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 3918,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 23.3466,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_chg_1216": {
    "ci": [
      6.5,
      18.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+12.7",
    "estimand": "gap in 2016 minus gap in 2012; independent studies, standard errors combined",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2016",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap)",
    "value": 12.6964,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_chg_2024": {
    "ci": [
      3.1,
      13.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+8.5",
    "estimand": "gap in 2024 minus gap in 2020; independent studies, standard errors combined",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2020 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the graduate gap)",
    "value": 8.48455,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_grad_2024": {
    "ci": [
      66.1,
      71.9
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "69.0%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 2013,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 68.9993,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_all_non_2024": {
    "ci": [
      42.5,
      48.8
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "45.7%",
    "estimand": "weighted Democratic share of the two-party vote",
    "n": 1905,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, non-graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percent of the two-party presidential vote",
    "value": 45.6527,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_grad_chg": {
    "ci": [
      11.5,
      20.5
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+16.0",
    "estimand": "share in 2024 minus share in 2012; independent studies, standard errors combined",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the Democratic share)",
    "value": 15.9618,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_non_chg": {
    "ci": [
      -12.2,
      -4.1
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "−8.2",
    "estimand": "share in 2024 minus share in 2012; independent studies, standard errors combined",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012 to 2024",
    "population": "ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote, non-graduates",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (change in the Democratic share)",
    "value": -8.15192,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_white_2012": {
    "ci": [
      1.7,
      11.6
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+6.6",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2528,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 6.63356,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "v_white_2024": {
    "ci": [
      23.2,
      33
    ],
    "ciLevel": 0.95,
    "display": "+28.1",
    "estimand": "Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates; weighted shares, standard errors combined in quadrature",
    "n": 2981,
    "note": "",
    "period": "2024",
    "population": "white non-Hispanic ANES respondents who reported a Democratic or Republican presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (Democratic share among graduates minus the share among non-graduates)",
    "value": 28.0841,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z)"
  },
  "weight_spread_max": {
    "display": "3.4",
    "estimand": "largest spread of the graduate gap across the weights defined for a survey and year",
    "note": "",
    "period": "2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024",
    "population": "ANES and CES respondents who reported a major-party presidential vote",
    "source": "anes",
    "unit": "percentage points (largest minus smallest graduate gap across the weights of one survey and year)",
    "value": 3.35289,
    "weights": "weight (VCF0009z), weight_postelection, weight_cumulative, weight_post and vvweight"
  }
}