{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row per group and two dots per row, the party gap in the 1980s and in the 2020s, with intervals. In the ANES view the rows are all partisans, three attendance groups, three education groups and three birth cohorts. A second view shows the same comparison in the GSS. Across both views the 1980s gaps run from {fact:grp_lo_1980s} to {fact:grp_hi_1980s} points and the 2020s gaps from {fact:grp_lo_2020s} to {fact:grp_hi_2020s} points, and in every group the 2020s interval lies above the 1980s interval.",
  "caption": "Every row moves to the right: in each group the 2020s gap is larger than the 1980s gap and the two intervals do not overlap. Each dumbbell joins the 1980s gap (open dot) to the 2020s gap (filled dot), and the lines are 95% confidence intervals. Birth cohorts appear only where both periods have enough respondents.",
  "data": [
    {
      "gap_1980s": 3.60779,
      "gap_2020s": 49.8043,
      "group": "All partisans",
      "hi_1980s": 5.746,
      "hi_2020s": 51.9966,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 1.46958,
      "lo_2020s": 47.612,
      "n1": 7943,
      "n2": 11668
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 3.78689,
      "gap_2020s": 42.1339,
      "group": "Weekly attenders",
      "hi_1980s": 6.63708,
      "hi_2020s": 46.572,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 0.936692,
      "lo_2020s": 37.6959,
      "n1": 3018,
      "n2": 3119
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": -0.112984,
      "gap_2020s": 43.7715,
      "group": "Monthly attenders",
      "hi_1980s": 5.79722,
      "hi_2020s": 51.5426,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": -6.02319,
      "lo_2020s": 36.0003,
      "n1": 1060,
      "n2": 986
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 2.83682,
      "gap_2020s": 45.6788,
      "group": "Yearly or never",
      "hi_1980s": 6.07047,
      "hi_2020s": 48.5396,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": -0.39684,
      "lo_2020s": 42.818,
      "n1": 3777,
      "n2": 7502
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": -2.09745,
      "gap_2020s": 37.8843,
      "group": "High school or less",
      "hi_1980s": 0.698509,
      "hi_2020s": 42.6851,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": -4.89341,
      "lo_2020s": 33.0834,
      "n1": 4431,
      "n2": 2406
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 9.97365,
      "gap_2020s": 51.8432,
      "group": "Some college",
      "hi_1980s": 14.3928,
      "hi_2020s": 55.656,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 5.55453,
      "lo_2020s": 48.0305,
      "n1": 1913,
      "n2": 3798
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 20.7086,
      "gap_2020s": 55.9908,
      "group": "College graduate",
      "hi_1980s": 25.5916,
      "hi_2020s": 58.9895,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 15.8256,
      "lo_2020s": 52.9922,
      "n1": 1544,
      "n2": 5343
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 0.707421,
      "gap_2020s": 50.7772,
      "group": "Born 1927 to 1942",
      "hi_1980s": 5.34945,
      "hi_2020s": 59.5877,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": -3.93461,
      "lo_2020s": 41.9667,
      "n1": 1706,
      "n2": 675
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 8.05657,
      "gap_2020s": 49.3183,
      "group": "Born 1943 to 1958",
      "hi_1980s": 11.6671,
      "hi_2020s": 53.472,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 4.44605,
      "lo_2020s": 45.1645,
      "n1": 2899,
      "n2": 3123
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 10.0764,
      "gap_2020s": 49.7955,
      "group": "Born 1959 to 1974",
      "hi_1980s": 15.6889,
      "hi_2020s": 53.9671,
      "instrument": "ANES: always allowed",
      "lo_1980s": 4.46394,
      "lo_2020s": 45.6239,
      "n1": 1165,
      "n2": 3016
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": -0.409121,
      "gap_2020s": 45.5125,
      "group": "All partisans",
      "hi_1980s": 2.01446,
      "hi_2020s": 49.6758,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -2.8327,
      "lo_2020s": 41.3492,
      "n1": 9791,
      "n2": 3409
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 3.30235,
      "gap_2020s": 45.9721,
      "group": "Weekly attenders",
      "hi_1980s": 6.92764,
      "hi_2020s": 55.8142,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -0.322936,
      "lo_2020s": 36.1299,
      "n1": 3032,
      "n2": 648
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 1.75478,
      "gap_2020s": 42.5695,
      "group": "Monthly attenders",
      "hi_1980s": 6.88223,
      "hi_2020s": 52.9669,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -3.37266,
      "lo_2020s": 32.1721,
      "n1": 2193,
      "n2": 573
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": -5.65128,
      "gap_2020s": 38.1469,
      "group": "Yearly or less",
      "hi_1980s": -2.03271,
      "hi_2020s": 43.6333,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -9.26984,
      "lo_2020s": 32.6604,
      "n1": 4539,
      "n2": 2165
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": -1.0906,
      "gap_2020s": 37.984,
      "group": "No bachelor's degree",
      "hi_1980s": 1.55438,
      "hi_2020s": 43.5795,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -3.73557,
      "lo_2020s": 32.3885,
      "n1": 8074,
      "n2": 1947
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 10.8168,
      "gap_2020s": 56.1247,
      "group": "Bachelor's or higher",
      "hi_1980s": 16.3935,
      "hi_2020s": 62.3781,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": 5.24002,
      "lo_2020s": 49.8713,
      "n1": 1694,
      "n2": 1457
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 2.70723,
      "gap_2020s": 47.4098,
      "group": "Born 1943 to 1958",
      "hi_1980s": 6.73255,
      "hi_2020s": 55.4577,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -1.31808,
      "lo_2020s": 39.3619,
      "n1": 3495,
      "n2": 834
    },
    {
      "gap_1980s": 3.06028,
      "gap_2020s": 42.8766,
      "group": "Born 1959 to 1974",
      "hi_1980s": 9.45944,
      "hi_2020s": 50.7296,
      "instrument": "GSS: any reason",
      "lo_1980s": -3.33888,
      "lo_2020s": 35.0236,
      "n1": 1420,
      "n2": 914
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_within_groups",
  "notes": [
    "The 1980s are the ANES studies of 1980 to 1988 and the GSS surveys of 1980 to 1989; the 2020s are the ANES studies of 2020 and 2024 and the GSS surveys of 2021, 2022 and 2024.",
    "ANES attendance groups: weekly or nearly weekly, monthly, and a few times a year or never. The 2024 attendance answers come from the ANES 2024 Time Series because the cumulative file's 2024 attendance leaves out people who said they never attend.",
    "GSS attendance groups: weekly or more, monthly to nearly weekly, and a few times a year or less. The GSS degree question has no category for some college without a degree, so the GSS view splits at a bachelor's degree."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1980-2024, with 2024 attendance from the ANES 2024 Time Series; weighted (VCF0009z, which equals 1 for every respondent from 1980 to 1990); General Social Survey, 1980-2024, weighted (weight_use); years combined after rescaling each year's weights to average one",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "hi_1980s",
    "hi2": "hi_2020s",
    "label1": "1980s",
    "label2": "2020s",
    "lo1": "lo_1980s",
    "lo2": "lo_2020s",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No gap",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "gap_1980s",
    "x2": "gap_2020s",
    "xDomain": [
      -15,
      70
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Gap (percentage points)",
    "y": "group"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic minus Republican share saying yes, 1980s against 2020s, by group; party identifiers including leaners; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "instrument",
        "label": "Survey and item"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_1980s",
        "label": "1980s gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_1980s",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_1980s",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n1",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_2020s",
        "label": "2020s gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_2020s",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_2020s",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n2",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The party gap widened in every group",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "ANES: always allowed"
      },
      "id": "anes",
      "label": "ANES: always allowed"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "GSS: any reason"
      },
      "id": "gss",
      "label": "GSS: any reason"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}