{
  "alt": "Line chart with four lines across Wave 3, Wave 5 and Wave 7 for the fixed set of countries. The democratic-system line sits near the top and is roughly flat. The experts line sits in the middle and drifts up. The strong-leader line rises from Wave 5 to Wave 7, and the army-rule line stays low and rises over the same interval. In the view of countries whose survey program stayed the same the strong-leader line rises steeply and the democratic-system line drifts down, and in the view of countries whose program switched the democratic-system line rises. The United States view shows five survey years with the democratic-system line falling and the other three lines rising.",
  "caption": "The democratic-system line stays near the top of the chart while the strong-leader and army-rule lines rise between Wave 5 and Wave 7. Each line is the equal-weight mean across the countries of the weighted share calling that way of governing the country good, with a 95% interval. The program views split the countries by whether the survey program (WVS or EVS) changed between Wave 3 and Wave 7, and the United States view plots the five American survey years.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 16.4201,
      "conf_low": 9.65894,
      "estimate": 13.0395,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 50168,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.851,
      "conf_low": 11.4633,
      "estimate": 15.1572,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 67524,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25.5044,
      "conf_low": 15.8119,
      "estimate": 20.6582,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 63635,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90.8446,
      "conf_low": 86.1339,
      "estimate": 88.4892,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 49767,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90.2997,
      "conf_low": 86.5868,
      "estimate": 88.4432,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 67236,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 91.7365,
      "conf_low": 87.6956,
      "estimate": 89.716,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 64440,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.9934,
      "conf_low": 56.0856,
      "estimate": 61.0395,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 47936,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.0808,
      "conf_low": 56.6383,
      "estimate": 61.3596,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 64933,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.0019,
      "conf_low": 58.8438,
      "estimate": 63.9228,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 62657,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.3892,
      "conf_low": 32.9383,
      "estimate": 38.1638,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 49235,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.5327,
      "conf_low": 35.4104,
      "estimate": 41.4716,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 66325,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.0269,
      "conf_low": 41.075,
      "estimate": 48.051,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 63671,
      "n_countries": 39,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.0074,
      "conf_low": 7.66929,
      "estimate": 10.3384,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 29377,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.9577,
      "conf_low": 8.88152,
      "estimate": 12.9196,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 49579,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.2051,
      "conf_low": 13.3237,
      "estimate": 19.7644,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 44952,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 91.7611,
      "conf_low": 84.7355,
      "estimate": 88.2483,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 28820,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90.5714,
      "conf_low": 85.3451,
      "estimate": 87.9582,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 49112,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 93.4896,
      "conf_low": 89.9168,
      "estimate": 91.7032,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 45558,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.4644,
      "conf_low": 57.4775,
      "estimate": 63.971,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 27649,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.7493,
      "conf_low": 58.3525,
      "estimate": 64.5509,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 47282,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.0919,
      "conf_low": 57.4822,
      "estimate": 64.7871,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 44232,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.5644,
      "conf_low": 31.2933,
      "estimate": 38.4288,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 28854,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.8995,
      "conf_low": 32.8787,
      "estimate": 41.3891,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 48577,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.4707,
      "conf_low": 35.356,
      "estimate": 44.9134,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 45071,
      "n_countries": 25,
      "scope": "Program switched",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.0616,
      "conf_low": 9.66439,
      "estimate": 17.863,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 20791,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.814,
      "conf_low": 11.4916,
      "estimate": 19.1528,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 17945,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.4108,
      "conf_low": 14.0975,
      "estimate": 22.2541,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 18683,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 91.5216,
      "conf_low": 86.3173,
      "estimate": 88.9195,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 20947,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 91.9314,
      "conf_low": 86.6873,
      "estimate": 89.3094,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 18124,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90.5579,
      "conf_low": 81.7768,
      "estimate": 86.1674,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 18882,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.5461,
      "conf_low": 48.0635,
      "estimate": 55.8048,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 20287,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.7135,
      "conf_low": 48.6081,
      "estimate": 55.6608,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 17651,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.0988,
      "conf_low": 55.6604,
      "estimate": 62.3796,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 18425,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.0078,
      "conf_low": 29.373,
      "estimate": 37.6904,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 20381,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.5101,
      "conf_low": 32.7276,
      "estimate": 41.6188,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 17748,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.8404,
      "conf_low": 43.4672,
      "estimate": 53.6538,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 18600,
      "n_countries": 14,
      "scope": "Same program",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.01891,
      "conf_low": 5.13525,
      "estimate": 6.57708,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 1476,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.4132,
      "conf_low": 7.1178,
      "estimate": 8.76551,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 1179,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 4",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.8432,
      "conf_low": 11.9509,
      "estimate": 14.3971,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 1203,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.3499,
      "conf_low": 15.5711,
      "estimate": 17.4605,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 2170,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 6",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.9448,
      "conf_low": 18.8769,
      "estimate": 20.9108,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 2528,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 92.3222,
      "conf_low": 88.8744,
      "estimate": 90.5983,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 1433,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90.9506,
      "conf_low": 87.2806,
      "estimate": 89.1156,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 1153,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 4",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 88.0746,
      "conf_low": 83.1868,
      "estimate": 85.6307,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 1200,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 84.2198,
      "conf_low": 80.4186,
      "estimate": 82.3192,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 2164,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 6",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 86.7737,
      "conf_low": 83.1832,
      "estimate": 84.9784,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 2509,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.3756,
      "conf_low": 33.6925,
      "estimate": 36.5341,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 1427,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.8795,
      "conf_low": 41.0661,
      "estimate": 43.9728,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 1167,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 4",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.9564,
      "conf_low": 42.0143,
      "estimate": 45.4853,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 1202,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.6628,
      "conf_low": 48.6969,
      "estimate": 51.1798,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 2177,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 6",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.0464,
      "conf_low": 50.0581,
      "estimate": 52.5523,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 2535,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.4488,
      "conf_low": 22.3589,
      "estimate": 24.9039,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 1441,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 3",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.2234,
      "conf_low": 26.9061,
      "estimate": 29.5647,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 1179,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 4",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.1331,
      "conf_low": 29.6064,
      "estimate": 32.8697,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 1208,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 5",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.4154,
      "conf_low": 32.6758,
      "estimate": 35.0456,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 2178,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 6",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.4859,
      "conf_low": 35.6416,
      "estimate": 38.0637,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 2541,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "wave": "Wave 7",
      "x": 2017
    }
  ],
  "id": "trend_items",
  "notes": [
    "Fixed set: countries with an effective sample of at least the floor on every item in Waves 3, 5 and 7, less Albania, whose Wave 3 survey has an implausible response pattern (see the text and the country table at the end of the chapter). Intervals for the fixed set are clustered by country (t critical value on one fewer degree of freedom than the number of countries); intervals for one country use the Kish effective sample size. The WVS file has no strata or sampling units, so no interval includes design effects.",
    "The position of a wave on the horizontal axis is the mean fieldwork year of the countries in it. In most countries the Wave 3 survey gives every respondent the same weight, so Wave 3 shares are in effect unweighted.",
    "Program: the program (WVS or EVS) with more respondents in the country and wave. Every country whose program switched is in Europe and Central Asia, and none of the others is. The American surveys differed in mode: face to face in 1995, web in 2006 and web and telephone in 2017."
  ],
  "source": "World Values Survey and European Values Study, Waves 3, 5 and 7 (1995 to 2023); weighted (weight, S017 within country; equal weight per country across countries)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Army rule": "accent",
      "Democratic system": "total",
      "Experts decide": "muted",
      "Strong leader": "highlight"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "item",
    "x": "x",
    "xDomain": [
      1993,
      2021
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "thousands": false
    },
    "xLabel": "Wave and fieldwork years",
    "xTicks": [
      {
        "label": "Wave 3 (1995 to 1998)",
        "value": 1996
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 5 (2004 to 2009)",
        "value": 2007
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 7 (2017 to 2023)",
        "value": 2018
      }
    ],
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      100
    ],
    "yLabel": "Share calling it a good way of governing the country (percent)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of adults calling each way of governing the country good (fairly or very good), equal-weight mean across the fixed set of countries, by wave, 1995 to 2023",
  "title": "Stated support for a democratic system held at {fact:dem7} in the fixed set of countries while approval of a strong leader rose to {fact:lead7}",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "scope": "Fixed set"
      },
      "id": "fixed_set",
      "label": "Fixed set of countries"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In these countries the strong-leader line rises steeply and the democratic-system line drifts down. Each line is the equal-weight mean across the countries whose survey program was the same in Wave 3 and Wave 7, with a 95% interval clustered by country.",
      "filter": {
        "scope": "Same program"
      },
      "id": "same_program",
      "label": "Same survey program",
      "title": "Where the survey program stayed the same, approval of a strong leader changed by {fact:prog_same_lead} points and support for a democratic system by {fact:prog_same_dem}"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In these countries the Wave 3 survey is a WVS survey and the Wave 7 survey is an EVS survey, and all of them are in Europe and Central Asia. Each line is the equal-weight mean across these countries, with a 95% interval clustered by country.",
      "filter": {
        "scope": "Program switched"
      },
      "id": "switched_program",
      "label": "Survey program switched",
      "title": "Where the survey program switched, support for a democratic system changed by {fact:prog_sw_dem} points and approval of a strong leader by {fact:prog_sw_lead}"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The democratic-system line falls to a low in 2011 and recovers in part by 2017, while the strong-leader, army-rule and experts lines rise. Each point is a weighted share with a 95% interval from the Kish effective sample size, and the survey mode changed over these years.",
      "filter": {
        "scope": "United States"
      },
      "id": "united_states",
      "label": "United States",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1993,
          2019
        ],
        "xLabel": "Year of the American survey",
        "xTicks": [
          1995,
          1999,
          2006,
          2011,
          2017
        ]
      },
      "title": "In the United States the share calling a democratic system good fell from {fact:us_dem95} to {fact:us_dem17} while approval of army rule rose from {fact:us_army95} to {fact:us_army17}"
    }
  ]
}