{
  "alt": "Line chart with up to four lines, one for each birth cohort, across Wave 3, Wave 5 and Wave 7. The cohort born before 1960 and the cohort born 1960 to 1977 start in Wave 3 with the older cohort higher, and both rise. The cohort born 1978 to 1986 appears from Wave 5 and the cohort born 1987 or later only in Wave 7. In Wave 7 the four cohorts are within a few points of one another.",
  "caption": "All cohort lines rise, and in Wave 7 the four cohorts stand within a few points of each other. A cohort appears only in waves in which it can be observed as adults (see the notes). Each point is an equal-weight mean across countries with a 95% interval clustered by country. The other views give the army-rule, democratic-system and importance items.",
  "data": [
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 15.305,
      "conf_low": 8.37751,
      "estimate": 11.8412,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 16646,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 18.0327,
      "conf_low": 9.80417,
      "estimate": 13.9184,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 19092,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 24.2638,
      "conf_low": 13.1877,
      "estimate": 18.7258,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 16021,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 18.8014,
      "conf_low": 10.3499,
      "estimate": 14.5757,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 9338,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 25.6558,
      "conf_low": 14.5427,
      "estimate": 20.0993,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 7820,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1987 or later",
      "conf_high": 28.1251,
      "conf_low": 16.7127,
      "estimate": 22.4189,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 11374,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 17.2893,
      "conf_low": 9.34235,
      "estimate": 13.3158,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 22560,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 19.4469,
      "conf_low": 10.7617,
      "estimate": 15.1043,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 24919,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 26.4556,
      "conf_low": 13.9553,
      "estimate": 20.2054,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 16270,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 90.5962,
      "conf_low": 85.2673,
      "estimate": 87.9318,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 16536,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 90.9823,
      "conf_low": 86.1841,
      "estimate": 88.5832,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 19041,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 92.7914,
      "conf_low": 87.5242,
      "estimate": 90.1578,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 16175,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 90.1691,
      "conf_low": 84.8538,
      "estimate": 87.5114,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 9321,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 92.8309,
      "conf_low": 88.2028,
      "estimate": 90.5169,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 7929,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1987 or later",
      "conf_high": 91.5827,
      "conf_low": 86.0739,
      "estimate": 88.8283,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 11509,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 91.1392,
      "conf_low": 84.9958,
      "estimate": 88.0675,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 22309,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 90.7849,
      "conf_low": 86.3051,
      "estimate": 88.545,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 24714,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 93.1403,
      "conf_low": 87.9478,
      "estimate": 90.544,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 16366,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 67.4316,
      "conf_low": 56.9777,
      "estimate": 62.2047,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 16226,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 67.209,
      "conf_low": 56.3134,
      "estimate": 61.7612,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 18455,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 71.0899,
      "conf_low": 57.845,
      "estimate": 64.4674,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 15883,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 68.7974,
      "conf_low": 58.5942,
      "estimate": 63.6958,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 9025,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 71.7334,
      "conf_low": 60.9689,
      "estimate": 66.3512,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 7770,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1987 or later",
      "conf_high": 72.3561,
      "conf_low": 62.245,
      "estimate": 67.3006,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 11296,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 66.8623,
      "conf_low": 54.8231,
      "estimate": 60.8427,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 21556,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 66.9369,
      "conf_low": 55.2171,
      "estimate": 61.077,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 23865,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 68.5101,
      "conf_low": 54.0839,
      "estimate": 61.297,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 15880,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 43.0154,
      "conf_low": 30.9492,
      "estimate": 36.9823,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 16481,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 47.451,
      "conf_low": 33.209,
      "estimate": 40.33,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 18834,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 54.5705,
      "conf_low": 37.2035,
      "estimate": 45.887,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 15998,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 48.7239,
      "conf_low": 34.7542,
      "estimate": 41.7391,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 9147,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 55.9453,
      "conf_low": 39.5974,
      "estimate": 47.7714,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 7853,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1987 or later",
      "conf_high": 55.5396,
      "conf_low": 40.4284,
      "estimate": 47.984,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 11332,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 46.7024,
      "conf_low": 34.2479,
      "estimate": 40.4752,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 22234,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 50.6611,
      "conf_low": 36.1645,
      "estimate": 43.4128,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 24471,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 56.4975,
      "conf_low": 39.4053,
      "estimate": 47.9514,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 16238,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 53.8351,
      "conf_low": 45.159,
      "estimate": 49.497,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 18739,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1960 to 1977",
      "conf_high": 59.6914,
      "conf_low": 50.1049,
      "estimate": 54.8982,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 22845,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 48.7858,
      "conf_low": 39.5825,
      "estimate": 44.1841,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 9803,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1978 to 1986",
      "conf_high": 56.2859,
      "conf_low": 46.8166,
      "estimate": 51.5512,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 11913,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born 1987 or later",
      "conf_high": 50.8436,
      "conf_low": 41.92,
      "estimate": 46.3818,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 16196,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 57.3825,
      "conf_low": 47.2875,
      "estimate": 52.335,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 20364,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "cohort": "Born before 1960",
      "conf_high": 62.3545,
      "conf_low": 51.023,
      "estimate": 56.6888,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 21217,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "x": 2018
    }
  ],
  "id": "cohort_lines",
  "notes": [
    "Countries: the countries of the fixed set with every age-group and cohort cell above the floor (n at least 100 and an effective sample of at least 100). Intervals for the fixed set are clustered by country (t critical value on one fewer degree of freedom than the number of countries); intervals for one country use the Kish effective sample size. The WVS file has no strata or sampling units, so no interval includes design effects.",
    "The first three cohorts are shown in a wave only if all their members were 18 or older at the earliest fieldwork year of the wave; the cohort born 1987 or later is open-ended and holds respondents born from 1987 who were 18 or older at interview in Wave 7. Ages at interview: cohort born 1978 to 1986 in Wave 5, 18 to 31; cohort born 1987 or later in Wave 7, 18 to 36. Birth year is the survey year minus age, so it can be off by one."
  ],
  "source": "World Values Survey and European Values Study, Waves 3, 5 and 7 (1995 to 2023); weighted (weight, S017 within country; equal weight per country across countries)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Born 1960 to 1977": "cat2",
      "Born 1978 to 1986": "accent",
      "Born 1987 or later": "highlight",
      "Born before 1960": "muted"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "cohort",
    "x": "x",
    "xDomain": [
      1993,
      2021
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "thousands": false
    },
    "xLabel": "Wave",
    "xTicks": [
      {
        "label": "Wave 3",
        "value": 1996
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 5",
        "value": 2007
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 7",
        "value": 2018
      }
    ],
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      20,
      70
    ],
    "yLabel": "Share (percent)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of adults calling a strong leader a good way of governing the country, by birth cohort and wave, equal-weight mean across countries",
  "title": "Every birth cohort followed across waves became more approving of a strong leader, and the cohorts ended close together",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "item": "Strong leader"
      },
      "id": "strong_leader",
      "label": "Strong leader",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          20,
          70
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "caption": "The lines for the older cohorts rise from about the same level and the cohort born 1987 or later starts above them in Wave 7. Each point is an equal-weight mean across countries with a 95% interval clustered by country.",
      "filter": {
        "item": "Army rule"
      },
      "id": "army_rule",
      "label": "Army rule",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          0,
          40
        ]
      },
      "title": "Every birth cohort became more approving of army rule between Wave 5 and Wave 7"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The lines are close together and nearly flat, with the cohort born 1987 or later slightly lower in Wave 7. Each point is an equal-weight mean across countries with a 95% interval clustered by country.",
      "filter": {
        "item": "Democratic system"
      },
      "id": "democratic_system",
      "label": "Democratic system",
      "spec": {
        "yDomain": [
          70,
          100
        ]
      },
      "title": "Every birth cohort stands near the same share calling a democratic system good in each wave"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The youngest cohort is lowest, and cohorts followed across the two waves move up. The countries are those observed with the importance question in Wave 5 and Wave 7, a different set from the other views. Each point is an equal-weight mean across countries with a 95% interval clustered by country.",
      "filter": {
        "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy"
      },
      "id": "importance",
      "label": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          2003,
          2020
        ],
        "xTicks": [
          {
            "label": "Wave 5",
            "value": 2007
          },
          {
            "label": "Wave 7",
            "value": 2018
          }
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          30,
          70
        ]
      },
      "title": "The cohort born 1987 or later gives the top rating on importance less often, and each older cohort gained between Wave 5 and Wave 7"
    }
  ]
}