{
  "alt": "Line chart with a dashed line at zero and five lines across the waves, each the young-minus-older difference in a share. The strong-leader and army-rule lines rise from below zero to about zero or slightly above. The democratic-system line stays near zero. The experts line is near zero in Wave 3 and rises to above zero. The importance line lies below zero in both Wave 5 and Wave 7 and moves lower. The United States view shows five survey years with the army-rule line rising from near zero to its highest value, the strong-leader and experts lines above zero in most years, and the democratic-system and importance lines below zero in every year.",
  "caption": "The strong-leader and army-rule lines start below zero and end at or above it, so the age gap closed or reversed, while the democratic-system line stays close to zero. The importance line is the gap in the share giving the top rating and it lies well below zero, with older adults giving the top rating more often. A negative value means young adults are less likely to give the answer.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -1.66581,
      "conf_low": -4.77752,
      "estimate": -3.22167,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 40439,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.789974,
      "conf_low": -2.41501,
      "estimate": -0.812516,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 56429,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.9155,
      "conf_low": -0.48397,
      "estimate": 2.21577,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 51485,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6714,
      "conf_low": -1.49356,
      "estimate": 0.0889193,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 40085,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.804387,
      "conf_low": -2.55625,
      "estimate": -0.875931,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 56147,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0389685,
      "conf_low": -2.58798,
      "estimate": -1.27451,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 51979,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.69781,
      "conf_low": -1.38925,
      "estimate": 1.15428,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 38991,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.48449,
      "conf_low": 0.0248612,
      "estimate": 2.25468,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 54321,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.9801,
      "conf_low": 1.7503,
      "estimate": 5.3652,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 50829,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.56316,
      "conf_low": -9.68157,
      "estimate": -6.62236,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 39946,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.15259,
      "conf_low": -4.64654,
      "estimate": -2.39957,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 55473,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.60438,
      "conf_low": -1.87628,
      "estimate": 0.36405,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 51421,
      "n_countries": 30,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.47322,
      "conf_low": -10.387,
      "estimate": -6.93012,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 51271,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.91761,
      "conf_low": -14.0378,
      "estimate": -9.47772,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 72171,
      "n_countries": 37,
      "scope": "Fixed set",
      "x": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.65913,
      "conf_low": -2.52105,
      "estimate": 1.06904,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 938,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.30819,
      "conf_low": -0.579795,
      "estimate": 3.8642,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 678,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.5062,
      "conf_low": 0.517475,
      "estimate": 7.01186,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 724,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.9829,
      "conf_low": 6.11393,
      "estimate": 11.0484,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 1413,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.8982,
      "conf_low": 12.2523,
      "estimate": 17.0752,
      "item": "Army rule",
      "n": 1658,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.871525,
      "conf_low": -9.77244,
      "estimate": -5.32198,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 906,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.44845,
      "conf_low": -13.7075,
      "estimate": -9.07796,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 664,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.86995,
      "conf_low": -16.3968,
      "estimate": -10.1334,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 722,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.42943,
      "conf_low": -14.5111,
      "estimate": -9.47028,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 1408,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -7.20722,
      "conf_low": -16.054,
      "estimate": -11.6306,
      "item": "Democratic system",
      "n": 1642,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.0343,
      "conf_low": 2.09531,
      "estimate": 9.0648,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 912,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.2941,
      "conf_low": 8.12052,
      "estimate": 15.7073,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 676,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.1845,
      "conf_low": -1.83647,
      "estimate": 7.17404,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 724,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.4317,
      "conf_low": 8.98393,
      "estimate": 15.2078,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 1414,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.5152,
      "conf_low": 16.5392,
      "estimate": 22.5272,
      "item": "Experts decide",
      "n": 1665,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.8659,
      "conf_low": 4.13233,
      "estimate": 10.4991,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 920,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1995
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.9863,
      "conf_low": 2.6745,
      "estimate": 9.83041,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 679,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 1999
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.2915,
      "conf_low": -4.74431,
      "estimate": 3.77357,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 728,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.0284,
      "conf_low": 13.9109,
      "estimate": 19.9697,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 1417,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.1329,
      "conf_low": 8.43775,
      "estimate": 14.2853,
      "item": "Strong leader",
      "n": 1671,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -21.3026,
      "conf_low": -38.584,
      "estimate": -29.9433,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 727,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -24.0937,
      "conf_low": -35.8977,
      "estimate": -29.9957,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 1423,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -29.7908,
      "conf_low": -41.2589,
      "estimate": -35.5249,
      "item": "Top rating on importance of democracy",
      "n": 1677,
      "n_countries": 1,
      "scope": "United States",
      "x": 2017
    }
  ],
  "id": "age_gaps",
  "notes": [
    "Fixed set: the countries of the fixed set with every age-group and cohort cell above the floor (n at least 100 and an effective sample of at least 100); the importance line uses its own set of countries observed in Waves 5 and 7. Age groups are 18 to 34 and 55 or older; the 35 to 54 group is not plotted. Intervals for the fixed set are clustered by country (t critical value on one fewer degree of freedom than the number of countries); intervals for one country use the Kish effective sample size. The WVS file has no strata or sampling units, so no interval includes design effects.",
    "A cross-section confounds age with cohort, and a change in the gap between waves identifies a cohort difference only if period changes are the same at every age."
  ],
  "source": "World Values Survey and European Values Study, Waves 3, 5 and 7 (1995 to 2023); weighted (weight, S017 within country; equal weight per country across countries)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No age gap",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Army rule": "accent",
      "Democratic system": "total",
      "Experts decide": "muted",
      "Strong leader": "highlight",
      "Top rating on importance of democracy": "cat1"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "item",
    "x": "x",
    "xDomain": [
      1993,
      2021
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "thousands": false
    },
    "xLabel": "Wave and fieldwork years",
    "xTicks": [
      {
        "label": "Wave 3 (1995 to 1998)",
        "value": 1996
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 5 (2004 to 2009)",
        "value": 2007
      },
      {
        "label": "Wave 7 (2017 to 2023)",
        "value": 2018
      }
    ],
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -20,
      20
    ],
    "yLabel": "Young minus older adults (percentage points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share among adults aged 18 to 34 minus share among adults aged 55 or older, percentage points, equal-weight mean across countries, by wave",
  "title": "Young adults went from less approving of a strong leader than older adults to level with them between Wave 3 and Wave 7",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "scope": "Fixed set"
      },
      "id": "fixed_set",
      "label": "Fixed set of countries"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Young Americans are more approving of army rule, a strong leader and experts than older Americans in 2017, and less likely to call a democratic system good or to give the top rating on importance. Each point is a difference of two weighted shares with a 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "scope": "United States"
      },
      "id": "united_states",
      "label": "United States",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          1993,
          2019
        ],
        "xLabel": "Year of the American survey",
        "xTicks": [
          1995,
          1999,
          2006,
          2011,
          2017
        ],
        "yDomain": [
          -45,
          35
        ]
      },
      "title": "In the United States the gap between young and older adults in approval of army rule grew from {fact:us_age_army_gap95} to {fact:us_age_army_gap17}"
    }
  ]
}