{
  "alt": "Two panels. The first is a dot chart of the web minus face-to-face difference in the party gap with 95% intervals for nine rows, and only the interval for racial resentment in 2012 excludes zero. The second is a dumbbell chart of the face-to-face and web gaps in the same rows, with the two modes on either side of the sort-date rule only for religion in 2012.",
  "caption": "The web and face-to-face gaps are close in every row, and the racial resentment difference in 2012 is the only one whose interval excludes zero. The first tab plots each difference with its 95% interval and the second the gap in each mode. Each mode is standardized within itself. In 2024 the samples are the fresh in-person and fresh web samples; panel and paper cases have no mode weight.",
  "data": [],
  "id": "mode_check",
  "notes": [
    "The ANES mode weights exist for 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024. The 2008 sample was face-to-face only and 2020 has no mode weights."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 2012, 2016 and 2024; weighted (weight_ftf and weight_web)",
  "spec": {
    "panels": [
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Dot chart with nine rows, abortion, racial resentment and religion in 2012, 2016 and 2024, each dot the web minus face-to-face difference in the party gap with its 95% interval on an axis of standard deviations and a dashed line at zero. The interval for racial resentment in 2012 lies wholly above zero, around a difference of {fact:mode_race_2012_diff}; the other eight intervals cross zero.",
          "caption": "A dot to the right of the dashed line means a larger gap among web respondents, and an interval that crosses the line cannot separate the two modes. Only the racial resentment row for 2012 lies wholly to the right.",
          "data": [
            {
              "diff": 0.110134,
              "diff_hi": 0.261968,
              "diff_lo": -0.0417001,
              "ftf": 0.577147,
              "ftf_hi": 0.702031,
              "ftf_lo": 0.452264,
              "label": "Abortion, 2012",
              "n": 5068,
              "n_ftf": 1791,
              "n_web": 3277,
              "web": 0.687281,
              "web_hi": 0.773639,
              "web_lo": 0.600923
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.0920276,
              "diff_hi": 0.0727554,
              "diff_lo": -0.256811,
              "ftf": 0.767927,
              "ftf_hi": 0.907629,
              "ftf_lo": 0.628225,
              "label": "Abortion, 2016",
              "n": 3630,
              "n_ftf": 1030,
              "n_web": 2600,
              "web": 0.6759,
              "web_hi": 0.763288,
              "web_lo": 0.588511
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.0191564,
              "diff_hi": 0.165344,
              "diff_lo": -0.203657,
              "ftf": 1.09236,
              "ftf_hi": 1.24301,
              "ftf_lo": 0.941712,
              "label": "Abortion, 2024",
              "n": 2714,
              "n_ftf": 953,
              "n_web": 1761,
              "web": 1.0732,
              "web_hi": 1.17972,
              "web_lo": 0.966689
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.173866,
              "diff_hi": 0.32082,
              "diff_lo": 0.0269117,
              "ftf": 0.784461,
              "ftf_hi": 0.904877,
              "ftf_lo": 0.664045,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2012",
              "n": 4741,
              "n_ftf": 1694,
              "n_web": 3047,
              "web": 0.958327,
              "web_hi": 1.04256,
              "web_lo": 0.874093
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.0920824,
              "diff_hi": 0.254709,
              "diff_lo": -0.070544,
              "ftf": 0.968583,
              "ftf_hi": 1.1073,
              "ftf_lo": 0.829867,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2016",
              "n": 3151,
              "n_ftf": 940,
              "n_web": 2211,
              "web": 1.06067,
              "web_hi": 1.14555,
              "web_lo": 0.975782
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.000573687,
              "diff_hi": 0.180556,
              "diff_lo": -0.179409,
              "ftf": 1.26424,
              "ftf_hi": 1.41058,
              "ftf_lo": 1.1179,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2024",
              "n": 2443,
              "n_ftf": 862,
              "n_web": 1581,
              "web": 1.26482,
              "web_hi": 1.3696,
              "web_lo": 1.16004
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.128963,
              "diff_hi": 0.284092,
              "diff_lo": -0.0261655,
              "ftf": 0.219355,
              "ftf_hi": 0.346832,
              "ftf_lo": 0.0918784,
              "label": "Religion, 2012",
              "n": 5077,
              "n_ftf": 1797,
              "n_web": 3280,
              "web": 0.348318,
              "web_hi": 0.436718,
              "web_lo": 0.259918
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.0473972,
              "diff_hi": 0.219034,
              "diff_lo": -0.12424,
              "ftf": 0.380053,
              "ftf_hi": 0.527677,
              "ftf_lo": 0.232429,
              "label": "Religion, 2016",
              "n": 3652,
              "n_ftf": 1039,
              "n_web": 2613,
              "web": 0.42745,
              "web_hi": 0.515009,
              "web_lo": 0.339891
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.113313,
              "diff_hi": 0.0900343,
              "diff_lo": -0.316661,
              "ftf": 0.622155,
              "ftf_hi": 0.789322,
              "ftf_lo": 0.454988,
              "label": "Religion, 2024",
              "n": 2816,
              "n_ftf": 966,
              "n_web": 1850,
              "web": 0.508842,
              "web_hi": 0.624624,
              "web_lo": 0.393061
            }
          ],
          "id": "mode_diff",
          "spec": {
            "hi": "diff_hi",
            "lo": "diff_lo",
            "n": "n",
            "reference": 0,
            "referenceLabel": "No mode difference",
            "sort": "data",
            "x": "diff",
            "xDomain": [
              -0.5,
              0.5
            ],
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 3
            },
            "xLabel": "Web minus face-to-face party gap (SD)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "Web minus face-to-face difference in the party gap (Republican minus Democratic identifiers, leaners included) in standard deviations, with 95% intervals, ANES",
          "table": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "label",
                "label": "Row"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "diff",
                "label": "Web minus face-to-face (SD)"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "diff_lo",
                "label": "Lower 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "diff_hi",
                "label": "Upper 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 0
                },
                "key": "n_ftf",
                "label": "Face-to-face respondents"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 0
                },
                "key": "n_web",
                "label": "Web respondents"
              }
            ]
          },
          "title": "Each dot is one web minus face-to-face difference, and {fact:mode_n_zero} of {fact:mode_n_cmp} intervals include zero",
          "type": "dot"
        },
        "label": "Difference"
      },
      {
        "figure": {
          "alt": "Dumbbell chart with nine rows, abortion, racial resentment and religion in 2012, 2016 and 2024, each showing the face-to-face and the web party gap with intervals on an axis of standard deviations, and a dashed line at the sort-date rule. The two dots lie close together in most rows, and in religion in 2012 the face-to-face dot is left of the rule and the web dot right of it.",
          "caption": "The open and solid dots lie close together in most rows. The dashed line is the {fact:rule_sd} SD sort-date rule.",
          "data": [
            {
              "diff": 0.110134,
              "diff_hi": 0.261968,
              "diff_lo": -0.0417001,
              "ftf": 0.577147,
              "ftf_hi": 0.702031,
              "ftf_lo": 0.452264,
              "label": "Abortion, 2012",
              "n": 5068,
              "n_ftf": 1791,
              "n_web": 3277,
              "web": 0.687281,
              "web_hi": 0.773639,
              "web_lo": 0.600923
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.0920276,
              "diff_hi": 0.0727554,
              "diff_lo": -0.256811,
              "ftf": 0.767927,
              "ftf_hi": 0.907629,
              "ftf_lo": 0.628225,
              "label": "Abortion, 2016",
              "n": 3630,
              "n_ftf": 1030,
              "n_web": 2600,
              "web": 0.6759,
              "web_hi": 0.763288,
              "web_lo": 0.588511
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.0191564,
              "diff_hi": 0.165344,
              "diff_lo": -0.203657,
              "ftf": 1.09236,
              "ftf_hi": 1.24301,
              "ftf_lo": 0.941712,
              "label": "Abortion, 2024",
              "n": 2714,
              "n_ftf": 953,
              "n_web": 1761,
              "web": 1.0732,
              "web_hi": 1.17972,
              "web_lo": 0.966689
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.173866,
              "diff_hi": 0.32082,
              "diff_lo": 0.0269117,
              "ftf": 0.784461,
              "ftf_hi": 0.904877,
              "ftf_lo": 0.664045,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2012",
              "n": 4741,
              "n_ftf": 1694,
              "n_web": 3047,
              "web": 0.958327,
              "web_hi": 1.04256,
              "web_lo": 0.874093
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.0920824,
              "diff_hi": 0.254709,
              "diff_lo": -0.070544,
              "ftf": 0.968583,
              "ftf_hi": 1.1073,
              "ftf_lo": 0.829867,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2016",
              "n": 3151,
              "n_ftf": 940,
              "n_web": 2211,
              "web": 1.06067,
              "web_hi": 1.14555,
              "web_lo": 0.975782
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.000573687,
              "diff_hi": 0.180556,
              "diff_lo": -0.179409,
              "ftf": 1.26424,
              "ftf_hi": 1.41058,
              "ftf_lo": 1.1179,
              "label": "Racial resentment, 2024",
              "n": 2443,
              "n_ftf": 862,
              "n_web": 1581,
              "web": 1.26482,
              "web_hi": 1.3696,
              "web_lo": 1.16004
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.128963,
              "diff_hi": 0.284092,
              "diff_lo": -0.0261655,
              "ftf": 0.219355,
              "ftf_hi": 0.346832,
              "ftf_lo": 0.0918784,
              "label": "Religion, 2012",
              "n": 5077,
              "n_ftf": 1797,
              "n_web": 3280,
              "web": 0.348318,
              "web_hi": 0.436718,
              "web_lo": 0.259918
            },
            {
              "diff": 0.0473972,
              "diff_hi": 0.219034,
              "diff_lo": -0.12424,
              "ftf": 0.380053,
              "ftf_hi": 0.527677,
              "ftf_lo": 0.232429,
              "label": "Religion, 2016",
              "n": 3652,
              "n_ftf": 1039,
              "n_web": 2613,
              "web": 0.42745,
              "web_hi": 0.515009,
              "web_lo": 0.339891
            },
            {
              "diff": -0.113313,
              "diff_hi": 0.0900343,
              "diff_lo": -0.316661,
              "ftf": 0.622155,
              "ftf_hi": 0.789322,
              "ftf_lo": 0.454988,
              "label": "Religion, 2024",
              "n": 2816,
              "n_ftf": 966,
              "n_web": 1850,
              "web": 0.508842,
              "web_hi": 0.624624,
              "web_lo": 0.393061
            }
          ],
          "id": "mode_each",
          "spec": {
            "hi1": "ftf_hi",
            "hi2": "web_hi",
            "label1": "Face-to-face",
            "label2": "Web",
            "lo1": "ftf_lo",
            "lo2": "web_lo",
            "n1": "n_ftf",
            "n2": "n_web",
            "reference": 0.25,
            "referenceLabel": "Sort-date rule",
            "sort": "data",
            "x1": "ftf",
            "x2": "web",
            "xDomain": [
              0,
              1.7
            ],
            "xFormat": {
              "digits": 3
            },
            "xLabel": "Party gap (SD)",
            "y": "label"
          },
          "subtitle": "Party gap (Republican minus Democratic identifiers, leaners included) in standard deviations, face-to-face interviews (open dot) and web interviews (solid dot), with 95% intervals, ANES",
          "table": {
            "columns": [
              {
                "key": "label",
                "label": "Row"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "ftf",
                "label": "Face-to-face gap (SD)"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "ftf_lo",
                "label": "Lower 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "ftf_hi",
                "label": "Upper 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 0
                },
                "key": "n_ftf",
                "label": "Face-to-face respondents"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "web",
                "label": "Web gap (SD)"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "web_lo",
                "label": "Lower 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 3
                },
                "key": "web_hi",
                "label": "Upper 95% bound"
              },
              {
                "format": {
                  "digits": 0
                },
                "key": "n_web",
                "label": "Web respondents"
              }
            ]
          },
          "title": "The two modes lie on either side of the sort-date rule only for religion in 2012",
          "type": "dumbbell"
        },
        "label": "Each mode"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Party gap by interview mode in the years that have both mode weights, difference and each mode, in standard deviations, with 95% intervals, ANES",
  "title": "Web and face-to-face gaps differ by {fact:mode_max_diff} SD or less, and the interval for the difference excludes zero only for racial resentment in 2012",
  "type": "tabs",
  "width": "wide"
}