{
  "alt": "Three small line charts of the party gap by survey year from 1980 to 2024, each with a dashed line at the sort-date rule. The abortion gap rises from near zero in 1980 to {fact:abortion_gap_2024} standard deviations in 2024; racial resentment starts at {fact:race_gap_1986} in 1986 and rises to {fact:race_gap_2024}; religion is near zero until 2000 and reaches {fact:religion_gap_2024}.",
  "caption": "Abortion and religion start near zero and end above the {fact:rule_sd} SD rule, and the racial resentment point estimate is above the rule at its first reading in {fact:race_first} and rises from {fact:race_gap_1986} to {fact:race_gap_2024} SD, with the 2020 and 2024 estimates within sampling error of each other. Each panel plots the difference between the mean of Republican and Democratic identifiers on one attitude, measured in standard deviations of that attitude among all respondents in the same year and sample; a value of zero means the parties do not differ. The dashed line is the rule used to date a sort.",
  "data": [
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0844717,
      "conf_low": -0.13184,
      "estimate": -0.023684,
      "n": 1313,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0266585,
      "conf_low": -0.205277,
      "estimate": -0.089309,
      "n": 1173,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.208307,
      "conf_low": 0.0296274,
      "estimate": 0.118967,
      "n": 1888,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0608355,
      "conf_low": -0.121756,
      "estimate": -0.0304603,
      "n": 1818,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.137063,
      "conf_low": -0.0504043,
      "estimate": 0.0433292,
      "n": 1751,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.15507,
      "conf_low": -0.0363393,
      "estimate": 0.0593652,
      "n": 1692,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.34419,
      "conf_low": 0.171899,
      "estimate": 0.258045,
      "n": 2097,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.303034,
      "conf_low": 0.0841069,
      "estimate": 0.19357,
      "n": 1537,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.359146,
      "conf_low": 0.134377,
      "estimate": 0.246762,
      "n": 1521,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.447475,
      "conf_low": 0.191538,
      "estimate": 0.319506,
      "n": 1106,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.375809,
      "conf_low": 0.156537,
      "estimate": 0.266173,
      "n": 1532,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.50708,
      "conf_low": 0.230196,
      "estimate": 0.368638,
      "n": 931,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.583597,
      "conf_low": 0.259343,
      "estimate": 0.42147,
      "n": 893,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.71902,
      "conf_low": 0.576536,
      "estimate": 0.647778,
      "n": 5068,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.775696,
      "conf_low": 0.627538,
      "estimate": 0.701617,
      "n": 3630,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 1.02113,
      "conf_low": 0.908791,
      "estimate": 0.964958,
      "n": 7002,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 1.13629,
      "conf_low": 0.992743,
      "estimate": 1.06452,
      "n": 4666,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.494487,
      "conf_low": 0.24268,
      "estimate": 0.368584,
      "n": 927,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.518453,
      "conf_low": 0.326172,
      "estimate": 0.422312,
      "n": 1554,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.440451,
      "conf_low": 0.182036,
      "estimate": 0.311243,
      "n": 857,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.572249,
      "conf_low": 0.401933,
      "estimate": 0.487091,
      "n": 1947,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.621415,
      "conf_low": 0.411933,
      "estimate": 0.516674,
      "n": 1566,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.633178,
      "conf_low": 0.384195,
      "estimate": 0.508687,
      "n": 1104,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.678198,
      "conf_low": 0.452462,
      "estimate": 0.56533,
      "n": 1348,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.874084,
      "conf_low": 0.615525,
      "estimate": 0.744805,
      "n": 948,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.839135,
      "conf_low": 0.624782,
      "estimate": 0.731959,
      "n": 1824,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.961507,
      "conf_low": 0.822696,
      "estimate": 0.892101,
      "n": 4741,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.106,
      "conf_low": 0.961271,
      "estimate": 1.03363,
      "n": 3151,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.34221,
      "conf_low": 1.23886,
      "estimate": 1.29054,
      "n": 6495,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.29702,
      "conf_low": 1.16166,
      "estimate": 1.22934,
      "n": 4565,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.164601,
      "conf_low": -0.0627865,
      "estimate": 0.0509073,
      "n": 1196,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0610084,
      "conf_low": -0.132123,
      "estimate": -0.0355573,
      "n": 1667,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.129304,
      "conf_low": -0.126593,
      "estimate": 0.00135545,
      "n": 908,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0467695,
      "conf_low": -0.147904,
      "estimate": -0.0505675,
      "n": 1554,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0384395,
      "conf_low": -0.151227,
      "estimate": -0.0563938,
      "n": 1713,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0873983,
      "conf_low": -0.0875587,
      "estimate": -8.02183e-05,
      "n": 1989,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.147133,
      "conf_low": -0.0684045,
      "estimate": 0.0393642,
      "n": 1569,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.101384,
      "conf_low": -0.123648,
      "estimate": -0.0111318,
      "n": 1543,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.155026,
      "conf_low": -0.10347,
      "estimate": 0.0257776,
      "n": 1114,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.190176,
      "conf_low": -0.0278926,
      "estimate": 0.0811415,
      "n": 1564,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.305777,
      "conf_low": 0.0484058,
      "estimate": 0.177091,
      "n": 1366,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.239775,
      "conf_low": -0.0235001,
      "estimate": 0.108137,
      "n": 1068,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.319432,
      "conf_low": 0.102465,
      "estimate": 0.210949,
      "n": 2010,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.374935,
      "conf_low": 0.229458,
      "estimate": 0.302196,
      "n": 5077,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.492323,
      "conf_low": 0.342403,
      "estimate": 0.417363,
      "n": 3652,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.519342,
      "conf_low": 0.399768,
      "estimate": 0.459555,
      "n": 7265,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.594718,
      "conf_low": 0.441306,
      "estimate": 0.518012,
      "n": 5086,
      "view": "All respondents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0844717,
      "conf_low": -0.13184,
      "estimate": -0.023684,
      "n": 1313,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0266585,
      "conf_low": -0.205277,
      "estimate": -0.089309,
      "n": 1173,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.208307,
      "conf_low": 0.0296274,
      "estimate": 0.118967,
      "n": 1888,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.0608355,
      "conf_low": -0.121756,
      "estimate": -0.0304603,
      "n": 1818,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.137063,
      "conf_low": -0.0504043,
      "estimate": 0.0433292,
      "n": 1751,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.15507,
      "conf_low": -0.0363393,
      "estimate": 0.0593652,
      "n": 1692,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.34419,
      "conf_low": 0.171899,
      "estimate": 0.258045,
      "n": 2097,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.303034,
      "conf_low": 0.0841069,
      "estimate": 0.19357,
      "n": 1537,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.359146,
      "conf_low": 0.134377,
      "estimate": 0.246762,
      "n": 1521,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.447475,
      "conf_low": 0.191538,
      "estimate": 0.319506,
      "n": 1106,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.50708,
      "conf_low": 0.230196,
      "estimate": 0.368638,
      "n": 931,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.583597,
      "conf_low": 0.259343,
      "estimate": 0.42147,
      "n": 893,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.702031,
      "conf_low": 0.452264,
      "estimate": 0.577147,
      "n": 1791,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.907629,
      "conf_low": 0.628225,
      "estimate": 0.767927,
      "n": 1030,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 1.24301,
      "conf_low": 0.941712,
      "estimate": 1.09236,
      "n": 953,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.494487,
      "conf_low": 0.24268,
      "estimate": 0.368584,
      "n": 927,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.518453,
      "conf_low": 0.326172,
      "estimate": 0.422312,
      "n": 1554,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.440451,
      "conf_low": 0.182036,
      "estimate": 0.311243,
      "n": 857,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.572249,
      "conf_low": 0.401933,
      "estimate": 0.487091,
      "n": 1947,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.621415,
      "conf_low": 0.411933,
      "estimate": 0.516674,
      "n": 1566,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.633178,
      "conf_low": 0.384195,
      "estimate": 0.508687,
      "n": 1104,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.874084,
      "conf_low": 0.615525,
      "estimate": 0.744805,
      "n": 948,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.839135,
      "conf_low": 0.624782,
      "estimate": 0.731959,
      "n": 1824,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.904877,
      "conf_low": 0.664045,
      "estimate": 0.784461,
      "n": 1694,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.1073,
      "conf_low": 0.829867,
      "estimate": 0.968583,
      "n": 940,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.41058,
      "conf_low": 1.1179,
      "estimate": 1.26424,
      "n": 862,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.164601,
      "conf_low": -0.0627865,
      "estimate": 0.0509073,
      "n": 1196,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0610084,
      "conf_low": -0.132123,
      "estimate": -0.0355573,
      "n": 1667,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.129304,
      "conf_low": -0.126593,
      "estimate": 0.00135545,
      "n": 908,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0467695,
      "conf_low": -0.147904,
      "estimate": -0.0505675,
      "n": 1554,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0384395,
      "conf_low": -0.151227,
      "estimate": -0.0563938,
      "n": 1713,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.0873983,
      "conf_low": -0.0875587,
      "estimate": -8.02183e-05,
      "n": 1989,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.147133,
      "conf_low": -0.0684045,
      "estimate": 0.0393642,
      "n": 1569,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.101384,
      "conf_low": -0.123648,
      "estimate": -0.0111318,
      "n": 1543,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.155026,
      "conf_low": -0.10347,
      "estimate": 0.0257776,
      "n": 1114,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.239775,
      "conf_low": -0.0235001,
      "estimate": 0.108137,
      "n": 1068,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.319432,
      "conf_low": 0.102465,
      "estimate": 0.210949,
      "n": 2010,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.346832,
      "conf_low": 0.0918784,
      "estimate": 0.219355,
      "n": 1797,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.527677,
      "conf_low": 0.232429,
      "estimate": 0.380053,
      "n": 1039,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.789322,
      "conf_low": 0.454988,
      "estimate": 0.622155,
      "n": 966,
      "view": "Face-to-face only",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.114308,
      "conf_low": -0.120784,
      "estimate": -0.00323799,
      "n": 1092,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.065958,
      "conf_low": -0.183285,
      "estimate": -0.0586636,
      "n": 999,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.289695,
      "conf_low": 0.0919933,
      "estimate": 0.190844,
      "n": 1531,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.112724,
      "conf_low": -0.0943613,
      "estimate": 0.00918154,
      "n": 1415,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.228604,
      "conf_low": 0.0113655,
      "estimate": 0.119985,
      "n": 1320,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.23659,
      "conf_low": 0.019189,
      "estimate": 0.12789,
      "n": 1283,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.46403,
      "conf_low": 0.270796,
      "estimate": 0.367413,
      "n": 1605,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.385162,
      "conf_low": 0.136098,
      "estimate": 0.26063,
      "n": 1183,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.45155,
      "conf_low": 0.20361,
      "estimate": 0.32758,
      "n": 1181,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.511274,
      "conf_low": 0.222173,
      "estimate": 0.366724,
      "n": 826,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.564035,
      "conf_low": 0.315446,
      "estimate": 0.43974,
      "n": 1144,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.663621,
      "conf_low": 0.341305,
      "estimate": 0.502463,
      "n": 672,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.725977,
      "conf_low": 0.329731,
      "estimate": 0.527854,
      "n": 444,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.828178,
      "conf_low": 0.665833,
      "estimate": 0.747005,
      "n": 3009,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 0.89836,
      "conf_low": 0.733319,
      "estimate": 0.815839,
      "n": 2631,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 1.17742,
      "conf_low": 1.06155,
      "estimate": 1.11948,
      "n": 5147,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Abortion",
      "conf_high": 1.23893,
      "conf_low": 1.08397,
      "estimate": 1.16145,
      "n": 3389,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.339218,
      "conf_low": 0.0467075,
      "estimate": 0.192963,
      "n": 731,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.304809,
      "conf_low": 0.0749085,
      "estimate": 0.189859,
      "n": 1195,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.318733,
      "conf_low": 0.0145059,
      "estimate": 0.166619,
      "n": 655,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.445461,
      "conf_low": 0.244605,
      "estimate": 0.345033,
      "n": 1512,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.518702,
      "conf_low": 0.269727,
      "estimate": 0.394215,
      "n": 1206,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.47735,
      "conf_low": 0.181756,
      "estimate": 0.329553,
      "n": 826,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.605063,
      "conf_low": 0.343869,
      "estimate": 0.474466,
      "n": 1045,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.739255,
      "conf_low": 0.412138,
      "estimate": 0.575696,
      "n": 685,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.845936,
      "conf_low": 0.569345,
      "estimate": 0.70764,
      "n": 907,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 0.925768,
      "conf_low": 0.748602,
      "estimate": 0.837185,
      "n": 2819,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.12747,
      "conf_low": 0.951701,
      "estimate": 1.03958,
      "n": 2307,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.38888,
      "conf_low": 1.27108,
      "estimate": 1.32998,
      "n": 4827,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Racial resentment",
      "conf_high": 1.36093,
      "conf_low": 1.20318,
      "estimate": 1.28205,
      "n": 3350,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.251094,
      "conf_low": 0.00610275,
      "estimate": 0.128599,
      "n": 1001,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.170153,
      "conf_low": -0.0430375,
      "estimate": 0.0635579,
      "n": 1358,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.237926,
      "conf_low": -0.0541133,
      "estimate": 0.0919065,
      "n": 693,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.182494,
      "conf_low": -0.041093,
      "estimate": 0.0707005,
      "n": 1194,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.143923,
      "conf_low": -0.0703596,
      "estimate": 0.0367818,
      "n": 1299,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.233312,
      "conf_low": 0.0376383,
      "estimate": 0.135475,
      "n": 1552,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.270446,
      "conf_low": 0.0222068,
      "estimate": 0.146327,
      "n": 1207,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.224773,
      "conf_low": -0.0248174,
      "estimate": 0.0999779,
      "n": 1197,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.284588,
      "conf_low": -0.012723,
      "estimate": 0.135933,
      "n": 829,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.318462,
      "conf_low": 0.0680888,
      "estimate": 0.193275,
      "n": 1167,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.470169,
      "conf_low": 0.175052,
      "estimate": 0.32261,
      "n": 1065,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.441944,
      "conf_low": 0.127519,
      "estimate": 0.284732,
      "n": 758,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.480042,
      "conf_low": 0.208825,
      "estimate": 0.344433,
      "n": 990,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.619808,
      "conf_low": 0.444813,
      "estimate": 0.532311,
      "n": 3012,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.699495,
      "conf_low": 0.524022,
      "estimate": 0.611759,
      "n": 2642,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.812947,
      "conf_low": 0.678292,
      "estimate": 0.74562,
      "n": 5348,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "attitude": "Religion",
      "conf_high": 0.799438,
      "conf_low": 0.619431,
      "estimate": 0.709435,
      "n": 3698,
      "view": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_timelines",
  "notes": [
    "A positive gap means Republican identifiers score higher on the attitude. Abortion is scored so that a higher value means more restrictive, racial resentment so that a higher value means more resentment (mean of four standardized items) and religion so that a higher value means religion is more important. Racial resentment is not asked in 1996 and has only part of its battery in 1998. Abortion in 2008 was asked of part of the sample.",
    "Web respondents enter the ANES in 2012, and 2020 has no weights for face-to-face or web respondents separately. The face-to-face view leaves out 2000 (a study that mixed face-to-face and telephone interviews), 2002 (telephone only) and 2020, and draws no line across 2000 or 2020."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1980-2024; weighted (VCF0009z; weight_ftf and weight_web for the mode views)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "label": "Sort-date rule",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0.25
      }
    ],
    "facet": "attitude",
    "facetColumns": 3,
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1978,
      2026
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.4,
      1.6
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Party gap (SD)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Republican minus Democratic identifiers (leaners included) in standard deviations of each attitude in that survey year, ANES 1980-2024, 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "view",
        "label": "Sample"
      },
      {
        "key": "attitude",
        "label": "Attitude"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Survey year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Party gap (SD)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower 95% bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper 95% bound"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "By the point estimates, party gaps stay above {fact:rule_sd} SD from {fact:race_first} on racial resentment, {fact:abortion_point} on abortion and {fact:religion_point} on religion",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "caption": "Abortion and religion start near zero and end above the {fact:rule_sd} SD rule, and the racial resentment point estimate is above the rule at its first reading in {fact:race_first} and rises from {fact:race_gap_1986} to {fact:race_gap_2024} SD, with the 2020 and 2024 estimates within sampling error of each other. Each panel plots the difference between the mean of Republican and Democratic identifiers on one attitude, measured in standard deviations of that attitude among all respondents in the same year and sample; a value of zero means the parties do not differ. The dashed line is the rule used to date a sort.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "All respondents"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All respondents",
      "title": "By the point estimates, party gaps stay above {fact:rule_sd} SD from {fact:race_first} on racial resentment, {fact:abortion_point} on abortion and {fact:religion_point} on religion"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The face-to-face series has no reading for 2000, 2002 or 2020, so the lines break there. Its religion gap in 2016 is {fact:religion_ftf_gap_2016} SD with a lower bound under the rule. Each panel plots the difference between the mean of Republican and Democratic identifiers on one attitude, measured in standard deviations of that attitude among all respondents in the same year and sample; a value of zero means the parties do not differ. The dashed line is the rule used to date a sort.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "Face-to-face only"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "Face-to-face only",
      "spec": {
        "breaks": [
          2000,
          2020
        ]
      },
      "title": "In the face-to-face series the religion gap stays above {fact:rule_sd} SD from {fact:religion_point_ftf} by the point estimate, while abortion and racial resentment keep their all-respondent dates"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Among White respondents the racial resentment gap is {fact:race_white_gap_1986} SD in 1986, under the rule, and {fact:race_white_gap_2024} in 2024, and the abortion and religion gaps reach {fact:abortion_white_gap_2024} and {fact:religion_white_gap_2024} SD in 2024. Each panel plots the difference between the mean of Republican and Democratic identifiers on one attitude, measured in standard deviations of that attitude among all respondents in the same year and sample; a value of zero means the parties do not differ. The dashed line is the rule used to date a sort.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "White non-Hispanic only"
      },
      "id": "white",
      "label": "White non-Hispanic only",
      "title": "Among White respondents the gap stays above {fact:rule_sd} SD from {fact:abortion_point_white} on abortion, {fact:religion_point_white} on religion and {fact:race_point_white} on racial resentment"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}