{
  "alt": "Dot chart with two dots for each group, its contribution through its own attendance gap and its contribution through the mix of attendance groups, with intervals, sorted by total contribution. White born-again Protestants have a mix contribution of {fact:dcm_2024_wev} and a within contribution of {fact:dcw_2024_wev}. The unaffiliated have a within contribution of {fact:dcw_2024_una} and a mix contribution of {fact:dcm_2024_una}. Black Protestants have a mix contribution of {fact:dcm_2024_bp}, below zero.",
  "caption": "White born-again Protestants, who are a large part of weekly attenders and a small part of seldom attenders, raise the pooled gap through the mix, and Black Protestants, who are more Democratic than average and more often weekly attenders, lower it. The unaffiliated carry the largest within-group part. The contributions of all groups add to the pooled gap.",
  "data": [
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 2.66186,
      "conf_low": 2.02123,
      "estimate": 2.34154,
      "group": "White born-again Protestants",
      "n_voters": 27185,
      "share_frequent": 37.2502,
      "share_seldom": 9.17762,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 9.49571,
      "conf_low": 8.95527,
      "estimate": 9.22549,
      "group": "White born-again Protestants",
      "n_voters": 27185,
      "share_frequent": 37.2502,
      "share_seldom": 9.17762,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 4.7716,
      "conf_low": 3.07536,
      "estimate": 3.92348,
      "group": "Unaffiliated",
      "n_voters": 52288,
      "share_frequent": 2.8635,
      "share_seldom": 40.4785,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 5.2083,
      "conf_low": 3.75395,
      "estimate": 4.48112,
      "group": "Unaffiliated",
      "n_voters": 52288,
      "share_frequent": 2.8635,
      "share_seldom": 40.4785,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 2.29872,
      "conf_low": 1.82094,
      "estimate": 2.05983,
      "group": "White Catholics",
      "n_voters": 26811,
      "share_frequent": 16.1663,
      "share_seldom": 13.8424,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.360952,
      "conf_low": 0.231185,
      "estimate": 0.296068,
      "group": "White Catholics",
      "n_voters": 26811,
      "share_frequent": 16.1663,
      "share_seldom": 13.8424,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 1.70952,
      "conf_low": 1.22716,
      "estimate": 1.46834,
      "group": "Another religion or something else",
      "n_voters": 12134,
      "share_frequent": 9.6853,
      "share_seldom": 7.78373,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0093068,
      "conf_low": -0.0406221,
      "estimate": -0.0156577,
      "group": "Another religion or something else",
      "n_voters": 12134,
      "share_frequent": 9.6853,
      "share_seldom": 7.78373,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.522727,
      "conf_low": 0.230497,
      "estimate": 0.376612,
      "group": "Mormon",
      "n_voters": 2375,
      "share_frequent": 3.80971,
      "share_seldom": 0.493678,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.914388,
      "conf_low": 0.657406,
      "estimate": 0.785897,
      "group": "Mormon",
      "n_voters": 2375,
      "share_frequent": 3.80971,
      "share_seldom": 0.493678,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.606966,
      "conf_low": 0.356121,
      "estimate": 0.481543,
      "group": "Jewish",
      "n_voters": 4759,
      "share_frequent": 1.03984,
      "share_seldom": 3.00282,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.234256,
      "conf_low": 0.108887,
      "estimate": 0.171572,
      "group": "Jewish",
      "n_voters": 4759,
      "share_frequent": 1.03984,
      "share_seldom": 3.00282,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.411127,
      "conf_low": 0.190666,
      "estimate": 0.300896,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Protestants",
      "n_voters": 2812,
      "share_frequent": 2.94422,
      "share_seldom": 1.15527,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.364173,
      "conf_low": 0.238455,
      "estimate": 0.301314,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Protestants",
      "n_voters": 2812,
      "share_frequent": 2.94422,
      "share_seldom": 1.15527,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.385514,
      "conf_low": 0.140993,
      "estimate": 0.263253,
      "group": "Hispanic Protestants",
      "n_voters": 2540,
      "share_frequent": 2.98145,
      "share_seldom": 0.843338,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.244735,
      "conf_low": 0.108058,
      "estimate": 0.176397,
      "group": "Hispanic Protestants",
      "n_voters": 2540,
      "share_frequent": 2.98145,
      "share_seldom": 0.843338,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.594337,
      "conf_low": 0.274185,
      "estimate": 0.434261,
      "group": "Hispanic Catholics",
      "n_voters": 5659,
      "share_frequent": 3.66013,
      "share_seldom": 3.64516,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0390534,
      "conf_low": -0.0428905,
      "estimate": -0.00191853,
      "group": "Hispanic Catholics",
      "n_voters": 5659,
      "share_frequent": 3.66013,
      "share_seldom": 3.64516,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.0453731,
      "conf_low": -0.0678496,
      "estimate": -0.0112383,
      "group": "Buddhist or Hindu",
      "n_voters": 1659,
      "share_frequent": 0.385868,
      "share_seldom": 1.15264,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.243938,
      "conf_low": 0.165143,
      "estimate": 0.20454,
      "group": "Buddhist or Hindu",
      "n_voters": 1659,
      "share_frequent": 0.385868,
      "share_seldom": 1.15264,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.212499,
      "conf_low": 0.0638031,
      "estimate": 0.138151,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Catholics",
      "n_voters": 1523,
      "share_frequent": 1.28145,
      "share_seldom": 0.744426,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0392024,
      "conf_low": -0.0011391,
      "estimate": 0.0190316,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Catholics",
      "n_voters": 1523,
      "share_frequent": 1.28145,
      "share_seldom": 0.744426,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.114983,
      "conf_low": 0.010973,
      "estimate": 0.0629783,
      "group": "Orthodox Christian",
      "n_voters": 756,
      "share_frequent": 0.51528,
      "share_seldom": 0.394351,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0293733,
      "conf_low": -0.00120501,
      "estimate": 0.0140841,
      "group": "Orthodox Christian",
      "n_voters": 756,
      "share_frequent": 0.51528,
      "share_seldom": 0.394351,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.0353109,
      "conf_low": -0.0549511,
      "estimate": -0.00982009,
      "group": "Muslim",
      "n_voters": 526,
      "share_frequent": 0.482783,
      "share_seldom": 0.292659,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -0.0227222,
      "conf_low": -0.0852506,
      "estimate": -0.0539864,
      "group": "Muslim",
      "n_voters": 526,
      "share_frequent": 0.482783,
      "share_seldom": 0.292659,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.0541767,
      "conf_low": -0.0325095,
      "estimate": 0.0108336,
      "group": "Black Catholics",
      "n_voters": 951,
      "share_frequent": 0.834852,
      "share_seldom": 0.489899,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -0.0729561,
      "conf_low": -0.18006,
      "estimate": -0.126508,
      "group": "Black Catholics",
      "n_voters": 951,
      "share_frequent": 0.834852,
      "share_seldom": 0.489899,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": -0.353957,
      "conf_low": -0.799341,
      "estimate": -0.576649,
      "group": "White Protestants who are not born-again",
      "n_voters": 22658,
      "share_frequent": 7.63893,
      "share_seldom": 13.5378,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -0.192341,
      "conf_low": -0.318808,
      "estimate": -0.255575,
      "group": "White Protestants who are not born-again",
      "n_voters": 22658,
      "share_frequent": 7.63893,
      "share_seldom": 13.5378,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.225261,
      "conf_low": -0.00631103,
      "estimate": 0.109475,
      "group": "Black Protestants",
      "n_voters": 7708,
      "share_frequent": 8.46015,
      "share_seldom": 2.96563,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -2.00183,
      "conf_low": -2.33521,
      "estimate": -2.16852,
      "group": "Black Protestants",
      "n_voters": 7708,
      "share_frequent": 8.46015,
      "share_seldom": 2.96563,
      "view": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 2.99741,
      "conf_low": 1.58438,
      "estimate": 2.29089,
      "group": "White born-again Protestants",
      "n_voters": 5380,
      "share_frequent": 39.0484,
      "share_seldom": 9.13336,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 10.9213,
      "conf_low": 9.54368,
      "estimate": 10.2325,
      "group": "White born-again Protestants",
      "n_voters": 5380,
      "share_frequent": 39.0484,
      "share_seldom": 9.13336,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 9.72834,
      "conf_low": 4.6777,
      "estimate": 7.20302,
      "group": "Unaffiliated",
      "n_voters": 14033,
      "share_frequent": 2.96621,
      "share_seldom": 44.8237,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 5.25018,
      "conf_low": 0.951327,
      "estimate": 3.10076,
      "group": "Unaffiliated",
      "n_voters": 14033,
      "share_frequent": 2.96621,
      "share_seldom": 44.8237,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 2.0054,
      "conf_low": 1.03846,
      "estimate": 1.52193,
      "group": "White Catholics",
      "n_voters": 5448,
      "share_frequent": 13.3426,
      "share_seldom": 12.0055,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.349086,
      "conf_low": 0.0437213,
      "estimate": 0.196404,
      "group": "White Catholics",
      "n_voters": 5448,
      "share_frequent": 13.3426,
      "share_seldom": 12.0055,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 1.94264,
      "conf_low": 0.886325,
      "estimate": 1.41448,
      "group": "Another religion or something else",
      "n_voters": 2826,
      "share_frequent": 8.49856,
      "share_seldom": 7.27416,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.209945,
      "conf_low": 0.000478139,
      "estimate": 0.105211,
      "group": "Another religion or something else",
      "n_voters": 2826,
      "share_frequent": 8.49856,
      "share_seldom": 7.27416,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.619708,
      "conf_low": -0.0427113,
      "estimate": 0.288498,
      "group": "Hispanic Protestants",
      "n_voters": 570,
      "share_frequent": 4.34268,
      "share_seldom": 1.08887,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.707289,
      "conf_low": 0.281349,
      "estimate": 0.494319,
      "group": "Hispanic Protestants",
      "n_voters": 570,
      "share_frequent": 4.34268,
      "share_seldom": 1.08887,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.964707,
      "conf_low": 0.339057,
      "estimate": 0.651882,
      "group": "Jewish",
      "n_voters": 1090,
      "share_frequent": 1.34989,
      "share_seldom": 3.02635,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.246803,
      "conf_low": -0.00750142,
      "estimate": 0.119651,
      "group": "Jewish",
      "n_voters": 1090,
      "share_frequent": 1.34989,
      "share_seldom": 3.02635,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.601996,
      "conf_low": 0.0753922,
      "estimate": 0.338694,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Protestants",
      "n_voters": 633,
      "share_frequent": 3.55128,
      "share_seldom": 1.52082,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.583255,
      "conf_low": 0.228661,
      "estimate": 0.405958,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Protestants",
      "n_voters": 633,
      "share_frequent": 3.55128,
      "share_seldom": 1.52082,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.491764,
      "conf_low": -0.115322,
      "estimate": 0.188221,
      "group": "Mormon",
      "n_voters": 416,
      "share_frequent": 2.90075,
      "share_seldom": 0.486366,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.637227,
      "conf_low": 0.163308,
      "estimate": 0.400268,
      "group": "Mormon",
      "n_voters": 416,
      "share_frequent": 2.90075,
      "share_seldom": 0.486366,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 1.01855,
      "conf_low": 0.187769,
      "estimate": 0.603159,
      "group": "Hispanic Catholics",
      "n_voters": 1193,
      "share_frequent": 4.34999,
      "share_seldom": 3.53291,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0206516,
      "conf_low": -0.115947,
      "estimate": -0.0476479,
      "group": "Hispanic Catholics",
      "n_voters": 1193,
      "share_frequent": 4.34999,
      "share_seldom": 3.53291,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.270096,
      "conf_low": -0.0890446,
      "estimate": 0.0905255,
      "group": "Buddhist or Hindu",
      "n_voters": 406,
      "share_frequent": 0.346807,
      "share_seldom": 1.37691,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.317534,
      "conf_low": 0.0623246,
      "estimate": 0.189929,
      "group": "Buddhist or Hindu",
      "n_voters": 406,
      "share_frequent": 0.346807,
      "share_seldom": 1.37691,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.254765,
      "conf_low": 0.0200504,
      "estimate": 0.137408,
      "group": "Orthodox Christian",
      "n_voters": 163,
      "share_frequent": 0.727349,
      "share_seldom": 0.30996,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.167109,
      "conf_low": -0.00927838,
      "estimate": 0.0789151,
      "group": "Orthodox Christian",
      "n_voters": 163,
      "share_frequent": 0.727349,
      "share_seldom": 0.30996,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.317546,
      "conf_low": -0.140567,
      "estimate": 0.0884899,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Catholics",
      "n_voters": 351,
      "share_frequent": 1.66744,
      "share_seldom": 0.931679,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0934198,
      "conf_low": -0.0386493,
      "estimate": 0.0273852,
      "group": "Asian or other-race Catholics",
      "n_voters": 351,
      "share_frequent": 1.66744,
      "share_seldom": 0.931679,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.253493,
      "conf_low": -0.0357972,
      "estimate": 0.108848,
      "group": "Muslim",
      "n_voters": 126,
      "share_frequent": 0.621878,
      "share_seldom": 0.348591,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": 0.0141995,
      "conf_low": -0.0832836,
      "estimate": -0.034542,
      "group": "Muslim",
      "n_voters": 126,
      "share_frequent": 0.621878,
      "share_seldom": 0.348591,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.140478,
      "conf_low": -0.174148,
      "estimate": -0.0168348,
      "group": "Black Catholics",
      "n_voters": 228,
      "share_frequent": 1.02706,
      "share_seldom": 0.462453,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -0.01781,
      "conf_low": -0.30535,
      "estimate": -0.16158,
      "group": "Black Catholics",
      "n_voters": 228,
      "share_frequent": 1.02706,
      "share_seldom": 0.462453,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.0520359,
      "conf_low": -0.773944,
      "estimate": -0.360954,
      "group": "White Protestants who are not born-again",
      "n_voters": 4492,
      "share_frequent": 6.86472,
      "share_seldom": 10.6759,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -0.103571,
      "conf_low": -0.287698,
      "estimate": -0.195635,
      "group": "White Protestants who are not born-again",
      "n_voters": 4492,
      "share_frequent": 6.86472,
      "share_seldom": 10.6759,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Gap inside the group",
      "conf_high": 0.409161,
      "conf_low": -0.317631,
      "estimate": 0.0457649,
      "group": "Black Protestants",
      "n_voters": 1684,
      "share_frequent": 8.39448,
      "share_seldom": 3.00255,
      "view": "y2024"
    },
    {
      "component": "Mix of the attendance groups",
      "conf_high": -1.45422,
      "conf_low": -2.22378,
      "estimate": -1.839,
      "group": "Black Protestants",
      "n_voters": 1684,
      "share_frequent": 8.39448,
      "share_seldom": 3.00255,
      "view": "y2024"
    }
  ],
  "id": "group_contributions",
  "notes": [
    "The unaffiliated within-group contribution rests on a small number of weekly attenders: the frequent cell has an effective sample of {fact:una_neff_2024} in 2024. Intervals are 95% intervals from the Kish effective sample size and treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample.",
    "A group enters when it has at least {fact:floor_n} voters with a frequent or seldom attendance answer in the sample."
  ],
  "source": "Cooperative Election Study, presidential years 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024; weighted (weight_cumulative)",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Gap inside the group": "cat1",
      "Mix of the attendance groups": "cat2"
    },
    "group": "component",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No contribution",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -4,
      12
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Contribution to the pooled gap (percentage points)",
    "y": "group"
  },
  "subtitle": "Each group's contribution to the gap between seldom and frequent attenders in the Democratic share of the two-party vote, percentage points, split into the group's own gap and the mix of attendance groups, 2024 (button: five elections pooled); 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "view",
        "label": "View"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "key": "component",
        "label": "Part"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Contribution (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "share_frequent",
        "label": "Share of frequent attenders (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "share_seldom",
        "label": "Share of seldom attenders (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_voters",
        "label": "Voters in the group"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "White born-again Protestants contribute {fact:dcm_2024_wev} points to the mix part of the 2024 gap and Black Protestants {fact:dcm_2024_bp} points, while the unaffiliated contribute {fact:dcw_2024_una} points to the within-group part",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "y2024"
      },
      "id": "y2024",
      "label": "2024"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The pattern of 2024 holds in the pooled estimate. Each dot is one group's contribution to the pooled gap, in percentage points, with a 95% interval from a bootstrap of respondents.",
      "filter": {
        "view": "pooled"
      },
      "id": "pooled",
      "label": "2008 to 2024 pooled",
      "title": "Pooled over five elections, white born-again Protestants contribute {fact:dcm_pool_wev} points to the mix part and the unaffiliated {fact:dcw_pool_una} points to the within-group part"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}