{
  "alt": "A line chart in three panels, one for each policy item, of the correlation with the resentment index. The health-insurance line runs from {fact:hl_1988} in 1988 to {fact:hl_2024} in 2024, the government-services line from {fact:sv_1986} in 1986 to {fact:sv_2024}, and the defense-spending line from {fact:df_1986} to {fact:df_2024}. By 2020 the three lines are close to each other. Three more views hold party identification fixed or show Democrats and Republicans separately; the health-insurance line ends at {fact:hl_net_2024} (a slope, from {fact:hl_net_1988} in 1988), {fact:hl_dem_2024} and {fact:hl_rep_2024} in those views.",
  "caption": "The health-insurance and government-services lines rise between 2008 and 2012, from {fact:hl_2008} to {fact:hl_2012} and from {fact:sv_2008} to {fact:sv_2012}, the window in which ANES added web interviews. The defense line starts higher and has no 2012 estimate. The views hold party identification fixed or restrict to one party. Bands are 95% intervals.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.0904659,
      "conf_low": -0.0243248,
      "estimate": 0.03318,
      "n": 1164,
      "n_eff": 1164,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.177458,
      "conf_low": 0.0781958,
      "estimate": 0.128148,
      "n": 1515,
      "n_eff": 1509,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.214415,
      "conf_low": 0.0964374,
      "estimate": 0.155983,
      "n": 1266,
      "n_eff": 1052,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.188448,
      "conf_low": 0.0156554,
      "estimate": 0.102828,
      "n": 618,
      "n_eff": 504,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.259004,
      "conf_low": 0.102729,
      "estimate": 0.182016,
      "n": 710,
      "n_eff": 589,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.306429,
      "conf_low": 0.115345,
      "estimate": 0.212922,
      "n": 476,
      "n_eff": 384,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.404428,
      "conf_low": 0.32858,
      "estimate": 0.367114,
      "n": 3120,
      "n_eff": 2001,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.476902,
      "conf_low": 0.399746,
      "estimate": 0.439133,
      "n": 2380,
      "n_eff": 1684,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.557776,
      "conf_low": 0.505287,
      "estimate": 0.532043,
      "n": 4912,
      "n_eff": 2869,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.519808,
      "conf_low": 0.441491,
      "estimate": 0.48161,
      "n": 3164,
      "n_eff": 1480,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.0601081,
      "conf_low": -0.0521274,
      "estimate": 0.00399034,
      "n": 1160,
      "n_eff": 1160,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.116046,
      "conf_low": 0.021734,
      "estimate": 0.0688898,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1502,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.141967,
      "conf_low": 0.0240696,
      "estimate": 0.0830182,
      "n": 1261,
      "n_eff": 1047,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.129494,
      "conf_low": -0.0464791,
      "estimate": 0.0415074,
      "n": 613,
      "n_eff": 500,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.173582,
      "conf_low": 0.0136959,
      "estimate": 0.093639,
      "n": 701,
      "n_eff": 581,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.218696,
      "conf_low": 0.0098602,
      "estimate": 0.114278,
      "n": 471,
      "n_eff": 381,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.220106,
      "conf_low": 0.129382,
      "estimate": 0.174744,
      "n": 3113,
      "n_eff": 1996,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.262304,
      "conf_low": 0.168833,
      "estimate": 0.215568,
      "n": 2374,
      "n_eff": 1687,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.238907,
      "conf_low": 0.163672,
      "estimate": 0.201289,
      "n": 4906,
      "n_eff": 2866,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.295792,
      "conf_low": 0.171094,
      "estimate": 0.233443,
      "n": 3157,
      "n_eff": 1477,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.130034,
      "conf_low": -0.0531466,
      "estimate": 0.0387695,
      "n": 457,
      "n_eff": 457,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.199374,
      "conf_low": 0.0509883,
      "estimate": 0.125885,
      "n": 679,
      "n_eff": 676,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.167623,
      "conf_low": -0.0230423,
      "estimate": 0.0729567,
      "n": 510,
      "n_eff": 419,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.200062,
      "conf_low": -0.0585878,
      "estimate": 0.0719465,
      "n": 280,
      "n_eff": 228,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.255186,
      "conf_low": 0.00152539,
      "estimate": 0.13049,
      "n": 282,
      "n_eff": 231,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.382991,
      "conf_low": 0.0905777,
      "estimate": 0.242279,
      "n": 199,
      "n_eff": 160,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.303435,
      "conf_low": 0.171181,
      "estimate": 0.238413,
      "n": 1232,
      "n_eff": 782,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.434178,
      "conf_low": 0.302455,
      "estimate": 0.370176,
      "n": 943,
      "n_eff": 661,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.330795,
      "conf_low": 0.225946,
      "estimate": 0.279203,
      "n": 2094,
      "n_eff": 1189,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.435414,
      "conf_low": 0.304841,
      "estimate": 0.371966,
      "n": 1429,
      "n_eff": 671,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.0951121,
      "conf_low": -0.067544,
      "estimate": 0.0138758,
      "n": 581,
      "n_eff": 581,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.123298,
      "conf_low": -0.0293654,
      "estimate": 0.0472422,
      "n": 659,
      "n_eff": 657,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.229746,
      "conf_low": 0.0629912,
      "estimate": 0.147416,
      "n": 628,
      "n_eff": 529,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.191875,
      "conf_low": -0.0682892,
      "estimate": 0.0628605,
      "n": 266,
      "n_eff": 226,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.185307,
      "conf_low": -0.0393838,
      "estimate": 0.0738992,
      "n": 358,
      "n_eff": 302,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.163211,
      "conf_low": -0.13135,
      "estimate": 0.0162836,
      "n": 217,
      "n_eff": 177,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.232012,
      "conf_low": 0.108518,
      "estimate": 0.170936,
      "n": 1473,
      "n_eff": 950,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.218624,
      "conf_low": 0.0872224,
      "estimate": 0.153602,
      "n": 1178,
      "n_eff": 849,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.237152,
      "conf_low": 0.136981,
      "estimate": 0.187555,
      "n": 2372,
      "n_eff": 1426,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.233699,
      "conf_low": 0.0940073,
      "estimate": 0.164679,
      "n": 1590,
      "n_eff": 746,
      "outcome": "Health insurance",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.131568,
      "conf_low": -0.00929738,
      "estimate": 0.0614412,
      "n": 769,
      "n_eff": 769,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.12949,
      "conf_low": 0.0121371,
      "estimate": 0.0710592,
      "n": 1105,
      "n_eff": 1105,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.19155,
      "conf_low": 0.0377544,
      "estimate": 0.115344,
      "n": 633,
      "n_eff": 633,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.204275,
      "conf_low": 0.104029,
      "estimate": 0.15455,
      "n": 1463,
      "n_eff": 1458,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.187534,
      "conf_low": 0.0661081,
      "estimate": 0.127298,
      "n": 1222,
      "n_eff": 1009,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.187624,
      "conf_low": 0.0458501,
      "estimate": 0.117335,
      "n": 875,
      "n_eff": 744,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.244974,
      "conf_low": 0.0685424,
      "estimate": 0.158019,
      "n": 574,
      "n_eff": 470,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.253493,
      "conf_low": 0.093332,
      "estimate": 0.174567,
      "n": 674,
      "n_eff": 564,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.226483,
      "conf_low": 0.0246198,
      "estimate": 0.126864,
      "n": 450,
      "n_eff": 366,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.388621,
      "conf_low": 0.310481,
      "estimate": 0.35016,
      "n": 3027,
      "n_eff": 1939,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.490531,
      "conf_low": 0.413258,
      "estimate": 0.452744,
      "n": 2300,
      "n_eff": 1629,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.508664,
      "conf_low": 0.450976,
      "estimate": 0.480339,
      "n": 4693,
      "n_eff": 2735,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.537707,
      "conf_low": 0.460946,
      "estimate": 0.500309,
      "n": 3131,
      "n_eff": 1468,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.112434,
      "conf_low": -0.0353167,
      "estimate": 0.0385585,
      "n": 764,
      "n_eff": 764,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.105846,
      "conf_low": -0.0081775,
      "estimate": 0.0488344,
      "n": 1101,
      "n_eff": 1101,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.168721,
      "conf_low": 0.0140143,
      "estimate": 0.0913677,
      "n": 632,
      "n_eff": 632,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.140434,
      "conf_low": 0.0421811,
      "estimate": 0.0913073,
      "n": 1459,
      "n_eff": 1454,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.127351,
      "conf_low": 0.00172262,
      "estimate": 0.0645368,
      "n": 1215,
      "n_eff": 1003,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.151238,
      "conf_low": 0.00788515,
      "estimate": 0.0795613,
      "n": 870,
      "n_eff": 740,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.159129,
      "conf_low": -0.0252674,
      "estimate": 0.0669307,
      "n": 570,
      "n_eff": 467,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.156853,
      "conf_low": -0.0161768,
      "estimate": 0.0703378,
      "n": 666,
      "n_eff": 556,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.0778976,
      "conf_low": -0.102849,
      "estimate": -0.0124758,
      "n": 448,
      "n_eff": 364,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.204801,
      "conf_low": 0.117156,
      "estimate": 0.160979,
      "n": 3020,
      "n_eff": 1934,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.264104,
      "conf_low": 0.161283,
      "estimate": 0.212694,
      "n": 2297,
      "n_eff": 1626,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.226395,
      "conf_low": 0.142382,
      "estimate": 0.184389,
      "n": 4690,
      "n_eff": 2734,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.291594,
      "conf_low": 0.176945,
      "estimate": 0.234269,
      "n": 3125,
      "n_eff": 1465,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.251314,
      "conf_low": 0.041657,
      "estimate": 0.14815,
      "n": 335,
      "n_eff": 335,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.214976,
      "conf_low": 0.0299944,
      "estimate": 0.123559,
      "n": 436,
      "n_eff": 436,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.326583,
      "conf_low": 0.108385,
      "estimate": 0.220237,
      "n": 293,
      "n_eff": 293,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.217173,
      "conf_low": 0.0669296,
      "estimate": 0.142874,
      "n": 656,
      "n_eff": 654,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.217344,
      "conf_low": 0.0235627,
      "estimate": 0.121612,
      "n": 488,
      "n_eff": 398,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.232355,
      "conf_low": 0.0213899,
      "estimate": 0.128324,
      "n": 388,
      "n_eff": 335,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.178575,
      "conf_low": -0.092045,
      "estimate": 0.0440737,
      "n": 261,
      "n_eff": 209,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.201703,
      "conf_low": -0.057577,
      "estimate": 0.0733014,
      "n": 273,
      "n_eff": 227,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.25234,
      "conf_low": -0.065628,
      "estimate": 0.0957991,
      "n": 185,
      "n_eff": 150,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.304904,
      "conf_low": 0.170585,
      "estimate": 0.238887,
      "n": 1193,
      "n_eff": 758,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.404122,
      "conf_low": 0.267789,
      "estimate": 0.337725,
      "n": 930,
      "n_eff": 650,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.305103,
      "conf_low": 0.196667,
      "estimate": 0.251675,
      "n": 2042,
      "n_eff": 1147,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.382589,
      "conf_low": 0.245436,
      "estimate": 0.31566,
      "n": 1424,
      "n_eff": 663,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.0310286,
      "conf_low": -0.183627,
      "estimate": -0.0771938,
      "n": 330,
      "n_eff": 330,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.0637711,
      "conf_low": -0.102474,
      "estimate": -0.0194859,
      "n": 556,
      "n_eff": 556,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.085065,
      "conf_low": -0.15124,
      "estimate": -0.0335566,
      "n": 275,
      "n_eff": 275,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.171217,
      "conf_low": 0.0192231,
      "estimate": 0.0957782,
      "n": 656,
      "n_eff": 653,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.132519,
      "conf_low": -0.0397514,
      "estimate": 0.0467314,
      "n": 615,
      "n_eff": 516,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.200309,
      "conf_low": -0.0165199,
      "estimate": 0.0929969,
      "n": 381,
      "n_eff": 322,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.203312,
      "conf_low": -0.0633565,
      "estimate": 0.071251,
      "n": 251,
      "n_eff": 214,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.162994,
      "conf_low": -0.0678464,
      "estimate": 0.0482178,
      "n": 338,
      "n_eff": 287,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.0587454,
      "conf_low": -0.236275,
      "estimate": -0.0907555,
      "n": 213,
      "n_eff": 174,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.209669,
      "conf_low": 0.0843157,
      "estimate": 0.147585,
      "n": 1454,
      "n_eff": 936,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.224427,
      "conf_low": 0.090298,
      "estimate": 0.158092,
      "n": 1133,
      "n_eff": 813,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.190739,
      "conf_low": 0.0863361,
      "estimate": 0.138923,
      "n": 2234,
      "n_eff": 1356,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.262284,
      "conf_low": 0.123641,
      "estimate": 0.19393,
      "n": 1564,
      "n_eff": 741,
      "outcome": "Government services",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.297251,
      "conf_low": 0.163391,
      "estimate": 0.231416,
      "n": 769,
      "n_eff": 769,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.285378,
      "conf_low": 0.179472,
      "estimate": 0.233116,
      "n": 1226,
      "n_eff": 1226,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.359206,
      "conf_low": 0.219857,
      "estimate": 0.291075,
      "n": 664,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.293374,
      "conf_low": 0.199405,
      "estimate": 0.24697,
      "n": 1541,
      "n_eff": 1535,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.267944,
      "conf_low": 0.152771,
      "estimate": 0.21109,
      "n": 1277,
      "n_eff": 1058,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.304299,
      "conf_low": 0.131018,
      "estimate": 0.219388,
      "n": 571,
      "n_eff": 464,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.378082,
      "conf_low": 0.229761,
      "estimate": 0.305775,
      "n": 684,
      "n_eff": 575,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.389915,
      "conf_low": 0.20393,
      "estimate": 0.299768,
      "n": 459,
      "n_eff": 369,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.515092,
      "conf_low": 0.44133,
      "estimate": 0.479056,
      "n": 2346,
      "n_eff": 1679,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.554925,
      "conf_low": 0.501342,
      "estimate": 0.52866,
      "n": 4824,
      "n_eff": 2781,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "All white respondents",
      "conf_high": 0.481528,
      "conf_low": 0.398548,
      "estimate": 0.44098,
      "n": 3099,
      "n_eff": 1450,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.282233,
      "conf_low": 0.143372,
      "estimate": 0.212802,
      "n": 764,
      "n_eff": 764,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.266433,
      "conf_low": 0.155305,
      "estimate": 0.210869,
      "n": 1224,
      "n_eff": 1224,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.348348,
      "conf_low": 0.199112,
      "estimate": 0.27373,
      "n": 663,
      "n_eff": 663,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.255064,
      "conf_low": 0.158801,
      "estimate": 0.206933,
      "n": 1539,
      "n_eff": 1533,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.223544,
      "conf_low": 0.101824,
      "estimate": 0.162684,
      "n": 1271,
      "n_eff": 1053,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.248521,
      "conf_low": 0.0625462,
      "estimate": 0.155534,
      "n": 566,
      "n_eff": 460,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.304843,
      "conf_low": 0.109665,
      "estimate": 0.207254,
      "n": 677,
      "n_eff": 569,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.33155,
      "conf_low": 0.111167,
      "estimate": 0.221359,
      "n": 455,
      "n_eff": 366,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.404247,
      "conf_low": 0.301428,
      "estimate": 0.352838,
      "n": 2343,
      "n_eff": 1676,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.382283,
      "conf_low": 0.291546,
      "estimate": 0.336915,
      "n": 4822,
      "n_eff": 2779,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Net of party identification",
      "conf_high": 0.374118,
      "conf_low": 0.253779,
      "estimate": 0.313948,
      "n": 3096,
      "n_eff": 1449,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.414251,
      "conf_low": 0.223068,
      "estimate": 0.321938,
      "n": 339,
      "n_eff": 339,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.347617,
      "conf_low": 0.180861,
      "estimate": 0.26623,
      "n": 478,
      "n_eff": 478,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.462254,
      "conf_low": 0.266859,
      "estimate": 0.368621,
      "n": 302,
      "n_eff": 302,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.354864,
      "conf_low": 0.217625,
      "estimate": 0.287721,
      "n": 690,
      "n_eff": 687,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.325652,
      "conf_low": 0.145374,
      "estimate": 0.237558,
      "n": 516,
      "n_eff": 422,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.296641,
      "conf_low": 0.0312949,
      "estimate": 0.16699,
      "n": 259,
      "n_eff": 207,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.437679,
      "conf_low": 0.205784,
      "estimate": 0.326639,
      "n": 274,
      "n_eff": 229,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.411603,
      "conf_low": 0.119403,
      "estimate": 0.271755,
      "n": 193,
      "n_eff": 155,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.520398,
      "conf_low": 0.40066,
      "estimate": 0.462636,
      "n": 933,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.462676,
      "conf_low": 0.366385,
      "estimate": 0.415695,
      "n": 2029,
      "n_eff": 1136,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Democrats",
      "conf_high": 0.415656,
      "conf_low": 0.281213,
      "estimate": 0.350237,
      "n": 1397,
      "n_eff": 656,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.200883,
      "conf_low": -0.0124596,
      "estimate": 0.0953059,
      "n": 332,
      "n_eff": 332,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.290098,
      "conf_low": 0.139688,
      "estimate": 0.216175,
      "n": 618,
      "n_eff": 618,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.304015,
      "conf_low": 0.085116,
      "estimate": 0.19702,
      "n": 297,
      "n_eff": 297,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.175545,
      "conf_low": 0.0265598,
      "estimate": 0.101622,
      "n": 681,
      "n_eff": 679,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.254601,
      "conf_low": 0.0897801,
      "estimate": 0.173404,
      "n": 634,
      "n_eff": 533,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.263866,
      "conf_low": 0.00256657,
      "estimate": 0.135573,
      "n": 255,
      "n_eff": 217,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.244593,
      "conf_low": 0.0211999,
      "estimate": 0.134606,
      "n": 349,
      "n_eff": 297,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.362676,
      "conf_low": 0.080016,
      "estimate": 0.2261,
      "n": 215,
      "n_eff": 174,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.290535,
      "conf_low": 0.161795,
      "estimate": 0.227157,
      "n": 1158,
      "n_eff": 835,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.272781,
      "conf_low": 0.173591,
      "estimate": 0.223765,
      "n": 2374,
      "n_eff": 1410,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conditioning": "Inside Republicans",
      "conf_high": 0.29956,
      "conf_low": 0.163039,
      "estimate": 0.232444,
      "n": 1570,
      "n_eff": 739,
      "outcome": "Defense spending",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "spillover",
  "notes": [
    "The left dashed rule marks 1998, when the index had two statements; the right dashed rule marks 2012, when ANES added web interviews.",
    "The health-insurance item was not asked in 1986, 1990 or 1998, and the defense item was not asked in 1998 or 2012, so those lines join the years on either side. The resentment statements were not asked in 1996 and 2002."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1986-2024; weighted (VCF0009z); white non-Hispanic respondents; net-of-party slopes with HC3 intervals",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No association",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 1998
      },
      {
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 2012
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Defense spending": "muted",
      "Government services": "cat2",
      "Health insurance": "cat1"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "Defense spending"
    ],
    "endLabels": false,
    "facet": "outcome",
    "facetColumns": 1,
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "outcome",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1984,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "ANES survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.3,
      0.7
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation with the resentment index"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted correlation of the racial resentment index with three policy items, each oriented so that a high value is the conservative position, white non-Hispanic respondents",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "conditioning",
        "label": "Sample"
      },
      {
        "key": "outcome",
        "label": "Outcome"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "By 2020 the resentment index correlated with the health-insurance, government-services and defense-spending items at {fact:hl_2020}, {fact:sv_2020} and {fact:df_2020}",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "conditioning": "All white respondents"
      },
      "id": "total",
      "label": "All white respondents"
    },
    {
      "caption": "With the seven party-identification categories held fixed in each year, the health-insurance and government-services slopes still rise. The net-of-party lines are standardized slopes.",
      "filter": {
        "conditioning": "Net of party identification"
      },
      "id": "net",
      "label": "Net of party identification",
      "spec": {
        "yLabel": "Standardized slope of the item on the resentment index"
      },
      "title": "Net of party identification the health-insurance slope is {fact:hl_net_2024} in 2024, up from {fact:hl_net_1988} in 1988"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Democrats only, leaners included; both variables are standardized inside the party and year.",
      "filter": {
        "conditioning": "Inside Democrats"
      },
      "id": "dem",
      "label": "Inside Democrats",
      "title": "Inside the Democratic Party the health-insurance correlation is {fact:hl_dem_2024} in 2024, up from {fact:hl_dem_1988} in 1988"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Republicans only, leaners included; both variables are standardized inside the party and year.",
      "filter": {
        "conditioning": "Inside Republicans"
      },
      "id": "rep",
      "label": "Inside Republicans",
      "title": "Inside the Republican Party the health-insurance correlation is {fact:hl_rep_2024} in 2024, up from {fact:hl_rep_1988} in 1988"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}