{
  "alt": "A line chart of the mean resentment index by party, with the gap between the party lines shaded. The Republican line rises from {fact:res_rep_1986} in 1986 to {fact:res_rep_2012} in 2012 and ends at {fact:res_rep_2024}. The Democratic line is {fact:res_dem_1986} in 1986 and {fact:res_dem_2012} in 2012, then falls to {fact:res_dem_2024} in 2024, so the gap between the parties widens in two stages. A second view plots three correlations among white respondents: resentment with party identification, from {fact:r_res_pid_1986} to {fact:r_res_pid_2024}; party identification with self-placement, from {fact:r_pid_ideol_1986} to {fact:r_pid_ideol_2024}; and resentment with self-placement, from {fact:r_white_1986} to {fact:r_white_2024}.",
  "caption": "The shaded gap between the Republican and Democratic averages widened in two stages: Republicans' average rose from {fact:res_rep_1986} in 1986 to {fact:res_rep_2012} in 2012, and Democrats' fell from {fact:res_dem_2012} in 2012 to {fact:res_dem_2024} in 2024. Points are weighted means and bands are 95% intervals. The toggle shows the correlations that link party identification to resentment and to self-placement.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 59.5586,
      "conf_low": 54.4192,
      "estimate": 56.9889,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 375,
      "n_eff": 375,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.6505,
      "conf_low": 58.7404,
      "estimate": 60.6955,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 538,
      "n_eff": 538,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.3377,
      "conf_low": 53.0158,
      "estimate": 55.6768,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 338,
      "n_eff": 338,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.0613,
      "conf_low": 55.4412,
      "estimate": 57.2512,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 765,
      "n_eff": 762,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.0283,
      "conf_low": 57.8392,
      "estimate": 59.9338,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 555,
      "n_eff": 454,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.5867,
      "conf_low": 55.961,
      "estimate": 58.2739,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 516,
      "n_eff": 413,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.3694,
      "conf_low": 53.0333,
      "estimate": 56.2013,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 308,
      "n_eff": 252,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.7489,
      "conf_low": 53.6445,
      "estimate": 56.1967,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 443,
      "n_eff": 353,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 57.2289,
      "conf_low": 53.8132,
      "estimate": 55.521,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 1295,
      "n_eff": 823,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.4248,
      "conf_low": 39.3195,
      "estimate": 41.3721,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 1037,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.499,
      "conf_low": 25.6962,
      "estimate": 27.0976,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 2224,
      "n_eff": 1251,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.3658,
      "conf_low": 27.768,
      "estimate": 29.5669,
      "group": "Democrats",
      "n": 1547,
      "n_eff": 727,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.3646,
      "conf_low": 59.0956,
      "estimate": 61.2301,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 356,
      "n_eff": 356,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.442,
      "conf_low": 63.2955,
      "estimate": 64.8687,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 657,
      "n_eff": 657,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.7905,
      "conf_low": 57.0187,
      "estimate": 59.4046,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 317,
      "n_eff": 317,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.6935,
      "conf_low": 63.7675,
      "estimate": 65.2305,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 747,
      "n_eff": 744,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.8485,
      "conf_low": 66.6949,
      "estimate": 68.2717,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 651,
      "n_eff": 546,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.8691,
      "conf_low": 67.1092,
      "estimate": 68.9892,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 529,
      "n_eff": 445,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.7297,
      "conf_low": 67.4313,
      "estimate": 69.5805,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 377,
      "n_eff": 319,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.531,
      "conf_low": 70.6636,
      "estimate": 72.5973,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 464,
      "n_eff": 377,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.4897,
      "conf_low": 74.0591,
      "estimate": 75.2744,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 1524,
      "n_eff": 982,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.9829,
      "conf_low": 69.2227,
      "estimate": 70.6028,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 1270,
      "n_eff": 904,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.7093,
      "conf_low": 66.4704,
      "estimate": 67.5898,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 2603,
      "n_eff": 1530,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.5835,
      "conf_low": 65.6827,
      "estimate": 67.1331,
      "group": "Republicans",
      "n": 1803,
      "n_eff": 852,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.1065,
      "conf_low": 58.0237,
      "estimate": 59.5651,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 844,
      "n_eff": 844,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.786,
      "conf_low": 62.4588,
      "estimate": 63.6224,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 1355,
      "n_eff": 1355,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.8795,
      "conf_low": 56.4951,
      "estimate": 58.1873,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 742,
      "n_eff": 742,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.6949,
      "conf_low": 60.5001,
      "estimate": 61.5975,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 1723,
      "n_eff": 1716,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.0527,
      "conf_low": 63.5833,
      "estimate": 64.818,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 1354,
      "n_eff": 1120,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.5489,
      "conf_low": 62.6867,
      "estimate": 64.1178,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 1197,
      "n_eff": 977,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.5936,
      "conf_low": 61.9285,
      "estimate": 63.7611,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 757,
      "n_eff": 628,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.341,
      "conf_low": 63.1931,
      "estimate": 64.767,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 1040,
      "n_eff": 834,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.7194,
      "conf_low": 65.6955,
      "estimate": 66.7075,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 3279,
      "n_eff": 2102,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.5491,
      "conf_low": 56.9815,
      "estimate": 58.2653,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 2626,
      "n_eff": 1847,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.0969,
      "conf_low": 49.9415,
      "estimate": 51.0192,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 5374,
      "n_eff": 3068,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.9256,
      "conf_low": 50.1123,
      "estimate": 51.519,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "n": 3552,
      "n_eff": 1668,
      "panel": "means",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.335077,
      "conf_low": 0.193595,
      "estimate": 0.265767,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 664,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.274245,
      "conf_low": 0.156859,
      "estimate": 0.216334,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 1014,
      "n_eff": 1014,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.38296,
      "conf_low": 0.2285,
      "estimate": 0.307756,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 529,
      "n_eff": 529,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.360006,
      "conf_low": 0.263349,
      "estimate": 0.312486,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 1345,
      "n_eff": 1340,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.384404,
      "conf_low": 0.268619,
      "estimate": 0.327742,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 1099,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.34856,
      "conf_low": 0.208885,
      "estimate": 0.280205,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 789,
      "n_eff": 670,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.469849,
      "conf_low": 0.300815,
      "estimate": 0.388596,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 471,
      "n_eff": 389,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.473929,
      "conf_low": 0.330532,
      "estimate": 0.404716,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 619,
      "n_eff": 524,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.489989,
      "conf_low": 0.365364,
      "estimate": 0.429721,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 823,
      "n_eff": 660,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.475541,
      "conf_low": 0.404598,
      "estimate": 0.440758,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 3111,
      "n_eff": 1984,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.611505,
      "conf_low": 0.545574,
      "estimate": 0.579486,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 2191,
      "n_eff": 1562,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.688563,
      "conf_low": 0.647448,
      "estimate": 0.668516,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 4799,
      "n_eff": 2785,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.690015,
      "conf_low": 0.633206,
      "estimate": 0.662563,
      "group": "Resentment and ideology",
      "n": 3204,
      "n_eff": 1502,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.123341,
      "conf_low": -0.0116814,
      "estimate": 0.0560865,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 838,
      "n_eff": 838,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.133143,
      "conf_low": 0.0271658,
      "estimate": 0.0803817,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 1351,
      "n_eff": 1351,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.151979,
      "conf_low": 0.00877331,
      "estimate": 0.0807933,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 740,
      "n_eff": 740,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.198573,
      "conf_low": 0.105879,
      "estimate": 0.152562,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 1714,
      "n_eff": 1707,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.250758,
      "conf_low": 0.137737,
      "estimate": 0.194894,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 1347,
      "n_eff": 1114,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.234126,
      "conf_low": 0.0989462,
      "estimate": 0.167322,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 936,
      "n_eff": 795,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.273783,
      "conf_low": 0.153717,
      "estimate": 0.21456,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 1189,
      "n_eff": 971,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.342958,
      "conf_low": 0.197022,
      "estimate": 0.27155,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 748,
      "n_eff": 620,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.391742,
      "conf_low": 0.27028,
      "estimate": 0.332388,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 1029,
      "n_eff": 825,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.43062,
      "conf_low": 0.3583,
      "estimate": 0.395072,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 3269,
      "n_eff": 2094,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.520524,
      "conf_low": 0.450893,
      "estimate": 0.48648,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 2618,
      "n_eff": 1849,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.639847,
      "conf_low": 0.596096,
      "estimate": 0.618451,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 5367,
      "n_eff": 3065,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.64637,
      "conf_low": 0.586808,
      "estimate": 0.617473,
      "group": "Resentment and party",
      "n": 3540,
      "n_eff": 1662,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.415558,
      "conf_low": 0.322227,
      "estimate": 0.369825,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 1316,
      "n_eff": 1316,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.495136,
      "conf_low": 0.40208,
      "estimate": 0.449828,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 1131,
      "n_eff": 1131,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.451309,
      "conf_low": 0.349273,
      "estimate": 0.401536,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 1040,
      "n_eff": 1040,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.512626,
      "conf_low": 0.432918,
      "estimate": 0.473742,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 1462,
      "n_eff": 1457,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.575193,
      "conf_low": 0.482402,
      "estimate": 0.530384,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 1111,
      "n_eff": 924,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.539481,
      "conf_low": 0.423537,
      "estimate": 0.483628,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 793,
      "n_eff": 673,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.57729,
      "conf_low": 0.438159,
      "estimate": 0.511065,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 532,
      "n_eff": 436,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.679386,
      "conf_low": 0.580641,
      "estimate": 0.632577,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 675,
      "n_eff": 571,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.707267,
      "conf_low": 0.625324,
      "estimate": 0.668318,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 884,
      "n_eff": 705,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.697918,
      "conf_low": 0.651612,
      "estimate": 0.67543,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 3326,
      "n_eff": 2123,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.767195,
      "conf_low": 0.726223,
      "estimate": 0.747419,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 2490,
      "n_eff": 1788,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.802404,
      "conf_low": 0.775792,
      "estimate": 0.789469,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 5290,
      "n_eff": 3085,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.805936,
      "conf_low": 0.769411,
      "estimate": 0.788367,
      "group": "Party and ideology",
      "n": 3528,
      "n_eff": 1655,
      "panel": "corr",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "resentment_by_party",
  "notes": [
    "Independents who do not lean to either party are left out of the two party lines and included in the all-respondents line.",
    "The 1998 study asked only two of the four statements, so the level of its index is not comparable with the years on either side and 1998 is left out of the means; the lines join 1994 and 2000. The resentment statements were not asked in 1996 and 2002.",
    "Web respondents score higher than face-to-face respondents in the same year, and these means are not adjusted for mode; the next figure gives the two modes separately."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1986-2024; weighted (VCF0009z); white non-Hispanic respondents; interval from the Kish effective sample size (Fisher z for the correlations)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Web interviews added",
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 2012
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All white respondents": "total",
      "Democrats": "dem",
      "Republicans": "rep"
    },
    "gap": {
      "between": [
        "Republicans",
        "Democrats"
      ]
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1984,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "ANES survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      20,
      80
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean resentment index (0 to 100)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted mean of the racial resentment index (0 least resentful, 100 most resentful) by party identification, leaners included, and, in the second view, weighted correlations, white non-Hispanic respondents",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "panel",
        "label": "View"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Mean or correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The gap in average resentment between white Republicans and white Democrats widened from {fact:gap_res_1986} index points in 1986 to {fact:gap_res_2024} in 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "panel": "means"
      },
      "id": "means",
      "label": "Average resentment"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Party identification became more closely tied to both resentment and self-placement. The line for resentment and ideology is the total correlation from the first figure. Each point is a weighted correlation among white respondents, with seven-point party identification, and the band is the 95% interval.",
      "filter": {
        "panel": "corr"
      },
      "id": "corr",
      "label": "Correlations with party identification",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [
          {
            "label": "Two statements",
            "type": "x-rule",
            "x": 1998
          },
          {
            "label": "Web interviews added",
            "type": "x-rule",
            "x": 2012
          }
        ],
        "colors": {
          "Party and ideology": "cat1",
          "Resentment and ideology": "total",
          "Resentment and party": "highlight"
        },
        "yDomain": [
          0,
          1
        ],
        "yFormat": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "yLabel": "Correlation among white respondents"
      },
      "title": "Correlations with party identification rose from {fact:r_res_pid_1986} to {fact:r_res_pid_2024} for resentment and from {fact:r_pid_ideol_1986} to {fact:r_pid_ideol_2024} for self-placement"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}