{
  "alt": "A line chart of the correlation between the resentment index and conservative self-placement among white respondents, by survey year. The line starts at {fact:r_white_1986} in 1986, rises slowly to {fact:r_white_2008} in 2008, is {fact:r_white_2012} in 2012, and climbs to {fact:r_white_2016} in 2016 and {fact:r_white_2020} in 2020, then is {fact:r_white_2024} in 2024. A dashed rule marks 1998, when the index had two statements. A toggle shows all respondents, whose line has the same shape at a lower level.",
  "caption": "The correlation was level from 2008 to 2012 ({fact:r_white_2008} and {fact:r_white_2012}), then rose to {fact:r_white_2016} in 2016 and {fact:r_white_2020} in 2020 and held at {fact:r_white_2024} in 2024. Each point is a weighted correlation and the band is the 95% interval. The toggle shows all respondents.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.335077,
      "conf_low": 0.193595,
      "estimate": 0.265767,
      "n": 664,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.274245,
      "conf_low": 0.156859,
      "estimate": 0.216334,
      "n": 1014,
      "n_eff": 1014,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.38296,
      "conf_low": 0.2285,
      "estimate": 0.307756,
      "n": 529,
      "n_eff": 529,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.360006,
      "conf_low": 0.263349,
      "estimate": 0.312486,
      "n": 1345,
      "n_eff": 1340,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.384404,
      "conf_low": 0.268619,
      "estimate": 0.327742,
      "n": 1099,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.34856,
      "conf_low": 0.208885,
      "estimate": 0.280205,
      "n": 789,
      "n_eff": 670,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.469849,
      "conf_low": 0.300815,
      "estimate": 0.388596,
      "n": 471,
      "n_eff": 389,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.473929,
      "conf_low": 0.330532,
      "estimate": 0.404716,
      "n": 619,
      "n_eff": 524,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.489989,
      "conf_low": 0.365364,
      "estimate": 0.429721,
      "n": 823,
      "n_eff": 660,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.475541,
      "conf_low": 0.404598,
      "estimate": 0.440758,
      "n": 3111,
      "n_eff": 1984,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.611505,
      "conf_low": 0.545574,
      "estimate": 0.579486,
      "n": 2191,
      "n_eff": 1562,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.688563,
      "conf_low": 0.647448,
      "estimate": 0.668516,
      "n": 4799,
      "n_eff": 2785,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.690015,
      "conf_low": 0.633206,
      "estimate": 0.662563,
      "n": 3204,
      "n_eff": 1502,
      "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.28823,
      "conf_low": 0.157495,
      "estimate": 0.223869,
      "n": 812,
      "n_eff": 812,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.311163,
      "conf_low": 0.208012,
      "estimate": 0.26033,
      "n": 1256,
      "n_eff": 1256,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.331334,
      "conf_low": 0.188754,
      "estimate": 0.26147,
      "n": 657,
      "n_eff": 657,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.365206,
      "conf_low": 0.278606,
      "estimate": 0.322581,
      "n": 1652,
      "n_eff": 1646,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.355694,
      "conf_low": 0.249827,
      "estimate": 0.303698,
      "n": 1381,
      "n_eff": 1131,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.330354,
      "conf_low": 0.20562,
      "estimate": 0.269115,
      "n": 999,
      "n_eff": 851,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.414945,
      "conf_low": 0.255045,
      "estimate": 0.337426,
      "n": 577,
      "n_eff": 473,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.453041,
      "conf_low": 0.326885,
      "estimate": 0.391803,
      "n": 824,
      "n_eff": 693,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.443526,
      "conf_low": 0.337427,
      "estimate": 0.391778,
      "n": 1481,
      "n_eff": 980,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.439762,
      "conf_low": 0.377629,
      "estimate": 0.40917,
      "n": 4930,
      "n_eff": 2761,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.575477,
      "conf_low": 0.514123,
      "estimate": 0.54553,
      "n": 2874,
      "n_eff": 2017,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.654605,
      "conf_low": 0.615252,
      "estimate": 0.635341,
      "n": 6333,
      "n_eff": 3532,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.651205,
      "conf_low": 0.597839,
      "estimate": 0.625252,
      "n": 4263,
      "n_eff": 2005,
      "sample": "All respondents",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "loading_trend",
  "notes": [
    "The resentment statements were not asked in 1996 and 2002. The 1998 index has two statements, so that year is marked and is not strictly comparable with the years on either side.",
    "ANES added web interviews in 2012, and the 2020 and 2024 studies also mix modes. The mode check later in the chapter compares the two modes."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1986-2024; weighted (VCF0009z); white non-Hispanic respondents; interval from Fisher z on the Kish effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Two statements",
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 1998
      },
      {
        "label": "Web interviews added",
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 2012
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All respondents": "muted",
      "White non-Hispanic respondents": "total"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "sample",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1984,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "ANES survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      0.8
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation with self-placement"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted correlation of the racial resentment index with seven-point liberal-conservative self-placement, by ANES survey year, white non-Hispanic respondents",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "sample",
        "label": "Sample"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Among white respondents the correlation between resentment and conservative self-placement rose from {fact:r_white_1986} in 1986 to {fact:r_white_2024} in 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "sample": "White non-Hispanic respondents"
      },
      "id": "white",
      "label": "White non-Hispanic respondents"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The line for all respondents has the shape of the line for white respondents at a slightly lower level. Each point is the correlation among respondents of every race and ethnicity who answered at least two of the four resentment statements and gave a self-placement.",
      "filter": {
        "sample": "All respondents"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All respondents",
      "title": "Among all respondents the correlation rose from {fact:r_all_1986} in 1986 to {fact:r_all_2024} in 2024"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}