{
  "alt": "Table with one row for each question, giving its variable name, exact wording, answer scale, what it measures, what it is about, whether it was asked before or after the election and the number of respondents who answered. No row measures an action by the respondent.",
  "caption": "Read the measures and target columns before comparing shares: the questions differ in whether they ask about approval, an expectation, a perception or a belief, and in whom or what they concern. The table gives each question as worded in the ANES 2024 codebook, with the number of respondents who gave a usable answer.",
  "data": [
    {
      "answers": "Not at all; A little; A moderate amount; A lot; A great deal",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Hypothetical approval, in the abstract",
      "n": 5192,
      "question": "Violence justified",
      "target": "People in general, any political goal, no act or victim named",
      "variable": "V241579",
      "wording": "On another topic: How much do you feel it is justified for people to use violence to pursue their political goals in this country?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Increased; Decreased; Stayed the same (a follow-up asks how much)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Perception of change",
      "n": 5181,
      "question": "Violence increased or decreased",
      "target": "Violence to pursue political goals in the United States, by anyone",
      "variable": "V241580",
      "wording": "Compared to four years ago, do you think violence used to pursue political goals in the United States has:"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not at all accurately; A little accurately; Moderately accurately; Very accurately; Completely accurately",
      "asked": "Pre-election; all modes",
      "measures": "Expectation, before the result was known",
      "n": 5478,
      "question": "Votes counted accurately",
      "target": "Votes in the 2024 general election, anywhere in the country",
      "variable": "V241314",
      "wording": "In the November 2024 general election, how accurately do you think the votes will be counted?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not at all; A little; A moderate amount; A lot; A great deal",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Trust",
      "n": 5243,
      "question": "Trust in election officials",
      "target": "Officials who run elections where the respondent lives",
      "variable": "V241315",
      "wording": "How much do you trust the officials who oversee elections where you live?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "All of the time; Most of the time; About half of the time; Some of the time; Never",
      "asked": "Post-election; all modes",
      "measures": "Belief about elections in general, after the result",
      "n": 4926,
      "question": "Votes counted fairly",
      "target": "Elections in this country in general",
      "variable": "V242207",
      "wording": "In your view, how often do the following things occur in this country's elections: Votes are counted fairly?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "One of the two statements; a follow-up (V242568) asks how confident, from Not at all to Extremely",
      "asked": "Post-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Belief about a past result",
      "n": 4612,
      "question": "Legitimate winner of 2020",
      "target": "The 2020 presidential election",
      "variable": "V242567",
      "wording": "Which of these two statements do you think is most likely to be true? Donald Trump was the legitimate winner of the 2020 presidential election / Joe Biden was the legitimate winner of the 2020 presidential election"
    },
    {
      "answers": "One of the two statements; a follow-up (V242572) asks how confident, from Not at all to Extremely",
      "asked": "Post-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Belief about who acted",
      "n": 4551,
      "question": "Who carried out January 6",
      "target": "Who planned and carried out the events of that day",
      "variable": "V242571",
      "wording": "Which of these two statements do you think is most likely to be true? The events on January 6, 2021 were planned and carried out by pro-Trump protesters / The events on January 6, 2021 were planned and carried out by FBI agents posing as pro-Trump protesters"
    },
    {
      "answers": "One of the two statements; a follow-up (V242576) asks how confident, from Not at all to Extremely",
      "asked": "Post-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Belief about a result just decided",
      "n": 4633,
      "question": "Legitimate winner of 2024",
      "target": "The 2024 presidential election",
      "variable": "V242575",
      "wording": "Which of these two statements do you think is most likely to be true? Donald Trump was the legitimate winner of the 2024 presidential election / Kamala Harris was the legitimate winner of the 2024 presidential election"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not important at all to Extremely important (five answers)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated importance of a named practice",
      "n": 5241,
      "question": "Free news organizations",
      "target": "News organizations and political leaders in general",
      "variable": "V241324",
      "wording": "For the next few items, we would like to know how important you think each one is to the United States maintaining a strong democracy. First, how important is it that news organizations are free to criticize political leaders?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not important at all to Extremely important (five answers)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated importance of a named practice",
      "n": 5242,
      "question": "Branches check one another",
      "target": "The three branches in general",
      "variable": "V241325",
      "wording": "How important is it that the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government keep one another from having too much power?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not important at all to Extremely important (five answers)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated importance of a named practice",
      "n": 5250,
      "question": "Consequences for misconduct",
      "target": "Elected officials in general",
      "variable": "V241326",
      "wording": "How important is it that elected officials face serious consequences if they engage in misconduct?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Not important at all to Extremely important (five answers)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated importance of a named practice",
      "n": 5233,
      "question": "Agreement on basic facts",
      "target": "People in general",
      "variable": "V241327",
      "wording": "How important is it that people agree on basic facts even if they disagree politically?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Helpful; Harmful; Neither helpful nor harmful (a follow-up asks how much)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated view of a hypothetical change",
      "n": 5210,
      "question": "Presidents and Congress and the courts",
      "target": "U.S. presidents in general, no president named",
      "variable": "V241328",
      "wording": "Would it be helpful, harmful, or neither helpful nor harmful if U.S. presidents could work on the country's problems without paying attention to what Congress and the courts say?"
    },
    {
      "answers": "Favor; Oppose; Neither favor nor oppose (a follow-up asks how much)",
      "asked": "Pre-election; not on paper",
      "measures": "Stated view of a hypothetical change",
      "n": 5219,
      "question": "Journalists' access",
      "target": "Elected officials in general",
      "variable": "V241331",
      "wording": "Do you favor, oppose, or neither favor nor oppose elected officials restricting journalists' access to information about government decision-making?"
    }
  ],
  "id": "items",
  "notes": [
    "Variable names are those of the ANES 2024 Time Series file. The paper questionnaire omitted every question marked not on paper.",
    "The file also holds a version of the violence question for the spouses and partners of respondents. That version is answered by a different set of people and is not used."
  ],
  "source": "ANES 2024 Time Series, pre-election and post-election questionnaires, 2024; counts are unweighted numbers of respondents",
  "spec": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "question",
        "label": "Question"
      },
      {
        "key": "variable",
        "label": "Variable"
      },
      {
        "key": "wording",
        "label": "Wording"
      },
      {
        "key": "answers",
        "label": "Answers"
      },
      {
        "key": "measures",
        "label": "What it measures"
      },
      {
        "key": "target",
        "label": "What it is about"
      },
      {
        "key": "asked",
        "label": "Asked"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "subtitle": "Each question used in this chapter, with its variable, exact wording, answer scale, what it measures and what it is about; 2024 pre-election and post-election interviews",
  "title": "The ANES questions measure approval, expectation, perception and belief, and none records an action",
  "type": "table",
  "width": "full"
}