{
  "alt": "A dot chart with one row for each survey and interview mode in 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024, each with an interval for the in-party premium. The rows for 2012, 2016 and 2024 have three ANES dots (all modes, face-to-face and web) and one CES dot, and the row group for 2020 has one ANES dot and one CES dot. The face-to-face dot is {fact:ftf_prem_2012} points in 2012, {fact:ftf_prem_2016} in 2016 and {fact:ftf_prem_2024} in 2024, and the web dot is {fact:web_prem_2012}, {fact:web_prem_2016} and {fact:web_prem_2024}. The CES dot lies to the right of every ANES dot in each year.",
  "caption": "In each of the four years the CES premium lies to the right of every ANES premium. The face-to-face and web premiums differ in both directions across the three years in which the ANES has mode weights. Lines are 95% intervals.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 42.3541,
      "conf_low": 36.4322,
      "mode": "ANES all modes",
      "n": 5083,
      "premium": 39.3931,
      "row": "2012, ANES all modes",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.3634,
      "conf_low": 29.9201,
      "mode": "ANES face-to-face",
      "n": 1805,
      "premium": 35.1417,
      "row": "2012, ANES face-to-face",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.4002,
      "conf_low": 38.2147,
      "mode": "ANES web",
      "n": 3278,
      "premium": 41.8075,
      "row": "2012, ANES web",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.675,
      "conf_low": 49.5479,
      "mode": "CES online panel",
      "n": 45431,
      "premium": 50.6115,
      "row": "2012, CES online",
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.9805,
      "conf_low": 30.544,
      "mode": "ANES all modes",
      "n": 3660,
      "premium": 33.7622,
      "row": "2016, ANES all modes",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.5366,
      "conf_low": 32.2731,
      "mode": "ANES face-to-face",
      "n": 1042,
      "premium": 38.4048,
      "row": "2016, ANES face-to-face",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.8688,
      "conf_low": 28.306,
      "mode": "ANES web",
      "n": 2618,
      "premium": 32.0874,
      "row": "2016, ANES web",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.587,
      "conf_low": 42.6834,
      "mode": "CES online panel",
      "n": 50685,
      "premium": 43.6352,
      "row": "2016, CES online",
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.3342,
      "conf_low": 28.6688,
      "mode": "ANES all modes",
      "n": 7254,
      "premium": 31.0015,
      "row": "2020, ANES all modes",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.7077,
      "conf_low": 37.6946,
      "mode": "CES online panel",
      "n": 48334,
      "premium": 38.7011,
      "row": "2020, CES online",
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.7901,
      "conf_low": 28.7874,
      "mode": "ANES all modes",
      "n": 4877,
      "premium": 31.7887,
      "row": "2024, ANES all modes",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.7319,
      "conf_low": 26.8911,
      "mode": "ANES face-to-face",
      "n": 966,
      "premium": 33.3115,
      "row": "2024, ANES face-to-face",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.1801,
      "conf_low": 27.1863,
      "mode": "ANES web",
      "n": 1855,
      "premium": 31.6832,
      "row": "2024, ANES web",
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.6756,
      "conf_low": 46.3935,
      "mode": "CES online panel",
      "n": 49862,
      "premium": 47.5345,
      "row": "2024, CES online",
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "instrument_and_mode",
  "notes": [
    "The ANES has no mode weights in 2020, so that year shows the all-mode estimate only.",
    "The ANES all-mode estimate for 2024 also includes panel and paper respondents, who have no mode weight."
  ],
  "source": "American National Election Studies Cumulative Data File, 1980-2024, and Cooperative Election Study cumulative common content, 2006-2024; weighted (VCF0009z for the ANES, year-specific weight for the CES); weight_ftf and weight_web for the face-to-face and web rows",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "ANES": "cat1",
      "CES": "cat2"
    },
    "group": "survey",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "premium",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      60
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "In-party premium (percentage points)",
    "y": "row"
  },
  "subtitle": "In-party premium, percentage points, by survey and interview mode; partisans including leaners; 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "mode",
        "label": "Survey and mode"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "premium",
        "label": "Premium (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "n"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Face-to-face interviews alone give an ANES premium of at least {fact:ftf_min} points in 2012, 2016 and 2024, against an average of {fact:prem_early} points from 1980 to 1990",
  "type": "dot",
  "width": "wide"
}