{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row for each issue, an open dot for the Democratic place gap and a solid dot for the Republican place gap, with intervals and a line at zero. In the raw view the Republican dot lies to the right of the Democratic dot on most issues, and every dot is above zero. The two adjusted views move {fact:n_adj_smaller_demo} and {fact:n_adj_smaller} of the {fact:n_place_cells} dots toward zero.",
  "caption": "The Republican dot lies to the right of the Democratic dot on {fact:n_rep_larger} of {fact:n_issues} issues, and the two are equal on easier concealed carry. The open dot is the Democratic place gap and the solid dot is the Republican place gap, and the number at the right is the Republican gap minus the Democratic gap. Whiskers are 95% intervals.",
  "data": [
    {
      "dem": 1.87834,
      "dem_hi": 4.32787,
      "dem_lo": -0.465452,
      "diff": 4.5309,
      "diff_hi": 8.4022,
      "diff_lo": 0.182941,
      "issue": "Border wall",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 36261,
      "n_rep": 24614,
      "rep": 6.40924,
      "rep_hi": 8.43444,
      "rep_lo": 3.77795,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.8156,
      "dem_hi": 6.27885,
      "dem_lo": 1.42365,
      "diff": 0.687987,
      "diff_hi": 3.93875,
      "diff_lo": -2.97068,
      "issue": "Repeal the ACA",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 71554,
      "n_rep": 46559,
      "rep": 4.50358,
      "rep_hi": 5.9977,
      "rep_lo": 2.641,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.71189,
      "dem_hi": 4.18226,
      "dem_lo": 1.2252,
      "diff": 3.03269,
      "diff_hi": 7.09243,
      "diff_lo": -1.94955,
      "issue": "Medicare for All",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 36118,
      "n_rep": 25023,
      "rep": 5.74458,
      "rep_hi": 9.66018,
      "rep_lo": 0.835519,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 9.51926,
      "dem_hi": 12.9329,
      "dem_lo": 6.0917,
      "diff": 4.8838,
      "diff_hi": 8.54156,
      "diff_lo": 0.540406,
      "issue": "Abortion legal",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 68693,
      "n_rep": 44909,
      "rep": 14.4031,
      "rep_hi": 17.4567,
      "rep_lo": 10.9244,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.70742,
      "dem_hi": 5.47196,
      "dem_lo": 1.90294,
      "diff": 2.90622,
      "diff_hi": 7.06943,
      "diff_lo": -0.938047,
      "issue": "EPA regulates CO2",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 66941,
      "n_rep": 43698,
      "rep": 6.61364,
      "rep_hi": 9.9702,
      "rep_lo": 3.45022,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.45163,
      "dem_hi": 5.95631,
      "dem_lo": 1.33527,
      "diff": 1.30981,
      "diff_hi": 4.06992,
      "diff_lo": -1.49895,
      "issue": "Cut immigration",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 30037,
      "n_rep": 21417,
      "rep": 4.76145,
      "rep_hi": 6.76917,
      "rep_lo": 2.79876,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.73445,
      "dem_hi": 6.87997,
      "dem_lo": 2.87232,
      "diff": 5.44525,
      "diff_hi": 8.62451,
      "diff_lo": 1.9516,
      "issue": "Assault weapons ban",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 71575,
      "n_rep": 46491,
      "rep": 10.1797,
      "rep_hi": 12.6075,
      "rep_lo": 7.85254,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 6.24581,
      "dem_hi": 9.05194,
      "dem_lo": 3.25604,
      "diff": -1.91264,
      "diff_hi": 2.37906,
      "diff_lo": -6.01048,
      "issue": "Border security",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 58832,
      "n_rep": 36812,
      "rep": 4.33316,
      "rep_hi": 6.44262,
      "rep_lo": 2.09699,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.75289,
      "dem_hi": 7.16528,
      "dem_lo": 2.78247,
      "diff": 0.013177,
      "diff_hi": 3.60525,
      "diff_lo": -3.53205,
      "issue": "Concealed carry",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 71622,
      "n_rep": 46533,
      "rep": 4.76607,
      "rep_hi": 7.41919,
      "rep_lo": 2.40119,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.98644,
      "dem_hi": 7.29939,
      "dem_lo": 2.82077,
      "diff": -1.8637,
      "diff_hi": 1.92519,
      "diff_lo": -5.6984,
      "issue": "Path to legal status",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 58847,
      "n_rep": 36804,
      "rep": 3.12274,
      "rep_hi": 5.95295,
      "rep_lo": 0.521519,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 7.49447,
      "dem_hi": 12.4816,
      "dem_lo": 2.37577,
      "diff": 5.47552,
      "diff_hi": 10.1942,
      "diff_lo": 0.725317,
      "issue": "Gay marriage",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 31387,
      "n_rep": 18873,
      "rep": 12.97,
      "rep_hi": 16.2295,
      "rep_lo": 9.29638,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 0.545574,
      "dem_hi": 1.32551,
      "dem_lo": -0.175103,
      "diff": 3.02166,
      "diff_hi": 5.30749,
      "diff_lo": 0.529792,
      "issue": "Background checks",
      "model": "raw",
      "n_dem": 58365,
      "n_rep": 37872,
      "rep": 3.56723,
      "rep_hi": 5.63636,
      "rep_lo": 1.41278,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 1.1691,
      "dem_hi": 3.30478,
      "dem_lo": -0.966576,
      "diff": 1.1026,
      "diff_hi": 4.50665,
      "diff_lo": -2.30144,
      "issue": "Border wall",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 36193,
      "n_rep": 24604,
      "rep": 2.2717,
      "rep_hi": 4.07135,
      "rep_lo": 0.472055,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.59879,
      "dem_hi": 5.45086,
      "dem_lo": 1.74671,
      "diff": -0.925659,
      "diff_hi": 1.50092,
      "diff_lo": -3.35224,
      "issue": "Repeal the ACA",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 71486,
      "n_rep": 46549,
      "rep": 2.67313,
      "rep_hi": 4.21855,
      "rep_lo": 1.1277,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.01738,
      "dem_hi": 3.46499,
      "dem_lo": 0.569763,
      "diff": 1.25595,
      "diff_hi": 4.18171,
      "diff_lo": -1.66981,
      "issue": "Medicare for All",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 36050,
      "n_rep": 25013,
      "rep": 3.27332,
      "rep_hi": 6.09132,
      "rep_lo": 0.455325,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 10.0849,
      "dem_hi": 13.0874,
      "dem_lo": 7.0823,
      "diff": 2.67828,
      "diff_hi": 5.64562,
      "diff_lo": -0.289054,
      "issue": "Abortion legal",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 68625,
      "n_rep": 44899,
      "rep": 12.7632,
      "rep_hi": 16.0186,
      "rep_lo": 9.50771,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.82362,
      "dem_hi": 5.43471,
      "dem_lo": 2.21253,
      "diff": 1.85443,
      "diff_hi": 5.01179,
      "diff_lo": -1.30294,
      "issue": "EPA regulates CO2",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 66873,
      "n_rep": 43688,
      "rep": 5.67805,
      "rep_hi": 8.22593,
      "rep_lo": 3.13017,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.64309,
      "dem_hi": 4.7122,
      "dem_lo": 0.573983,
      "diff": -2.25587,
      "diff_hi": 0.234258,
      "diff_lo": -4.746,
      "issue": "Cut immigration",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 30037,
      "n_rep": 21417,
      "rep": 0.387218,
      "rep_hi": 2.31286,
      "rep_lo": -1.53843,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 5.74751,
      "dem_hi": 7.47104,
      "dem_lo": 4.02398,
      "diff": 4.76792,
      "diff_hi": 7.67862,
      "diff_lo": 1.85723,
      "issue": "Assault weapons ban",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 71507,
      "n_rep": 46481,
      "rep": 10.5154,
      "rep_hi": 12.7899,
      "rep_lo": 8.24097,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.85518,
      "dem_hi": 7.35223,
      "dem_lo": 2.35812,
      "diff": -3.12477,
      "diff_hi": 0.445213,
      "diff_lo": -6.69476,
      "issue": "Border security",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 58764,
      "n_rep": 36802,
      "rep": 1.7304,
      "rep_hi": 3.54675,
      "rep_lo": -0.0859498,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 5.7182,
      "dem_hi": 7.50896,
      "dem_lo": 3.92745,
      "diff": -0.653259,
      "diff_hi": 2.4142,
      "diff_lo": -3.72072,
      "issue": "Concealed carry",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 71554,
      "n_rep": 46523,
      "rep": 5.06494,
      "rep_hi": 7.5525,
      "rep_lo": 2.57739,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.20737,
      "dem_hi": 5.11408,
      "dem_lo": 1.30066,
      "diff": -2.10001,
      "diff_hi": 0.996824,
      "diff_lo": -5.19685,
      "issue": "Path to legal status",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 58779,
      "n_rep": 36794,
      "rep": 1.10735,
      "rep_hi": 3.53417,
      "rep_lo": -1.31947,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 10.1901,
      "dem_hi": 13.773,
      "dem_lo": 6.60715,
      "diff": 2.4605,
      "diff_hi": 6.60437,
      "diff_lo": -1.68337,
      "issue": "Gay marriage",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 31387,
      "n_rep": 18873,
      "rep": 12.6506,
      "rep_hi": 16.2715,
      "rep_lo": 9.02966,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 1.02822,
      "dem_hi": 1.7844,
      "dem_lo": 0.272044,
      "diff": 3.07101,
      "diff_hi": 5.61542,
      "diff_lo": 0.526604,
      "issue": "Background checks",
      "model": "demographics",
      "n_dem": 58297,
      "n_rep": 37862,
      "rep": 4.09923,
      "rep_hi": 6.43715,
      "rep_lo": 1.76132,
      "states_dem": 50,
      "states_rep": 50
    },
    {
      "dem": 0.670535,
      "dem_hi": 2.91259,
      "dem_lo": -1.57152,
      "diff": 1.43659,
      "diff_hi": 5.34182,
      "diff_lo": -2.46863,
      "issue": "Border wall",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 36193,
      "n_rep": 24604,
      "rep": 2.10713,
      "rep_hi": 4.3541,
      "rep_lo": -0.139843,
      "states_dem": 37,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.77189,
      "dem_hi": 4.91017,
      "dem_lo": 0.633613,
      "diff": -1.29095,
      "diff_hi": 1.50336,
      "diff_lo": -4.08526,
      "issue": "Repeal the ACA",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 71486,
      "n_rep": 46549,
      "rep": 1.48094,
      "rep_hi": 3.11699,
      "rep_lo": -0.155114,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 1.719,
      "dem_hi": 3.20034,
      "dem_lo": 0.237658,
      "diff": 0.819585,
      "diff_hi": 3.85347,
      "diff_lo": -2.2143,
      "issue": "Medicare for All",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 36050,
      "n_rep": 25013,
      "rep": 2.53858,
      "rep_hi": 5.24437,
      "rep_lo": -0.167206,
      "states_dem": 37,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 6.39326,
      "dem_hi": 9.36088,
      "dem_lo": 3.42565,
      "diff": 1.6864,
      "diff_hi": 5.22286,
      "diff_lo": -1.85007,
      "issue": "Abortion legal",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 68625,
      "n_rep": 44899,
      "rep": 8.07966,
      "rep_hi": 10.0604,
      "rep_lo": 6.09893,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.56352,
      "dem_hi": 4.31961,
      "dem_lo": 0.807438,
      "diff": 2.93333,
      "diff_hi": 6.45126,
      "diff_lo": -0.584588,
      "issue": "EPA regulates CO2",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 66873,
      "n_rep": 43688,
      "rep": 5.49686,
      "rep_hi": 7.92403,
      "rep_lo": 3.06968,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 1.92294,
      "dem_hi": 3.77068,
      "dem_lo": 0.0752054,
      "diff": -0.897811,
      "diff_hi": 1.25772,
      "diff_lo": -3.05335,
      "issue": "Cut immigration",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 30037,
      "n_rep": 21417,
      "rep": 1.02513,
      "rep_hi": 3.32777,
      "rep_lo": -1.27751,
      "states_dem": 37,
      "states_rep": 34
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.4276,
      "dem_hi": 6.58429,
      "dem_lo": 2.27091,
      "diff": 4.29184,
      "diff_hi": 7.27722,
      "diff_lo": 1.30646,
      "issue": "Assault weapons ban",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 71507,
      "n_rep": 46481,
      "rep": 8.71944,
      "rep_hi": 10.6653,
      "rep_lo": 6.77362,
      "states_dem": 37,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 3.07402,
      "dem_hi": 5.67798,
      "dem_lo": 0.470065,
      "diff": -1.43288,
      "diff_hi": 2.35391,
      "diff_lo": -5.21967,
      "issue": "Border security",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 58764,
      "n_rep": 36802,
      "rep": 1.64114,
      "rep_hi": 3.51052,
      "rep_lo": -0.228233,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 4.47417,
      "dem_hi": 6.40257,
      "dem_lo": 2.54577,
      "diff": 0.463606,
      "diff_hi": 4.00049,
      "diff_lo": -3.07328,
      "issue": "Concealed carry",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 71554,
      "n_rep": 46523,
      "rep": 4.93778,
      "rep_hi": 7.23192,
      "rep_lo": 2.64364,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 2.72572,
      "dem_hi": 4.74682,
      "dem_lo": 0.704608,
      "diff": -0.706115,
      "diff_hi": 2.56563,
      "diff_lo": -3.97786,
      "issue": "Path to legal status",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 58779,
      "n_rep": 36794,
      "rep": 2.0196,
      "rep_hi": 4.38973,
      "rep_lo": -0.350524,
      "states_dem": 38,
      "states_rep": 35
    },
    {
      "dem": 5.64441,
      "dem_hi": 10.1288,
      "dem_lo": 1.15998,
      "diff": 2.99324,
      "diff_hi": 7.64137,
      "diff_lo": -1.65489,
      "issue": "Gay marriage",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 31387,
      "n_rep": 18873,
      "rep": 8.63765,
      "rep_hi": 12.531,
      "rep_lo": 4.74434,
      "states_dem": 36,
      "states_rep": 34
    },
    {
      "dem": 0.683487,
      "dem_hi": 1.63358,
      "dem_lo": -0.266605,
      "diff": 2.62889,
      "diff_hi": 4.71068,
      "diff_lo": 0.547104,
      "issue": "Background checks",
      "model": "demographics_state",
      "n_dem": 58297,
      "n_rep": 37862,
      "rep": 3.31238,
      "rep_hi": 5.34871,
      "rep_lo": 1.27605,
      "states_dem": 37,
      "states_rep": 35
    }
  ],
  "id": "place_gap_by_party",
  "notes": [
    "Raw gaps and the raw difference come from a bootstrap over states. Adjusted gaps are coefficients from weighted linear regressions among Democrats or Republicans in deep counties, with standard errors clustered by state and normal intervals. The adjusted difference is the coefficient on deep-blue by Republican in a regression with every term interacted with party, clustered the same way.",
    "Rows are in the order of the first figure (party gap, largest first) in every view. The numbers in a tooltip are the respondents behind each dot. The data table gives the difference, its interval and the number of states behind each gap."
  ],
  "source": "CES cumulative common content, 2013-2021; county returns for the two-party margin; weighted (weight_cumulative)",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "dem_hi",
    "hi2": "rep_hi",
    "label1": "Democrats",
    "label2": "Republicans",
    "lo1": "dem_lo",
    "lo2": "rep_lo",
    "n1": "n_dem",
    "n2": "n_rep",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "dem",
    "x2": "rep",
    "xDomain": [
      -5,
      20
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Place gap in points (deep-blue minus deep-red counties)",
    "y": "issue"
  },
  "subtitle": "Place gap in points (deep-blue minus deep-red counties, share taking the Democratic side) for Democrats and Republicans, by issue; CES survey years 2013 to 2021",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "model",
        "label": "Model"
      },
      {
        "key": "issue",
        "label": "Issue"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "dem",
        "label": "Democrats"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "dem_lo",
        "label": "Democrats, low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "dem_hi",
        "label": "Democrats, high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "rep",
        "label": "Republicans"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "rep_lo",
        "label": "Republicans, low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "rep_hi",
        "label": "Republicans, high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff",
        "label": "Republican minus Democratic"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff_lo",
        "label": "Difference, low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff_hi",
        "label": "Difference, high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_dem",
        "label": "Democrats, n"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_rep",
        "label": "Republicans, n"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "states_dem",
        "label": "Democrats, states"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "states_rep",
        "label": "Republicans, states"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The Republican place gap is larger on most issues, but the interval for the average difference includes zero",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "model": "raw"
      },
      "id": "raw",
      "label": "Raw"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The interval for the adjusted difference lies above zero on {fact:n_adj_diff_ci_pos_demo} issues, the assault weapons ban and background checks. Each dot is the coefficient on a deep-blue indicator in a weighted linear regression of the share taking the Democratic side, with controls for education, race, age and gender, among Democrats or Republicans in deep counties. Whiskers are 95% intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "model": "demographics"
      },
      "id": "demographics",
      "label": "Demographics",
      "title": "Adjusting for demographics shrinks {fact:n_adj_smaller_demo} of the {fact:n_place_cells} place gaps and leaves the Republican gap larger on {fact:n_rep_larger_demo} of {fact:n_issues} issues"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The interval for the adjusted difference lies above zero on {fact:n_adj_diff_ci_pos_fe} issues, the assault weapons ban and background checks. Only the {fact:fe_states_min} to {fact:fe_states_max} states that hold both deep-red and deep-blue counties identify these gaps. Each dot is the coefficient on a deep-blue indicator in a weighted linear regression with the demographic controls and state fixed effects. Whiskers are 95% intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "model": "demographics_state"
      },
      "id": "demographics_state",
      "label": "Demographics + state fixed effects",
      "title": "With state fixed effects {fact:n_adj_smaller} of the {fact:n_place_cells} place gaps shrink, and the Republican gap is larger on {fact:n_rep_larger_fe} of {fact:n_issues} issues"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}