{
  "alt": "Three lines of the distance between the two parties' average placements, in standard deviations, each higher at the end than at the start. The ANES line rises from {fact:anes_gap_1972} in 1972 to {fact:anes_gap_2024} in 2024. The GSS line runs below the ANES line in {fact:gap_off_pos} of the {fact:off_gss_k} matched years and does not differ from it detectably in 2024. The CES line begins in 2006 above the GSS line, falls from {fact:ces_gap_2008} in 2008 to {fact:ces_gap_2016} in 2016 and ends at {fact:ces_gap_2024}.",
  "caption": "Each line ends higher than it starts, and the CES line falls from {fact:ces_gap_2008} in 2008 to {fact:ces_gap_2016} in 2016. One unit is the standard deviation of placements in all years of the same survey, so it means the same in every year of that survey. Each survey uses its own standard deviation, so levels are not comparable across surveys.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6693,
      "conf_low": 0.4967,
      "estimate": 0.583,
      "n": 1371,
      "n_eff": 595,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8196,
      "conf_low": 0.5704,
      "estimate": 0.695,
      "n": 977,
      "n_eff": 303.1,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8078,
      "conf_low": 0.6215,
      "estimate": 0.7146,
      "n": 1306,
      "n_eff": 558.3,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8284,
      "conf_low": 0.6537,
      "estimate": 0.741,
      "n": 1430,
      "n_eff": 563,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8873,
      "conf_low": 0.6638,
      "estimate": 0.7756,
      "n": 892,
      "n_eff": 377,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8849,
      "conf_low": 0.6572,
      "estimate": 0.7711,
      "n": 806,
      "n_eff": 327,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8761,
      "conf_low": 0.7011,
      "estimate": 0.7886,
      "n": 1401,
      "n_eff": 682,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.7217,
      "conf_low": 0.5566,
      "estimate": 0.6392,
      "n": 1441,
      "n_eff": 648,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8488,
      "conf_low": 0.6608,
      "estimate": 0.7548,
      "n": 1286,
      "n_eff": 638,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6998,
      "conf_low": 0.5101,
      "estimate": 0.605,
      "n": 1220,
      "n_eff": 547,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.9684,
      "conf_low": 0.8025,
      "estimate": 0.8854,
      "n": 1630,
      "n_eff": 756.2,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.0156,
      "conf_low": 0.8194,
      "estimate": 0.9175,
      "n": 1279,
      "n_eff": 499.8,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.0835,
      "conf_low": 0.8893,
      "estimate": 0.9864,
      "n": 1233,
      "n_eff": 460.7,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.9123,
      "conf_low": 0.6812,
      "estimate": 0.7968,
      "n": 922,
      "n_eff": 345.3,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.0949,
      "conf_low": 0.7867,
      "estimate": 0.9408,
      "n": 603,
      "n_eff": 239.7,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1833,
      "conf_low": 0.9305,
      "estimate": 1.0569,
      "n": 1171,
      "n_eff": 371.5,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.2518,
      "conf_low": 1.0091,
      "estimate": 1.1304,
      "n": 849,
      "n_eff": 351.4,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.4137,
      "conf_low": 1.2055,
      "estimate": 1.3096,
      "n": 1448,
      "n_eff": 409.1,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3183,
      "conf_low": 1.1944,
      "estimate": 1.2563,
      "n": 4613,
      "n_eff": 1161.1,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6052,
      "conf_low": 1.4694,
      "estimate": 1.5373,
      "n": 2949,
      "n_eff": 1021.4,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.7567,
      "conf_low": 1.6546,
      "estimate": 1.7056,
      "n": 6353,
      "n_eff": 1744.9,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6691,
      "conf_low": 1.5319,
      "estimate": 1.6005,
      "n": 4482,
      "n_eff": 1034.5,
      "survey": "ANES",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.4999,
      "conf_low": 0.2735,
      "estimate": 0.3867,
      "n": 1208,
      "n_eff": 359.5,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6489,
      "conf_low": 0.4123,
      "estimate": 0.5306,
      "n": 1196,
      "n_eff": 360.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6316,
      "conf_low": 0.3874,
      "estimate": 0.5095,
      "n": 1195,
      "n_eff": 336.2,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.5831,
      "conf_low": 0.3492,
      "estimate": 0.4662,
      "n": 1290,
      "n_eff": 373.7,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.4887,
      "conf_low": 0.2312,
      "estimate": 0.3599,
      "n": 1225,
      "n_eff": 288.4,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.4238,
      "conf_low": 0.1713,
      "estimate": 0.2975,
      "n": 1189,
      "n_eff": 315.4,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6686,
      "conf_low": 0.4175,
      "estimate": 0.5431,
      "n": 1528,
      "n_eff": 314.9,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.7049,
      "conf_low": 0.3793,
      "estimate": 0.5421,
      "n": 678,
      "n_eff": 174.4,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6163,
      "conf_low": 0.3721,
      "estimate": 0.4942,
      "n": 1244,
      "n_eff": 321.6,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6287,
      "conf_low": 0.3834,
      "estimate": 0.5061,
      "n": 1316,
      "n_eff": 393.6,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6839,
      "conf_low": 0.4622,
      "estimate": 0.5731,
      "n": 1221,
      "n_eff": 426.9,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.7114,
      "conf_low": 0.4832,
      "estimate": 0.5973,
      "n": 1502,
      "n_eff": 397.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.7127,
      "conf_low": 0.4802,
      "estimate": 0.5964,
      "n": 1248,
      "n_eff": 450.4,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6953,
      "conf_low": 0.4615,
      "estimate": 0.5784,
      "n": 1278,
      "n_eff": 496.8,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6605,
      "conf_low": 0.4117,
      "estimate": 0.5361,
      "n": 1162,
      "n_eff": 454.5,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.6456,
      "conf_low": 0.4163,
      "estimate": 0.531,
      "n": 1279,
      "n_eff": 509.8,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.7477,
      "conf_low": 0.5265,
      "estimate": 0.6371,
      "n": 1347,
      "n_eff": 492.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8452,
      "conf_low": 0.6781,
      "estimate": 0.7617,
      "n": 2471,
      "n_eff": 869.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8309,
      "conf_low": 0.6655,
      "estimate": 0.7482,
      "n": 2312,
      "n_eff": 870.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8611,
      "conf_low": 0.6838,
      "estimate": 0.7725,
      "n": 2211,
      "n_eff": 766.2,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.841,
      "conf_low": 0.6583,
      "estimate": 0.7496,
      "n": 2113,
      "n_eff": 756.4,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.9206,
      "conf_low": 0.666,
      "estimate": 0.7933,
      "n": 1061,
      "n_eff": 356.2,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.9964,
      "conf_low": 0.742,
      "estimate": 0.8692,
      "n": 1092,
      "n_eff": 377.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1004,
      "conf_low": 0.9546,
      "estimate": 1.0275,
      "n": 3365,
      "n_eff": 1044,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1547,
      "conf_low": 0.9466,
      "estimate": 1.0507,
      "n": 1611,
      "n_eff": 471.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.2303,
      "conf_low": 1.0005,
      "estimate": 1.1154,
      "n": 1583,
      "n_eff": 444.8,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1752,
      "conf_low": 0.9408,
      "estimate": 1.058,
      "n": 1487,
      "n_eff": 359.5,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1571,
      "conf_low": 0.9683,
      "estimate": 1.0627,
      "n": 1922,
      "n_eff": 589.9,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.2465,
      "conf_low": 1.0632,
      "estimate": 1.1549,
      "n": 2245,
      "n_eff": 652.3,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3292,
      "conf_low": 1.105,
      "estimate": 1.2171,
      "n": 1790,
      "n_eff": 435,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6059,
      "conf_low": 1.457,
      "estimate": 1.5315,
      "n": 3046,
      "n_eff": 845.7,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.631,
      "conf_low": 1.411,
      "estimate": 1.521,
      "n": 2522,
      "n_eff": 421.6,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6028,
      "conf_low": 1.3942,
      "estimate": 1.4985,
      "n": 2304,
      "n_eff": 580.2,
      "survey": "GSS",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3396,
      "conf_low": 1.3031,
      "estimate": 1.3214,
      "n": 30222,
      "n_eff": 11342.2,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.4396,
      "conf_low": 1.3533,
      "estimate": 1.3964,
      "n": 8001,
      "n_eff": 1983.3,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.4873,
      "conf_low": 1.4438,
      "estimate": 1.4656,
      "n": 27354,
      "n_eff": 9277.4,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3951,
      "conf_low": 1.3329,
      "estimate": 1.364,
      "n": 10859,
      "n_eff": 3973.4,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2009
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.2927,
      "conf_low": 1.2531,
      "estimate": 1.2729,
      "n": 46430,
      "n_eff": 8964.6,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1073,
      "conf_low": 1.0465,
      "estimate": 1.0769,
      "n": 16020,
      "n_eff": 3709.7,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.241,
      "conf_low": 1.2017,
      "estimate": 1.2213,
      "n": 43847,
      "n_eff": 8887.7,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.2405,
      "conf_low": 1.1681,
      "estimate": 1.2043,
      "n": 12250,
      "n_eff": 2683.2,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1981,
      "conf_low": 1.1574,
      "estimate": 1.1778,
      "n": 42901,
      "n_eff": 8686.8,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3004,
      "conf_low": 1.2251,
      "estimate": 1.2627,
      "n": 11025,
      "n_eff": 2725.3,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.1599,
      "conf_low": 1.1247,
      "estimate": 1.1423,
      "n": 50082,
      "n_eff": 11664.8,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3271,
      "conf_low": 1.2576,
      "estimate": 1.2924,
      "n": 13724,
      "n_eff": 2859.1,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6176,
      "conf_low": 1.5753,
      "estimate": 1.5965,
      "n": 47245,
      "n_eff": 10925.6,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.7409,
      "conf_low": 1.6694,
      "estimate": 1.7052,
      "n": 14276,
      "n_eff": 4089.7,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6113,
      "conf_low": 1.5703,
      "estimate": 1.5908,
      "n": 48071,
      "n_eff": 11264.4,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6698,
      "conf_low": 1.6116,
      "estimate": 1.6407,
      "n": 19863,
      "n_eff": 5244,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6291,
      "conf_low": 1.5874,
      "estimate": 1.6082,
      "n": 47741,
      "n_eff": 9659.2,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.5459,
      "conf_low": 1.4842,
      "estimate": 1.515,
      "n": 18941,
      "n_eff": 5123.8,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.6247,
      "conf_low": 1.5782,
      "estimate": 1.6015,
      "n": 49320,
      "n_eff": 7983.7,
      "survey": "CES",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap",
  "notes": [
    "Standard deviations are of the seven-point placement in the ANES and GSS and of the five-point placement in the CES, so one unit is not the same number of scale points across surveys."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1972-2024 (weight VCF0009z); GSS, 1974-2024 (weight_use); CES cumulative file, 2006-2024 (weight_cumulative); all estimates weighted",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "ANES": "cat1",
      "CES": "cat3",
      "GSS": "cat2"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "survey",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1972,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      2
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Republican minus Democratic average (SD)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean liberal-conservative self-placement of Republican identifiers minus that of Democratic identifiers (leaners included, pure independents left out), in standard deviations (SD) of placement, with 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "survey",
        "label": "Survey"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Estimate"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The two parties' average placements moved further apart on all three surveys",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}