{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with five rows, one for each behavior, each joining a ring for the difference among face-to-face respondents to a solid dot for web respondents, on a scale around zero. In the pooled view both dots are on the positive side of zero in every row and the two intervals overlap. Views for 2012, 2016 and 2024 have wider intervals and a few negative points.",
  "caption": "Each row joins the face-to-face difference (ring) to the web difference (solid dot). The pooled view has positive differences in both modes for every behavior, with intervals above zero for House voting and turnout in both modes and for straight-ticket voting on the web. Within a single year the intervals are wide and a few differences are negative, and the year views are descriptive. The 2020 study has no mode weights and is left out. Each dot has a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "ftf": 1.16721,
      "ftf_hi": 3.61228,
      "ftf_lo": -1.27786,
      "n_ftf": 1250,
      "n_web": 2588,
      "period": "2012",
      "web": -0.215989,
      "web_hi": 0.705051,
      "web_lo": -1.13703,
      "year": "2012"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "ftf": 2.54108,
      "ftf_hi": 4.73657,
      "ftf_lo": 0.345592,
      "n_ftf": 1036,
      "n_web": 2285,
      "period": "2012",
      "web": 0.957108,
      "web_hi": 2.24464,
      "web_lo": -0.330427,
      "year": "2012"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "ftf": 0.306382,
      "ftf_hi": 2.79384,
      "ftf_lo": -2.18108,
      "n_ftf": 1012,
      "n_web": 2227,
      "period": "2012",
      "web": 2.35542,
      "web_hi": 3.41632,
      "web_lo": 1.29451,
      "year": "2012"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "ftf": 3.09219,
      "ftf_hi": 4.95688,
      "ftf_lo": 1.22751,
      "n_ftf": 1685,
      "n_web": 3062,
      "period": "2012",
      "web": 1.75847,
      "web_hi": 3.23366,
      "web_lo": 0.283274,
      "year": "2012"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "ftf": 2.4995,
      "ftf_hi": 5.03628,
      "ftf_lo": -0.0372713,
      "n_ftf": 1684,
      "n_web": 3047,
      "period": "2012",
      "web": 1.43538,
      "web_hi": 3.36064,
      "web_lo": -0.489878,
      "year": "2012"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "ftf": 0.652935,
      "ftf_hi": 2.31282,
      "ftf_lo": -1.00695,
      "n_ftf": 696,
      "n_web": 1685,
      "period": "2016",
      "web": 1.11429,
      "web_hi": 2.31731,
      "web_lo": -0.0887308,
      "year": "2016"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "ftf": 0.662581,
      "ftf_hi": 2.65492,
      "ftf_lo": -1.32976,
      "n_ftf": 653,
      "n_web": 1494,
      "period": "2016",
      "web": 2.02579,
      "web_hi": 3.8153,
      "web_lo": 0.236283,
      "year": "2016"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "ftf": 0.723281,
      "ftf_hi": 2.86769,
      "ftf_lo": -1.42113,
      "n_ftf": 588,
      "n_web": 1399,
      "period": "2016",
      "web": 1.50648,
      "web_hi": 3.30683,
      "web_lo": -0.293859,
      "year": "2016"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "ftf": 1.97055,
      "ftf_hi": 4.0041,
      "ftf_lo": -0.0629934,
      "n_ftf": 931,
      "n_web": 2199,
      "period": "2016",
      "web": 0.886591,
      "web_hi": 2.47995,
      "web_lo": -0.706772,
      "year": "2016"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "ftf": 1.65869,
      "ftf_hi": 4.4715,
      "ftf_lo": -1.15412,
      "n_ftf": 926,
      "n_web": 2180,
      "period": "2016",
      "web": 0.918822,
      "web_hi": 2.69308,
      "web_lo": -0.855431,
      "year": "2016"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "ftf": 0.934468,
      "ftf_hi": 3.1708,
      "ftf_lo": -1.30186,
      "n_ftf": 674,
      "n_web": 1313,
      "period": "2024",
      "web": 0.68253,
      "web_hi": 2.01626,
      "web_lo": -0.651204,
      "year": "2024"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "ftf": 0.866813,
      "ftf_hi": 3.79839,
      "ftf_lo": -2.06477,
      "n_ftf": 594,
      "n_web": 1211,
      "period": "2024",
      "web": 0.382112,
      "web_hi": 1.81915,
      "web_lo": -1.05493,
      "year": "2024"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "ftf": 1.50404,
      "ftf_hi": 4.1165,
      "ftf_lo": -1.10843,
      "n_ftf": 571,
      "n_web": 1185,
      "period": "2024",
      "web": 0.196383,
      "web_hi": 1.61945,
      "web_lo": -1.22668,
      "year": "2024"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "ftf": 1.31808,
      "ftf_hi": 4.6035,
      "ftf_lo": -1.96734,
      "n_ftf": 860,
      "n_web": 1600,
      "period": "2024",
      "web": 1.12324,
      "web_hi": 2.79114,
      "web_lo": -0.544668,
      "year": "2024"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "ftf": -0.845269,
      "ftf_hi": 2.49237,
      "ftf_lo": -4.18291,
      "n_ftf": 855,
      "n_web": 1595,
      "period": "2024",
      "web": 0.475855,
      "web_hi": 3.23486,
      "web_lo": -2.28315,
      "year": "2024"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "ftf": 0.935997,
      "ftf_hi": 2.30909,
      "ftf_lo": -0.437096,
      "n_ftf": 2620,
      "n_web": 5586,
      "period": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled",
      "web": 0.465408,
      "web_hi": 1.11513,
      "web_lo": -0.184309,
      "year": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "ftf": 1.52908,
      "ftf_hi": 2.9076,
      "ftf_lo": 0.150561,
      "n_ftf": 2283,
      "n_web": 4990,
      "period": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled",
      "web": 1.24958,
      "web_hi": 2.14012,
      "web_lo": 0.359047,
      "year": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "ftf": 0.524398,
      "ftf_hi": 2.01286,
      "ftf_lo": -0.964065,
      "n_ftf": 2171,
      "n_web": 4811,
      "period": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled",
      "web": 1.5823,
      "web_hi": 2.42437,
      "web_lo": 0.740232,
      "year": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "ftf": 2.4062,
      "ftf_hi": 3.68407,
      "ftf_lo": 1.12834,
      "n_ftf": 3476,
      "n_web": 6861,
      "period": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled",
      "web": 1.25157,
      "web_hi": 2.17443,
      "web_lo": 0.328701,
      "year": "pooled"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "ftf": 1.56366,
      "ftf_hi": 3.21307,
      "ftf_lo": -0.0857586,
      "n_ftf": 3465,
      "n_web": 6822,
      "period": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled",
      "web": 1.05963,
      "web_hi": 2.24141,
      "web_lo": -0.122157,
      "year": "pooled"
    }
  ],
  "id": "mode",
  "notes": [
    "Mode groups are the fresh face-to-face and fresh web samples with their own weights. In 2024 the panel and paper respondents belong to neither group and are not in this figure. Pooled estimates include year fixed effects."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1978-2024; weighted (VCF0009z; weight_ftf and weight_web for the mode estimates of 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024)",
  "spec": {
    "deltaLabel": "Web minus face to face",
    "hi1": "ftf_hi",
    "hi2": "web_hi",
    "label1": "Face to face",
    "label2": "Web",
    "lo1": "ftf_lo",
    "lo2": "web_lo",
    "n1": "n_ftf",
    "n2": "n_web",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "ftf",
    "x2": "web",
    "xDomain": [
      -5,
      6
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Coldness minus warmth (percentage points per 10 rating points)",
    "y": "behavior"
  },
  "subtitle": "Coldness coefficient minus warmth coefficient, percentage points of each behavior per {fact:step} rating points, face-to-face and web respondents separately, partisans including leaners",
  "title": "In 2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled, the coldness-minus-warmth difference has the same sign in face-to-face and web interviews for all five behaviors, and the two intervals overlap in every row",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "year": "pooled"
      },
      "id": "pooled",
      "label": "2012, 2016 and 2024 pooled"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "year": "2012"
      },
      "id": "y2012",
      "label": "2012"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "year": "2016"
      },
      "id": "y2016",
      "label": "2016"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "year": "2024"
      },
      "id": "y2024",
      "label": "2024"
    }
  ]
}