{
  "alt": "Five dot panels, one for each check, each with five rows for the behaviors and a dot with an interval for coldness minus warmth, around a reference line at zero. Every dot in the first view lies on the positive side of zero, and the intervals include zero in {fact:n_chk_incl} of the {fact:n_chk_cells} cases: presidential and House voting when leaners are left out, and presidential voting and turnout on the like-dislike scale.",
  "caption": "The panels leave leaners out, hold party, strength of identification, education, age and interest in the campaign fixed, fit each rating in its own model, move to the log-odds scale, and replace the thermometer with the 0 to 10 like-dislike scale. The intervals include zero for presidential voting and House voting when leaners are left out, and for presidential voting and turnout on the like-dislike scale. The like-dislike scale was asked in seven studies from 1996, so it has no 1978 to 1990 view. Each dot is a difference with a 95% interval.",
  "data": [
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.456777,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.78151,
      "diff_estimate": -0.662369,
      "n": 2345,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.476521,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.41207,
      "diff_estimate": -0.467773,
      "n": 4518,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.959379,
      "diff_conf_low": -2.08645,
      "diff_estimate": -0.563537,
      "n": 2015,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0938132,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.54862,
      "diff_estimate": -0.727402,
      "n": 7863,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.480445,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.15821,
      "diff_estimate": -0.338881,
      "n": 7801,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.445785,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.5649,
      "diff_estimate": -0.55956,
      "n": 3021,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.75601,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.00410716,
      "diff_estimate": 0.880059,
      "n": 5830,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.83433,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.103455,
      "diff_estimate": 1.46889,
      "n": 2602,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.843503,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.458626,
      "diff_estimate": 0.192438,
      "n": 10525,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.920153,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.383711,
      "diff_estimate": 0.268221,
      "n": 10442,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.466415,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.20664,
      "diff_estimate": -0.370113,
      "n": 3090,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.659262,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.841312,
      "diff_estimate": -0.0910247,
      "n": 5930,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.59649,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.601197,
      "diff_estimate": 0.497646,
      "n": 2662,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": -0.383932,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.69102,
      "diff_estimate": -1.03748,
      "n": 10692,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.623398,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.666057,
      "diff_estimate": -0.0213295,
      "n": 10606,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.169114,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0134649,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0912897,
      "n": 3090,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0620234,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.0306084,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0157075,
      "n": 5930,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.117919,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.0168601,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0505295,
      "n": 2662,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": -0.0157649,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.0785825,
      "diff_estimate": -0.0471737,
      "n": 10692,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0301574,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.0307705,
      "diff_estimate": -0.00030655,
      "n": 10606,
      "period": "1978 to 1990",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.543307,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.13455,
      "diff_estimate": -0.295622,
      "n": 4029,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.18273,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.818564,
      "diff_estimate": 0.182085,
      "n": 4658,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.51244,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.883004,
      "diff_estimate": 0.314717,
      "n": 3409,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.1634,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.290426,
      "diff_estimate": 1.22691,
      "n": 7068,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.78914,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.781154,
      "diff_estimate": 1.78515,
      "n": 7057,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0267926,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.69352,
      "diff_estimate": -0.833363,
      "n": 4637,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.65962,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.240227,
      "diff_estimate": 0.709698,
      "n": 5593,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.66151,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.725936,
      "diff_estimate": 0.467785,
      "n": 3909,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.98048,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.431971,
      "diff_estimate": 1.20623,
      "n": 8970,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.91364,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.225385,
      "diff_estimate": 1.06951,
      "n": 8958,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0565216,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.1834,
      "diff_estimate": -0.56344,
      "n": 5400,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.719073,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.707909,
      "diff_estimate": 0.00558234,
      "n": 6271,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.955878,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.695801,
      "diff_estimate": 0.130039,
      "n": 4528,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.56182,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.177857,
      "diff_estimate": 0.86984,
      "n": 10010,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.1007,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.664222,
      "diff_estimate": 1.38246,
      "n": 9997,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.141375,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.02912,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0561277,
      "n": 5400,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0883764,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.020609,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0338837,
      "n": 6271,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.120329,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.017609,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0513601,
      "n": 4528,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.101115,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0179128,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0595141,
      "n": 10010,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.108253,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0370434,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0726482,
      "n": 9997,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.29822,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.758957,
      "diff_estimate": 0.269631,
      "n": 3127,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 3.03514,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.427283,
      "diff_estimate": 1.73121,
      "n": 2783,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 3.25025,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.39263,
      "diff_estimate": 1.82144,
      "n": 2662,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": -0.856553,
      "diff_conf_low": -3.20831,
      "diff_estimate": -2.03243,
      "n": 4075,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 3.08344,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.276968,
      "diff_estimate": 1.6802,
      "n": 4074,
      "period": "1992 to 2008",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.895702,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.278843,
      "diff_estimate": 0.308429,
      "n": 11862,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.3977,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.0543346,
      "diff_estimate": 0.671685,
      "n": 10454,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.44895,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.132081,
      "diff_estimate": 0.790516,
      "n": 10207,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.23591,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.787944,
      "diff_estimate": 1.51192,
      "n": 13947,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.1559,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.242786,
      "diff_estimate": 1.19934,
      "n": 13739,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Leaners excluded"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.08545,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0515728,
      "diff_estimate": 0.56851,
      "n": 14882,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.86192,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.610666,
      "diff_estimate": 1.23629,
      "n": 13254,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.97198,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.734299,
      "diff_estimate": 1.35314,
      "n": 12804,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.9613,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.774641,
      "diff_estimate": 1.36797,
      "n": 18105,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.00279,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.487684,
      "diff_estimate": 1.24524,
      "n": 18007,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.87847,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.129441,
      "diff_estimate": 0.503956,
      "n": 15612,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.59939,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.731645,
      "diff_estimate": 1.16552,
      "n": 13912,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.38705,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.544709,
      "diff_estimate": 0.96588,
      "n": 13435,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.64834,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.736537,
      "diff_estimate": 1.19244,
      "n": 18976,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.72912,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.572614,
      "diff_estimate": 1.15087,
      "n": 18697,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Each rating in its own model"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.140628,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0186717,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0796498,
      "n": 15612,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.180034,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0770917,
      "diff_estimate": 0.128563,
      "n": 13912,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.179891,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0657494,
      "diff_estimate": 0.12282,
      "n": 13435,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.14679,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0643684,
      "diff_estimate": 0.105579,
      "n": 18976,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.0941632,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.0320575,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0631104,
      "n": 18697,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Log-odds scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.805507,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.163774,
      "diff_estimate": 0.320867,
      "n": 15238,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "diff_conf_high": 1.34133,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.199988,
      "diff_estimate": 0.770658,
      "n": 13586,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.09954,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.943563,
      "diff_estimate": 1.52155,
      "n": 13126,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "diff_conf_high": 0.916244,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.360313,
      "diff_estimate": 0.277966,
      "n": 18479,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "diff_conf_high": 2.37631,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.878011,
      "diff_estimate": 1.62716,
      "n": 18475,
      "period": "2012 to 2024",
      "spec_label": "Like-dislike scale"
    }
  ],
  "id": "checks",
  "notes": [
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from HC3 robust standard errors (a linear probability model with year fixed effects) and treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample. The log-odds panel uses a probability-weight sandwich covariance.",
    "The like-dislike scale is the 0 to 10 scale for each party, asked in 1996, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1978-2024; weighted (VCF0009z)",
  "spec": {
    "facet": "spec_label",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "hi": "diff_conf_high",
    "legend": false,
    "lo": "diff_conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "x": "diff_estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -4,
      5
    ],
    "xDomains": {
      "Each rating in its own model": [
        -2.5,
        3.5
      ],
      "Leaners excluded": [
        -2.5,
        3.5
      ],
      "Like-dislike scale": [
        -4,
        4
      ],
      "Log-odds scale": [
        -0.2,
        0.4
      ],
      "Party, strength, education, age and interest held fixed": [
        -2.5,
        3.5
      ]
    },
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "xLabel": "Coldness minus warmth",
    "y": "behavior"
  },
  "subtitle": "Coldness coefficient minus warmth coefficient, partisans, by check, 2012 to 2024; percentage points per {fact:step} rating points (log-odds in one panel, per scale point of the like-dislike scale in another)",
  "title": "In 2012 to 2024 the difference between coldness and warmth is positive in all {fact:n_chk_cells} cells of five further checks, with an interval above zero in {fact:n_chk_excl}",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "period": "2012 to 2024"
      },
      "id": "p3",
      "label": "2012 to 2024"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "period": "1992 to 2008"
      },
      "id": "p2",
      "label": "1992 to 2008"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "period": "1978 to 1990"
      },
      "id": "p1",
      "label": "1978 to 1990"
    }
  ]
}