{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with five rows, one for each behavior, each joining a ring for the association with warmth toward the own party to a solid dot for the association with coldness toward the other party. In 2012 to 2024 the solid dot is to the right of the ring in every row, by the least for presidential voting. Further views show 1992 to 2008 and 1978 to 1990, where the two dots are close in most rows and the ring is to the right for turnout, and 1978 to 1990 split into presidential and midterm years.",
  "caption": "In the first view the solid dot (coldness toward the other party) lies to the right of the ring (warmth toward the own party) in all five rows, and the difference is largest for House voting, reported turnout and campaign activity and smallest for presidential voting. In the 1978 to 1990 view the difference has an interval that includes zero in every row except turnout, where the ring lies to the right. The last two views split 1978 to 1990 by election type: the turnout ring lies to the right in the midterm studies and the difference includes zero in the presidential studies. Presidential voting and the straight ticket exist only in presidential years. A row's right-hand column is coldness minus warmth. Coldness is {fact:therm_max} minus the rating of the other party.",
  "data": [
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 4.71025,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.63962,
      "cold_estimate": 4.17493,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.867494,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.06,
      "diff_estimate": -0.0962528,
      "n": 3090,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990",
      "view": "p1",
      "warm_conf_high": 5.00597,
      "warm_conf_low": 3.53641,
      "warm_estimate": 4.27119
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.42766,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.47225,
      "cold_estimate": 2.94996,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.863731,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.794406,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0346624,
      "n": 5930,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990",
      "view": "p1",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.53904,
      "warm_conf_low": 2.29155,
      "warm_estimate": 2.9153
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.55803,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.10449,
      "cold_estimate": 2.83126,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.06013,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.503099,
      "diff_estimate": 0.778514,
      "n": 2662,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990",
      "view": "p1",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.99521,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.11028,
      "warm_estimate": 2.05275
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "cold_conf_high": 1.50667,
      "cold_conf_low": 0.660333,
      "cold_estimate": 1.0835,
      "diff_conf_high": -0.375261,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.75756,
      "diff_estimate": -1.06641,
      "n": 10692,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990",
      "view": "p1",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.6607,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.63913,
      "warm_estimate": 2.14991
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "cold_conf_high": 2.3968,
      "cold_conf_low": 1.52015,
      "cold_estimate": 1.95848,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.69865,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.666309,
      "diff_estimate": 0.0161707,
      "n": 10606,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990",
      "view": "p1",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.45077,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.43384,
      "warm_estimate": 1.94231
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.63113,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.33215,
      "cold_estimate": 2.98164,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.985197,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.23494,
      "diff_estimate": -0.124874,
      "n": 3138,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, midterm years",
      "view": "p1mid",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.95165,
      "warm_conf_low": 2.26138,
      "warm_estimate": 3.10652
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "cold_conf_high": 1.46237,
      "cold_conf_low": 0.28779,
      "cold_estimate": 0.875081,
      "diff_conf_high": -0.535706,
      "diff_conf_low": -2.36784,
      "diff_estimate": -1.45177,
      "n": 6348,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, midterm years",
      "view": "p1mid",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.017,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.63671,
      "warm_estimate": 2.32685
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "cold_conf_high": 2.08152,
      "cold_conf_low": 0.954184,
      "cold_estimate": 1.51785,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.693145,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.01658,
      "diff_estimate": -0.161717,
      "n": 6321,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, midterm years",
      "view": "p1mid",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.32741,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.03173,
      "warm_estimate": 1.67957
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 4.71025,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.63962,
      "cold_estimate": 4.17493,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.867494,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.06,
      "diff_estimate": -0.0962528,
      "n": 3090,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years",
      "view": "p1pres",
      "warm_conf_high": 5.00597,
      "warm_conf_low": 3.53641,
      "warm_estimate": 4.27119
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.63734,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.22652,
      "cold_estimate": 2.93193,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.46386,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.02946,
      "diff_estimate": 0.217205,
      "n": 2792,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years",
      "view": "p1pres",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.63877,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.79068,
      "warm_estimate": 2.71473
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.55803,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.10449,
      "cold_estimate": 2.83126,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.06013,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.503099,
      "diff_estimate": 0.778514,
      "n": 2662,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years",
      "view": "p1pres",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.99521,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.11028,
      "warm_estimate": 2.05275
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "cold_conf_high": 1.99161,
      "cold_conf_low": 0.787163,
      "cold_estimate": 1.38939,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.570926,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.51464,
      "diff_estimate": -0.471857,
      "n": 4344,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years",
      "view": "p1pres",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.61672,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.10577,
      "warm_estimate": 1.86124
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.23355,
      "cold_conf_low": 1.84013,
      "cold_estimate": 2.53684,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.41018,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.848822,
      "diff_estimate": 0.280679,
      "n": 4285,
      "period_label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years",
      "view": "p1pres",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.07756,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.43477,
      "warm_estimate": 2.25616
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.7383,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.85137,
      "cold_estimate": 3.29484,
      "diff_conf_high": 0.370315,
      "diff_conf_low": -1.12825,
      "diff_estimate": -0.37897,
      "n": 5400,
      "period_label": "1992 to 2008",
      "view": "p2",
      "warm_conf_high": 4.26232,
      "warm_conf_low": 3.08529,
      "warm_estimate": 3.67381
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.81194,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.8641,
      "cold_estimate": 3.33802,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.06694,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.60854,
      "diff_estimate": 0.229198,
      "n": 6271,
      "period_label": "1992 to 2008",
      "view": "p2",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.73349,
      "warm_conf_low": 2.48415,
      "warm_estimate": 3.10882
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.86666,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.7495,
      "cold_estimate": 3.30808,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.48436,
      "diff_conf_low": -0.555956,
      "diff_estimate": 0.464203,
      "n": 4528,
      "period_label": "1992 to 2008",
      "view": "p2",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.59123,
      "warm_conf_low": 2.09653,
      "warm_estimate": 2.84388
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "cold_conf_high": 2.87564,
      "cold_conf_low": 1.95386,
      "cold_estimate": 2.41475,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.85538,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.287229,
      "diff_estimate": 1.07131,
      "n": 10010,
      "period_label": "1992 to 2008",
      "view": "p2",
      "warm_conf_high": 1.90767,
      "warm_conf_low": 0.779218,
      "warm_estimate": 1.34345
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "cold_conf_high": 4.05532,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.05051,
      "cold_estimate": 3.55292,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.50273,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.878694,
      "diff_estimate": 1.69071,
      "n": 9997,
      "period_label": "1992 to 2008",
      "view": "p2",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.45701,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.26739,
      "warm_estimate": 1.8622
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line presidential vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.96354,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.26944,
      "cold_estimate": 3.61649,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.23089,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.250781,
      "diff_estimate": 0.740834,
      "n": 15612,
      "period_label": "2012 to 2024",
      "view": "p3",
      "warm_conf_high": 3.20267,
      "warm_conf_low": 2.54864,
      "warm_estimate": 2.87566
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Party-line House vote",
      "cold_conf_high": 3.88208,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.06848,
      "cold_estimate": 3.47528,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.12974,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.985755,
      "diff_estimate": 1.55775,
      "n": 13912,
      "period_label": "2012 to 2024",
      "view": "p3",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.28727,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.5478,
      "warm_estimate": 1.91753
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Straight ticket",
      "cold_conf_high": 2.9346,
      "cold_conf_low": 2.15581,
      "cold_estimate": 2.54521,
      "diff_conf_high": 1.90193,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.768141,
      "diff_estimate": 1.33503,
      "n": 13435,
      "period_label": "2012 to 2024",
      "view": "p3",
      "warm_conf_high": 1.57275,
      "warm_conf_low": 0.847603,
      "warm_estimate": 1.21018
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Reported turnout",
      "cold_conf_high": 2.64111,
      "cold_conf_low": 1.86639,
      "cold_estimate": 2.25375,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.17403,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.981613,
      "diff_estimate": 1.57782,
      "n": 18976,
      "period_label": "2012 to 2024",
      "view": "p3",
      "warm_conf_high": 1.05595,
      "warm_conf_low": 0.295902,
      "warm_estimate": 0.675925
    },
    {
      "behavior": "Campaign activity",
      "cold_conf_high": 4.035,
      "cold_conf_low": 3.09032,
      "cold_estimate": 3.56266,
      "diff_conf_high": 2.29544,
      "diff_conf_low": 0.793807,
      "diff_estimate": 1.54463,
      "n": 18697,
      "period_label": "2012 to 2024",
      "view": "p3",
      "warm_conf_high": 2.49951,
      "warm_conf_low": 1.53655,
      "warm_estimate": 2.01803
    }
  ],
  "id": "by_period",
  "notes": [
    "Intervals are 95% intervals from HC3 robust standard errors (a linear probability model with year fixed effects) and treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample.",
    "Presidential voting is among partisans who voted for a major-party candidate. Turnout and campaign activity are self-reports. The 1978 to 1990 period has midterm studies in 1978, 1982, 1986 and 1990; 2012 to 2024 has none."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1978-2024; weighted (VCF0009z)",
  "spec": {
    "deltaLabel": "Cold minus warm",
    "hi1": "warm_conf_high",
    "hi2": "cold_conf_high",
    "label1": "Warmth toward own party",
    "label2": "Coldness toward other party",
    "lo1": "warm_conf_low",
    "lo2": "cold_conf_low",
    "n1": "n",
    "n2": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "warm_estimate",
    "x2": "cold_estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      -0.5,
      5.5
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "xLabel": "Percentage points of the behavior per 10 rating points",
    "y": "behavior"
  },
  "subtitle": "Percentage points of each behavior per {fact:step} points on the 0 to 100 thermometer, from one linear probability model per behavior and period with both ratings and year fixed effects, partisans including leaners",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "behavior",
        "label": "Behavior"
      },
      {
        "key": "period_label",
        "label": "Sample"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "warm_estimate",
        "label": "Warmth coefficient"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "warm_conf_low",
        "label": "Warmth, lower end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "warm_conf_high",
        "label": "Warmth, upper end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "cold_estimate",
        "label": "Coldness coefficient"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "cold_conf_low",
        "label": "Coldness, lower end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "cold_conf_high",
        "label": "Coldness, upper end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff_estimate",
        "label": "Coldness minus warmth"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff_conf_low",
        "label": "Difference, lower end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2,
          "signed": true
        },
        "key": "diff_conf_high",
        "label": "Difference, upper end"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Per rating point, coldness toward the other party went with more House voting, reported turnout and campaign activity than warmth toward the own party did in 2012 to 2024, while in 1978 to 1990 the two went with similar amounts of House voting and campaign activity",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "p3"
      },
      "id": "p3",
      "label": "2012 to 2024"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "p2"
      },
      "id": "p2",
      "label": "1992 to 2008"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "p1"
      },
      "id": "p1",
      "label": "1978 to 1990"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "p1pres"
      },
      "id": "p1pres",
      "label": "1978 to 1990, presidential years"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "p1mid"
      },
      "id": "p1mid",
      "label": "1978 to 1990, midterm years"
    }
  ]
}