{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row for each of the {fact:n_meas} tract measures, grouped by data source or by what happens to the coefficient. Raw coefficients run from negative for arthritis to positive for hazardous waste proximity; adjusted coefficients lie closer together, mostly above zero, with the largest for lack of health insurance.",
  "caption": "Adjusted coefficients are closer to zero than raw ones for {fact:n_closer} of the {fact:n_meas} measures, and they lie above zero for {fact:n_adj_pos}. Each row plots two coefficients of the tract Democratic share of the two-party vote on one measure, signed so that a higher value means more hardship; the open dot has no controls and the filled dot holds race and ethnicity shares, the college share, population density and state fixed. Bars are 95% intervals from state clusters.",
  "data": [
    {
      "adj_hi": 5.22123,
      "adj_lo": 2.5766,
      "adjusted": 3.89892,
      "group": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "label": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -5.8632,
      "raw_hi": -3.50879,
      "raw_lo": -8.21762,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.33908,
      "adj_lo": 2.88416,
      "adjusted": 3.61162,
      "group": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "label": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 3.03822,
      "raw_hi": 4.80663,
      "raw_lo": 1.2698,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.69763,
      "adj_lo": 1.25706,
      "adjusted": 1.97734,
      "group": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "label": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -2.36694,
      "raw_hi": -0.694653,
      "raw_lo": -4.03923,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.27533,
      "adj_lo": 0.756206,
      "adjusted": 1.01577,
      "group": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "label": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 2.46024,
      "raw_hi": 4.12252,
      "raw_lo": 0.797973,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.59236,
      "adj_lo": 1.13341,
      "adjusted": 1.86288,
      "group": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "label": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.428719,
      "raw_hi": 2.29033,
      "raw_lo": -1.43289,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.92597,
      "adj_lo": -0.773664,
      "adjusted": 1.07615,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.6311,
      "raw_hi": 14.6287,
      "raw_lo": 8.63342,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.54632,
      "adj_lo": 1.16804,
      "adjusted": 2.35718,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.8618,
      "raw_hi": 15.5994,
      "raw_lo": 8.12419,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.13623,
      "adj_lo": 0.801222,
      "adjusted": 1.96872,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.4047,
      "raw_hi": 12.6858,
      "raw_lo": 10.1237,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": -0.0869626,
      "adj_lo": -3.83874,
      "adjusted": -1.96285,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": 4.62647,
      "raw_hi": 6.186,
      "raw_lo": 3.06694,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": -2.09308,
      "adj_lo": -4.27543,
      "adjusted": -3.18425,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": 3.83257,
      "raw_hi": 6.30475,
      "raw_lo": 1.36039,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 0.634586,
      "adj_lo": -0.145314,
      "adjusted": 0.244636,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.532009,
      "raw_hi": 1.75452,
      "raw_lo": -0.690505,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.33172,
      "adj_lo": 2.86194,
      "adjusted": 3.59683,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 6.67493,
      "raw_hi": 7.80634,
      "raw_lo": 5.54352,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.13368,
      "adj_lo": -0.00513489,
      "adjusted": 0.564275,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 6.87787,
      "raw_hi": 8.00706,
      "raw_lo": 5.74869,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.31149,
      "adj_lo": -0.32706,
      "adjusted": 0.492217,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 4.95493,
      "raw_hi": 6.70603,
      "raw_lo": 3.20383,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.85642,
      "adj_lo": 2.20103,
      "adjusted": 3.02872,
      "group": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "label": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 13.1365,
      "raw_hi": 14.3961,
      "raw_lo": 11.8769,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 5.26914,
      "adj_lo": 3.71228,
      "adjusted": 4.49071,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.220737,
      "raw_hi": 1.5979,
      "raw_lo": -1.15642,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.56585,
      "adj_lo": 2.58942,
      "adjusted": 3.07763,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": -0.112615,
      "raw_hi": 1.29074,
      "raw_lo": -1.51597,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.1385,
      "adj_lo": 1.97888,
      "adjusted": 3.05869,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -6.3286,
      "raw_hi": -4.16323,
      "raw_lo": -8.49397,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.67991,
      "adj_lo": 1.21904,
      "adjusted": 1.94947,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -1.66951,
      "raw_hi": -0.121355,
      "raw_lo": -3.21767,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.57735,
      "adj_lo": -1.50439,
      "adjusted": 0.0364807,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": -4.80225,
      "raw_hi": -2.58581,
      "raw_lo": -7.01868,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.12414,
      "adj_lo": 2.55951,
      "adjusted": 3.34182,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -4.69694,
      "raw_hi": -2.80953,
      "raw_lo": -6.58434,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.13113,
      "adj_lo": 2.44227,
      "adjusted": 3.2867,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -1.88446,
      "raw_hi": -0.281833,
      "raw_lo": -3.48709,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 8.97037,
      "adj_lo": 6.20505,
      "adjusted": 7.58771,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 1.77116,
      "raw_hi": 3.1309,
      "raw_lo": 0.411418,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 0.384874,
      "adj_lo": -0.63584,
      "adjusted": -0.125483,
      "group": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "label": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": -10.3717,
      "raw_hi": -8.94522,
      "raw_lo": -11.7982,
      "view": "source"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.33172,
      "adj_lo": 2.86194,
      "adjusted": 3.59683,
      "group": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 6.67493,
      "raw_hi": 7.80634,
      "raw_lo": 5.54352,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.33908,
      "adj_lo": 2.88416,
      "adjusted": 3.61162,
      "group": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 3.03822,
      "raw_hi": 4.80663,
      "raw_lo": 1.2698,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 8.97037,
      "adj_lo": 6.20505,
      "adjusted": 7.58771,
      "group": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Keeps 50 percent or more of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 1.77116,
      "raw_hi": 3.1309,
      "raw_lo": 0.411418,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.85642,
      "adj_lo": 2.20103,
      "adjusted": 3.02872,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 13.1365,
      "raw_hi": 14.3961,
      "raw_lo": 11.8769,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.54632,
      "adj_lo": 1.16804,
      "adjusted": 2.35718,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.8618,
      "raw_hi": 15.5994,
      "raw_lo": 8.12419,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.92597,
      "adj_lo": -0.773664,
      "adjusted": 1.07615,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.6311,
      "raw_hi": 14.6287,
      "raw_lo": 8.63342,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.13623,
      "adj_lo": 0.801222,
      "adjusted": 1.96872,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 11.4047,
      "raw_hi": 12.6858,
      "raw_lo": 10.1237,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.13368,
      "adj_lo": -0.00513489,
      "adjusted": 0.564275,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 6.87787,
      "raw_hi": 8.00706,
      "raw_lo": 5.74869,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.31149,
      "adj_lo": -0.32706,
      "adjusted": 0.492217,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 4.95493,
      "raw_hi": 6.70603,
      "raw_lo": 3.20383,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.27533,
      "adj_lo": 0.756206,
      "adjusted": 1.01577,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": 2.46024,
      "raw_hi": 4.12252,
      "raw_lo": 0.797973,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 1.57735,
      "adj_lo": -1.50439,
      "adjusted": 0.0364807,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": -4.80225,
      "raw_hi": -2.58581,
      "raw_lo": -7.01868,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 0.384874,
      "adj_lo": -0.63584,
      "adjusted": -0.125483,
      "group": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "label": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Loses more than 50 percent of the raw coefficient",
      "raw": -10.3717,
      "raw_hi": -8.94522,
      "raw_lo": -11.7982,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": -0.0869626,
      "adj_lo": -3.83874,
      "adjusted": -1.96285,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": 4.62647,
      "raw_hi": 6.186,
      "raw_lo": 3.06694,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": -2.09308,
      "adj_lo": -4.27543,
      "adjusted": -3.18425,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": 3.83257,
      "raw_hi": 6.30475,
      "raw_lo": 1.36039,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.67991,
      "adj_lo": 1.21904,
      "adjusted": 1.94947,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -1.66951,
      "raw_hi": -0.121355,
      "raw_lo": -3.21767,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.13113,
      "adj_lo": 2.44227,
      "adjusted": 3.2867,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -1.88446,
      "raw_hi": -0.281833,
      "raw_lo": -3.48709,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.69763,
      "adj_lo": 1.25706,
      "adjusted": 1.97734,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -2.36694,
      "raw_hi": -0.694653,
      "raw_lo": -4.03923,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.12414,
      "adj_lo": 2.55951,
      "adjusted": 3.34182,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -4.69694,
      "raw_hi": -2.80953,
      "raw_lo": -6.58434,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 5.22123,
      "adj_lo": 2.5766,
      "adjusted": 3.89892,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -5.8632,
      "raw_hi": -3.50879,
      "raw_lo": -8.21762,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 4.1385,
      "adj_lo": 1.97888,
      "adjusted": 3.05869,
      "group": "Reverses sign",
      "label": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Reverses sign",
      "raw": -6.3286,
      "raw_hi": -4.16323,
      "raw_lo": -8.49397,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 0.634586,
      "adj_lo": -0.145314,
      "adjusted": 0.244636,
      "group": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "label": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.532009,
      "raw_hi": 1.75452,
      "raw_lo": -0.690505,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 2.59236,
      "adj_lo": 1.13341,
      "adjusted": 1.86288,
      "group": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "label": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.428719,
      "raw_hi": 2.29033,
      "raw_lo": -1.43289,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 5.26914,
      "adj_lo": 3.71228,
      "adjusted": 4.49071,
      "group": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "label": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": 0.220737,
      "raw_hi": 1.5979,
      "raw_lo": -1.15642,
      "view": "pattern"
    },
    {
      "adj_hi": 3.56585,
      "adj_lo": 2.58942,
      "adjusted": 3.07763,
      "group": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "label": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "pattern": "Raw interval includes zero",
      "raw": -0.112615,
      "raw_hi": 1.29074,
      "raw_lo": -1.51597,
      "view": "pattern"
    }
  ],
  "id": "raw_vs_adjusted",
  "notes": [
    "Low household income rank and low individual income rank in adulthood are the Opportunity Atlas ranks with the sign reversed, so that a higher value means worse outcomes.",
    "Each measure is cut at its 1st and 99th percentiles across tracts before it is standardized with the vote-weighted mean and standard deviation.",
    "The grouping rule was set after a first run of the estimates, and the methods note gives it.",
    "Votes are estimates allocated from precincts to tracts, not reported counts."
  ],
  "source": "Precinct returns allocated to 2020 census tracts (Fekrazad 2025) with the ADI, Opportunity Atlas, EJScreen, PLACES and ACS values of the project tract atlas; 2020 presidential vote; weighted by tract votes",
  "spec": {
    "deltaLabel": "Change (points)",
    "group": "group",
    "hi1": "raw_hi",
    "hi2": "adj_hi",
    "label1": "No controls",
    "label2": "Common specification",
    "lo1": "raw_lo",
    "lo2": "adj_lo",
    "n1": "n",
    "n2": "n",
    "reference": 0,
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "raw",
    "x2": "adjusted",
    "xDomain": [
      -14,
      17
    ],
    "xLabel": "Democratic share, points per standard deviation of the measure",
    "y": "label"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share of the 2020 two-party presidential vote, points per standard deviation of each measure, tracts, raw and with race and ethnicity, education, density and state held fixed",
  "title": "Raw associations with the Democratic vote split in sign across {fact:n_meas} hardship measures, and adjusted ones are smaller and mostly positive",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "source"
      },
      "id": "source",
      "label": "By data source"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "pattern"
      },
      "id": "pattern",
      "label": "By what the controls do"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}