{
  "alt": "Dot chart of the share of variance in each measure that is shared with the controls. In the first view most PLACES health measures and the deprivation index are among the highest, and toxic releases, older housing, ozone and fine particles are among the lowest. A second view shows race, age and county effects sharing most of the variance of each PLACES measure.",
  "caption": "Most PLACES measures and the Area Deprivation Index sit toward the top, and toxic releases, older housing and the proximity indicators sit at the bottom. In the first view each dot is the R-squared of a regression of one measure on race and ethnicity shares, the college share and density with state fixed effects, as a share of the variance within states. The second view covers the PLACES measures only: it leaves out education, density and state effects, adds the shares of older residents and of children and county fixed effects, and takes the share of the total variance across tracts.",
  "data": [
    {
      "family": "Deprivation",
      "label": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "value": 59.2417,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes",
      "label": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "value": 38.8016,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes",
      "label": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "value": 30.348,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes",
      "label": "Incarceration",
      "value": 13.3624,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes",
      "label": "Teen birth among women",
      "value": 41.9084,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "value": 46.8772,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Traffic proximity",
      "value": 36.4164,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "value": 58.7538,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "value": 12.9298,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Ozone",
      "value": 9.22718,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "value": 2.09337,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Housing built before 1960",
      "value": 9.107,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "value": 10.0768,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "value": 15.1209,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment",
      "label": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "value": 50.7404,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Fair or poor health",
      "value": 70.5525,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Poor mental health",
      "value": 59.9473,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Depression",
      "value": 40.336,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Diabetes",
      "value": 56.2278,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Obesity",
      "value": 71.2023,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Current smoking",
      "value": 71.3527,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "value": 73.1141,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "No health insurance",
      "value": 80.2163,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Arthritis",
      "value": 50.2355,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Economic connectedness (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 71.2787,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Economic connectedness among group members (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 68.3509,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Friend clustering (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 50.7413,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Friend support ratio (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 42.2193,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Volunteering rate (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 35.7296,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Social capital",
      "label": "Civic organizations per capita (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 9.27622,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Tax returns",
      "label": "Earned income credit share of returns (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 79.934,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Tax returns",
      "label": "Unemployment compensation share of returns (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 23.7058,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Tax returns",
      "label": "Low mean adjusted gross income per return (ZIP code areas)",
      "value": 53.7258,
      "view": "common"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Fair or poor health",
      "value": 69.2647,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Poor mental health",
      "value": 67.1798,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Depression",
      "value": 87.0734,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Diabetes",
      "value": 76.388,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Obesity",
      "value": 89.3934,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Current smoking",
      "value": 66.4576,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "value": 72.75,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "No health insurance",
      "value": 84.8565,
      "view": "places"
    },
    {
      "family": "Health",
      "label": "Arthritis",
      "value": 85.1553,
      "view": "places"
    }
  ],
  "id": "demographic_content",
  "notes": [
    "R-squared values describe the full sample and carry no interval.",
    "ZIP code rows use the ZIP code sample that has every Social Capital Atlas and IRS value.",
    "Each measure is cut at its 1st and 99th percentiles before the variance is taken, as in the coefficient figures."
  ],
  "source": "Precinct returns allocated to 2020 census tracts and ZIP code tabulation areas (Fekrazad 2025) with the project atlases; 2020 presidential vote; weighted by votes in each unit",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Childhood outcomes": "cat2",
      "Deprivation": "cat1",
      "Environment": "cat3",
      "Health": "cat4",
      "Social capital": "cat5",
      "Tax returns": "cat6"
    },
    "group": "family",
    "sort": "desc",
    "valueLabels": true,
    "x": "value",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      100
    ],
    "xLabel": "Variance shared with the controls (percent)",
    "y": "label"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of the vote-weighted variance of each measure shared with the controls, in percent: within states for race and ethnicity shares, the college share and density; across all tracts for race, age and county effects in the second view",
  "title": "Race, education and density share {fact:r2_health_min} to {fact:r2_health_max} of the within-state variance of the PLACES health measures and {fact:r2_toxics} of the variance of toxic releases",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "common"
      },
      "id": "common",
      "label": "Race, education and density, within states"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "places"
      },
      "id": "places",
      "label": "PLACES measures: race, age and county, all tracts",
      "spec": {
        "xLabel": "Variance shared with race, age and county effects (percent)"
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}