{
  "alt": "Heatmap with one row for each of the tract measures and five columns for specifications from no controls to the common specification. Cells shift from large positive or negative values in the left columns toward values near zero or modestly positive in the right columns.",
  "caption": "The largest changes come when race and ethnicity enter and when education enters: the median absolute change across measures is {fact:step_race} points at the first step and {fact:step_edu} at the second, against {fact:step_dens} for density and {fact:step_fe} for state fixed effects. Each cell is a separate regression that adds the control named at the head of its column to the ones on its left. Blue cells mean a more Democratic vote where the measure is higher and red cells a more Republican vote.",
  "data": [
    {
      "family": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "hi": -3.50879,
      "lo": -8.21762,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -5.8632
    },
    {
      "family": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "hi": -5.57551,
      "lo": -8.86703,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -7.22127
    },
    {
      "family": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "hi": 1.90972,
      "lo": -3.33342,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -0.711851
    },
    {
      "family": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "hi": 2.34083,
      "lo": -2.26636,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 0.0372366
    },
    {
      "family": "Deprivation: Area Deprivation Index",
      "hi": 5.22123,
      "lo": 2.5766,
      "measure": "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.89892
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 4.80663,
      "lo": 1.2698,
      "measure": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 3.03822
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 0.414724,
      "lo": -2.91298,
      "measure": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -1.24913
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 3.98484,
      "lo": 0.905825,
      "measure": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 2.44533
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 3.51963,
      "lo": 0.595684,
      "measure": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 2.05766
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 4.33908,
      "lo": 2.88416,
      "measure": "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.61162
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": -0.694653,
      "lo": -4.03923,
      "measure": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -2.36694
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": -2.29301,
      "lo": -5.07505,
      "measure": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -3.68403
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 1.51151,
      "lo": -0.93996,
      "measure": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 0.285777
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 1.53048,
      "lo": -0.850002,
      "measure": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 0.340237
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 2.69763,
      "lo": 1.25706,
      "measure": "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.97734
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 4.12252,
      "lo": 0.797973,
      "measure": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 2.46024
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 0.212048,
      "lo": -1.43242,
      "measure": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -0.610187
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 1.02513,
      "lo": -0.315938,
      "measure": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 0.354594
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 0.744168,
      "lo": -0.326309,
      "measure": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 0.20893
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 1.27533,
      "lo": 0.756206,
      "measure": "Incarceration",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.01577
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 2.29033,
      "lo": -1.43289,
      "measure": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 0.428719
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": -3.77663,
      "lo": -6.97951,
      "measure": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -5.37807
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 0.325906,
      "lo": -2.69025,
      "measure": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -1.18217
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 0.688463,
      "lo": -1.95979,
      "measure": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.635661
    },
    {
      "family": "Childhood outcomes: Opportunity Atlas",
      "hi": 2.59236,
      "lo": 1.13341,
      "measure": "Teen birth among women",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.86288
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 14.6287,
      "lo": 8.63342,
      "measure": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 11.6311
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 10.3978,
      "lo": 5.15786,
      "measure": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 7.77784
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 7.82139,
      "lo": 2.72658,
      "measure": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 5.27398
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 4.79418,
      "lo": 0.207319,
      "measure": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 2.50075
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 2.92597,
      "lo": -0.773664,
      "measure": "Diesel particulate matter",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.07615
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 15.5994,
      "lo": 8.12419,
      "measure": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 11.8618
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 11.3477,
      "lo": 5.93458,
      "measure": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 8.64112
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 8.98981,
      "lo": 4.05594,
      "measure": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 6.52288
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.62663,
      "lo": 2.78848,
      "measure": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 4.70755
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.54632,
      "lo": 1.16804,
      "measure": "Traffic proximity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 2.35718
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 12.6858,
      "lo": 10.1237,
      "measure": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 11.4047
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 8.87133,
      "lo": 6.42586,
      "measure": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 7.64859
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.67374,
      "lo": 3.93734,
      "measure": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 5.30554
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 4.34385,
      "lo": 0.114639,
      "measure": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 2.22924
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.13623,
      "lo": 0.801222,
      "measure": "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.96872
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.186,
      "lo": 3.06694,
      "measure": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 4.62647
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 2.47165,
      "lo": -1.14808,
      "measure": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 0.661782
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 2.18088,
      "lo": -1.44884,
      "measure": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 0.366019
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.36172,
      "lo": -2.20066,
      "measure": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.419469
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": -0.0869626,
      "lo": -3.83874,
      "measure": "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": -1.96285
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.30475,
      "lo": 1.36039,
      "measure": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 3.83257
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 4.61441,
      "lo": -1.76078,
      "measure": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 1.42682
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.19741,
      "lo": -2.19291,
      "measure": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 0.502254
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.52104,
      "lo": -2.67446,
      "measure": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.576706
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": -2.09308,
      "lo": -4.27543,
      "measure": "Ozone",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": -3.18425
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.75452,
      "lo": -0.690505,
      "measure": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 0.532009
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 0.833514,
      "lo": -1.20995,
      "measure": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -0.188216
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 0.751939,
      "lo": -1.22287,
      "measure": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -0.235463
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 0.163097,
      "lo": -1.38386,
      "measure": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.610381
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 0.634586,
      "lo": -0.145314,
      "measure": "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 0.244636
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 7.80634,
      "lo": 5.54352,
      "measure": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 6.67493
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.97584,
      "lo": 4.95019,
      "measure": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 5.96302
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 7.40159,
      "lo": 5.21424,
      "measure": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 6.30791
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.31881,
      "lo": 4.14203,
      "measure": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 5.23042
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 4.33172,
      "lo": 2.86194,
      "measure": "Housing built before 1960",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.59683
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 8.00706,
      "lo": 5.74869,
      "measure": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 6.87787
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 5.59994,
      "lo": 3.33738,
      "measure": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 4.46866
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 4.5139,
      "lo": 2.21589,
      "measure": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 3.36489
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.07732,
      "lo": 1.18215,
      "measure": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 2.12974
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.13368,
      "lo": -0.00513489,
      "measure": "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 0.564275
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 6.70603,
      "lo": 3.20383,
      "measure": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 4.95493
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.38269,
      "lo": 0.564191,
      "measure": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 1.97344
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 2.88236,
      "lo": 0.639684,
      "measure": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 1.76102
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.66441,
      "lo": -0.430595,
      "measure": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 0.616905
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 1.31149,
      "lo": -0.32706,
      "measure": "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 0.492217
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 14.3961,
      "lo": 11.8769,
      "measure": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 13.1365
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 11.0638,
      "lo": 8.93934,
      "measure": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": 10.0015
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 8.89623,
      "lo": 6.43466,
      "measure": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 7.66544
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 7.10096,
      "lo": 4.56184,
      "measure": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 5.8314
    },
    {
      "family": "Environment: EJScreen",
      "hi": 3.85642,
      "lo": 2.20103,
      "measure": "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.02872
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 1.5979,
      "lo": -1.15642,
      "measure": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 0.220737
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -5.58268,
      "lo": -8.67751,
      "measure": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -7.13009
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.23394,
      "lo": 0.169198,
      "measure": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 1.70157
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.62534,
      "lo": 1.00827,
      "measure": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 2.3168
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 5.26914,
      "lo": 3.71228,
      "measure": "Fair or poor health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 4.49071
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 1.29074,
      "lo": -1.51597,
      "measure": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -0.112615
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -2.86499,
      "lo": -5.70475,
      "measure": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -4.28487
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 4.70428,
      "lo": 1.53222,
      "measure": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 3.11825
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.15063,
      "lo": 0.123433,
      "measure": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 1.63703
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.56585,
      "lo": 2.58942,
      "measure": "Poor mental health",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.07763
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -4.16323,
      "lo": -8.49397,
      "measure": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -6.3286
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.363466,
      "lo": -3.75821,
      "measure": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -1.69737
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 4.52707,
      "lo": -0.0850539,
      "measure": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 2.22101
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.626,
      "lo": -0.599948,
      "measure": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 1.51303
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 4.1385,
      "lo": 1.97888,
      "measure": "Depression",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.05869
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -0.121355,
      "lo": -3.21767,
      "measure": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -1.66951
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -6.61831,
      "lo": -9.63344,
      "measure": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -8.12588
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -1.84338,
      "lo": -4.23125,
      "measure": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -3.03731
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.0965397,
      "lo": -2.34655,
      "measure": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -1.12501
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 2.67991,
      "lo": 1.21904,
      "measure": "Diabetes",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 1.94947
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -2.58581,
      "lo": -7.01868,
      "measure": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -4.80225
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -7.44174,
      "lo": -11.4108,
      "measure": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -9.42629
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -0.617759,
      "lo": -6.01672,
      "measure": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -3.31724
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.588194,
      "lo": -4.33962,
      "measure": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -1.87571
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 1.57735,
      "lo": -1.50439,
      "measure": "Obesity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 0.0364807
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -2.80953,
      "lo": -6.58434,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -4.69694
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -5.84072,
      "lo": -8.86571,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -7.35321
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 2.73609,
      "lo": -0.59163,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": 1.07223
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 2.74005,
      "lo": -0.0485568,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": 1.34575
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 4.12414,
      "lo": 2.55951,
      "measure": "Current smoking",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.34182
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -0.281833,
      "lo": -3.48709,
      "measure": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -1.88446
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -7.07262,
      "lo": -9.71761,
      "measure": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -8.39511
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.640389,
      "lo": -3.24866,
      "measure": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -1.30413
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.744422,
      "lo": -2.34148,
      "measure": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.798527
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 4.13113,
      "lo": 2.44227,
      "measure": "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 3.2867
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 3.1309,
      "lo": 0.411418,
      "measure": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": 1.77116
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -7.69911,
      "lo": -12.7782,
      "measure": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -10.2387
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -2.83612,
      "lo": -6.98878,
      "measure": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -4.91245
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -2.41584,
      "lo": -5.5074,
      "measure": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -3.96162
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 8.97037,
      "lo": 6.20505,
      "measure": "No health insurance",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": 7.58771
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -8.94522,
      "lo": -11.7982,
      "measure": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "No controls",
      "value": -10.3717
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -6.05694,
      "lo": -9.56331,
      "measure": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Race and ethnicity",
      "value": -7.81013
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": -1.47584,
      "lo": -3.90885,
      "measure": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus education",
      "value": -2.69235
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.758981,
      "lo": -2.39504,
      "measure": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus density",
      "value": -0.818029
    },
    {
      "family": "Health: CDC PLACES",
      "hi": 0.384874,
      "lo": -0.63584,
      "measure": "Arthritis",
      "n": 80873,
      "specification": "Plus state effects",
      "value": -0.125483
    }
  ],
  "id": "control_ladder",
  "notes": [
    "The order of the columns is one of several; the size of each step depends on the order, so the steps are not shares of a total.",
    "A coefficient of zero is white, and values beyond the ends of the color scale take the color of the end."
  ],
  "source": "Precinct returns allocated to 2020 census tracts (Fekrazad 2025) with the ADI, Opportunity Atlas, EJScreen, PLACES and ACS values of the project tract atlas; 2020 presidential vote; weighted by tract votes",
  "spec": {
    "col": "specification",
    "colOrder": [
      "No controls",
      "Race and ethnicity",
      "Plus education",
      "Plus density",
      "Plus state effects"
    ],
    "hi": "hi",
    "lo": "lo",
    "n": "n",
    "row": "measure",
    "rowOrder": [
      "Area Deprivation Index rank",
      "Low household income rank in adulthood",
      "Low individual income rank in adulthood",
      "Incarceration",
      "Teen birth among women",
      "Diesel particulate matter",
      "Traffic proximity",
      "Nitrogen dioxide",
      "Fine particles (PM2.5)",
      "Ozone",
      "Toxic releases to air (RSEI)",
      "Housing built before 1960",
      "Proximity to Superfund sites",
      "Proximity to risk management facilities",
      "Proximity to hazardous waste facilities",
      "Fair or poor health",
      "Poor mental health",
      "Depression",
      "Diabetes",
      "Obesity",
      "Current smoking",
      "No leisure-time physical activity",
      "No health insurance",
      "Arthritis"
    ],
    "scale": {
      "domain": [
        -12,
        0,
        12
      ],
      "palette": "party",
      "positive": "dem",
      "type": "diverging"
    },
    "showValues": true,
    "value": "value",
    "valueFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    }
  },
  "subtitle": "Coefficient of the tract Democratic two-party share on each standardized measure, points per standard deviation, as controls are added from left to right",
  "title": "Race and education move the coefficients most, and density and state fixed effects move them less",
  "type": "heatmap",
  "width": "wide"
}