{
  "alt": "Line chart of mean thermometer ratings by year for Democrats, independents, Republicans and all respondents, with confidence bands. In the illegal immigrants view the Democratic mean rises from {fact:th_d_1988} in 1988 to {fact:th_d_2024} in 2024 and the Republican mean goes from {fact:th_r_1988} to {fact:th_r_2024}, with {fact:th_r_2004} in 2004 and {fact:th_r_2020} in 2020. In the Hispanics view the Democratic mean rises from {fact:thh_d_1988} to {fact:thh_d_2024} and the Republican mean from {fact:thh_r_1988} to {fact:thh_r_2024}.",
  "caption": "In the illegal immigrants view the Democratic line rises to {fact:th_d_2024} in 2024 and the Republican line ends at {fact:th_r_2024}, a warmth gap of {fact:th_gap_2024} points that is {fact:st_th_gap_8824} points wider than in 1988. In the Hispanics view both lines rise and the gap is {fact:thh_gap_2024} in 2024, {fact:st_thh_gap_8824} points wider than in 1988. Bands are 95% confidence intervals and the shaded band marks the change in survey mode between 2016 and 2020.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 58.036,
      "conf_low": 56.0377,
      "estimate": 57.0368,
      "n": 1629,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.8575,
      "conf_low": 60.2202,
      "estimate": 61.0389,
      "n": 2127,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.2659,
      "conf_low": 59.877,
      "estimate": 61.0714,
      "n": 1674,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.8284,
      "conf_low": 62.6836,
      "estimate": 63.756,
      "n": 1465,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.0563,
      "conf_low": 62.6194,
      "estimate": 63.8378,
      "n": 1438,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.3651,
      "conf_low": 61.6037,
      "estimate": 62.9844,
      "n": 1255,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9774,
      "conf_low": 66.3627,
      "estimate": 67.6701,
      "n": 1037,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.3793,
      "conf_low": 64.1089,
      "estimate": 65.2441,
      "n": 2050,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.2688,
      "conf_low": 62.6596,
      "estimate": 63.4642,
      "n": 5449,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9409,
      "conf_low": 67.2206,
      "estimate": 68.0808,
      "n": 3572,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.4888,
      "conf_low": 71.1841,
      "estimate": 71.8364,
      "n": 7109,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.7785,
      "conf_low": 68.9364,
      "estimate": 69.8574,
      "n": 4684,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.2417,
      "conf_low": 58.2158,
      "estimate": 59.7287,
      "n": 763,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.3033,
      "conf_low": 61.955,
      "estimate": 63.1292,
      "n": 1041,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.9476,
      "conf_low": 61.2913,
      "estimate": 63.1194,
      "n": 783,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.0419,
      "conf_low": 64.0168,
      "estimate": 65.5294,
      "n": 765,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.9311,
      "conf_low": 63.3085,
      "estimate": 65.1198,
      "n": 701,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.82,
      "conf_low": 61.8577,
      "estimate": 63.8388,
      "n": 582,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.9784,
      "conf_low": 65.972,
      "estimate": 67.9752,
      "n": 489,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.2043,
      "conf_low": 66.1072,
      "estimate": 67.6557,
      "n": 1193,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.1974,
      "conf_low": 65.9193,
      "estimate": 67.0584,
      "n": 2859,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.5818,
      "conf_low": 71.072,
      "estimate": 72.3269,
      "n": 1638,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.4988,
      "conf_low": 74.62,
      "estimate": 75.5594,
      "n": 3326,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.1595,
      "conf_low": 72.6097,
      "estimate": 73.8846,
      "n": 2312,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.0066,
      "conf_low": 52.6119,
      "estimate": 55.8092,
      "n": 173,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.7152,
      "conf_low": 57.1387,
      "estimate": 59.4269,
      "n": 256,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.8739,
      "conf_low": 52.5224,
      "estimate": 56.1982,
      "n": 171,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.0528,
      "conf_low": 57.4529,
      "estimate": 61.2529,
      "n": 166,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.9896,
      "conf_low": 57.4314,
      "estimate": 61.2105,
      "n": 228,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.606,
      "conf_low": 57.0769,
      "estimate": 59.3414,
      "n": 723,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.2408,
      "conf_low": 61.3531,
      "estimate": 63.797,
      "n": 460,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6068,
      "conf_low": 66.3605,
      "estimate": 68.4836,
      "n": 818,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.6251,
      "conf_low": 57.7091,
      "estimate": 61.6671,
      "n": 303,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.7933,
      "conf_low": 52.9202,
      "estimate": 54.3567,
      "n": 684,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.2624,
      "conf_low": 57.6671,
      "estimate": 58.9647,
      "n": 820,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.9019,
      "conf_low": 58.4867,
      "estimate": 60.1943,
      "n": 710,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.2859,
      "conf_low": 60.0352,
      "estimate": 61.6606,
      "n": 570,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.6476,
      "conf_low": 61.04,
      "estimate": 62.8438,
      "n": 560,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.7654,
      "conf_low": 61.7774,
      "estimate": 63.7714,
      "n": 570,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6023,
      "conf_low": 66.9549,
      "estimate": 68.7786,
      "n": 436,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.1129,
      "conf_low": 61.4431,
      "estimate": 63.278,
      "n": 596,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.9554,
      "conf_low": 59.4053,
      "estimate": 60.6803,
      "n": 1847,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.9658,
      "conf_low": 63.3756,
      "estimate": 64.6707,
      "n": 1463,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.6268,
      "conf_low": 67.697,
      "estimate": 68.6619,
      "n": 2944,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.9412,
      "conf_low": 65.2136,
      "estimate": 66.5774,
      "n": 2050,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Hispanics",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.8612,
      "conf_low": 34.5224,
      "estimate": 35.6918,
      "n": 1658,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.1148,
      "conf_low": 35.1789,
      "estimate": 36.1469,
      "n": 2165,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.6661,
      "conf_low": 30.9289,
      "estimate": 32.2975,
      "n": 1746,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.1218,
      "conf_low": 38.8984,
      "estimate": 40.5101,
      "n": 1039,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.6687,
      "conf_low": 37.8825,
      "estimate": 39.2756,
      "n": 2048,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.9491,
      "conf_low": 37.0653,
      "estimate": 38.0072,
      "n": 5458,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.9574,
      "conf_low": 40.7813,
      "estimate": 41.8693,
      "n": 3580,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 49.0234,
      "conf_low": 47.2894,
      "estimate": 48.1564,
      "n": 7092,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.7565,
      "conf_low": 41.3928,
      "estimate": 42.5747,
      "n": 4686,
      "party": "All respondents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.49,
      "conf_low": 37.9404,
      "estimate": 39.7152,
      "n": 776,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.6883,
      "conf_low": 36.9431,
      "estimate": 38.3157,
      "n": 1066,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.5392,
      "conf_low": 35.3924,
      "estimate": 37.4658,
      "n": 816,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.7706,
      "conf_low": 43.2187,
      "estimate": 45.4947,
      "n": 491,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.3502,
      "conf_low": 43.7144,
      "estimate": 45.5323,
      "n": 1191,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.3919,
      "conf_low": 44.755,
      "estimate": 46.0734,
      "n": 2864,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 53.9387,
      "conf_low": 50.9379,
      "estimate": 52.4383,
      "n": 1641,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.1206,
      "conf_low": 59.9584,
      "estimate": 61.0395,
      "n": 3336,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.1891,
      "conf_low": 55.353,
      "estimate": 56.7711,
      "n": 2303,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 36.1348,
      "conf_low": 28.4106,
      "estimate": 32.2727,
      "n": 176,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.4515,
      "conf_low": 34.586,
      "estimate": 37.5188,
      "n": 260,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.7736,
      "conf_low": 26.2489,
      "estimate": 30.5112,
      "n": 182,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.4968,
      "conf_low": 33.7887,
      "estimate": 38.1427,
      "n": 229,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.7899,
      "conf_low": 34.527,
      "estimate": 37.1585,
      "n": 725,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.4369,
      "conf_low": 38.578,
      "estimate": 41.5074,
      "n": 461,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.1455,
      "conf_low": 46.158,
      "estimate": 48.6517,
      "n": 820,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.7776,
      "conf_low": 39.1018,
      "estimate": 43.4397,
      "n": 297,
      "party": "Independents",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.6361,
      "conf_low": 30.3754,
      "estimate": 32.0057,
      "n": 697,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.4597,
      "conf_low": 31.4296,
      "estimate": 32.9446,
      "n": 830,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.0871,
      "conf_low": 25.2399,
      "estimate": 27.1635,
      "n": 736,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.3949,
      "conf_low": 32.6036,
      "estimate": 34.9992,
      "n": 435,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.6435,
      "conf_low": 29.1241,
      "estimate": 31.3838,
      "n": 596,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.143,
      "conf_low": 27.3927,
      "estimate": 28.7678,
      "n": 1849,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.1188,
      "conf_low": 28.0743,
      "estimate": 29.5966,
      "n": 1467,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.9203,
      "conf_low": 32.5246,
      "estimate": 33.7225,
      "n": 2914,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.4017,
      "conf_low": 25.307,
      "estimate": 26.8544,
      "n": 2067,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "series": "Illegal immigrants",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "thermometers",
  "notes": [
    "The cumulative file labels the illegal immigrants item illegal aliens; the 2020 and 2024 studies label it illegal immigrants. The Hispanics ratings are available in more studies than the illegal immigrants ratings.",
    "The series are the cleaned-file variables therm_illegal_aliens and therm_hispanics, which recode the cumulative file code 97, which stands for 97 to 100 degrees, to 100.",
    "An independent cell is drawn only where it has at least 100 respondents and an effective sample of at least 100."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1988-2024; weighted (weight, VCF0009z)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "ANES mode change",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2016,
        "x2": 2020
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All respondents": "total",
      "Democrats": "dem",
      "Independents": "ind",
      "Republicans": "rep"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "All respondents"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "party",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1987,
      2025
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      20,
      85
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean rating (0 to 100)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean ANES feeling thermometer rating from 0 (cold) to 100 (warm), by party identification; leaners are in the parties and independents lean toward neither; all respondents dashed; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Group rated"
      },
      {
        "key": "party",
        "label": "Party"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Mean rating"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The party gap in warmth toward illegal immigrants widened more than the gap toward Hispanics",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "series": "Illegal immigrants"
      },
      "id": "ia",
      "label": "Illegal immigrants"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "series": "Hispanics"
      },
      "id": "hisp",
      "label": "Hispanics"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}