{
  "alt": "Line chart with one line for each of three education groups (college degree, some college, high school or less) and a dashed line for all placed partisans, across six pooled decades. College graduates start at a level similar to partisans with some college and fall in every later decade. The high school or less line stays above the dashed line in every decade and falls mainly after the 1990s, so the vertical gap between it and the college line widens to the 1990s and narrows to about its 1970s size by the 2020s.",
  "caption": "The gap is the vertical distance between the high school or less line and the college degree line: it widens from the 1970s to the 1990s and returns to about its 1970s size by the 2020s. College graduates fell first, from {fact:edu_col_1970} in the 1970s to {fact:edu_col_2000} in the 2000s, when partisans with a high school education or less were at {fact:edu_hs_2000}, and by the 2020s the two groups were at {fact:edu_col_2020} and {fact:edu_hs_2020}. The bands are confidence intervals.",
  "data": [
    {
      "band_high": 17.6058,
      "band_low": 12.8689,
      "conf_high": 17.6058,
      "conf_low": 12.8689,
      "estimate": 15.0851,
      "n": 1039,
      "period": "1972-1978",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "band_high": 14.449,
      "band_low": 11.0249,
      "conf_high": 14.449,
      "conf_low": 11.0249,
      "estimate": 12.6381,
      "n": 1448,
      "period": "1980-1988",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band_high": 11.2146,
      "band_low": 8.47106,
      "conf_high": 11.2146,
      "conf_low": 8.47106,
      "estimate": 9.75716,
      "n": 1960,
      "period": "1990-1998",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "band_high": 8.6545,
      "band_low": 5.50525,
      "conf_high": 8.6545,
      "conf_low": 5.50525,
      "estimate": 6.91573,
      "n": 1438,
      "period": "2000-2008",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band_high": 6.33246,
      "band_low": 4.31247,
      "conf_high": 6.33246,
      "conf_low": 4.31247,
      "estimate": 5.2311,
      "n": 2953,
      "period": "2012-2016",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "band_high": 4.31288,
      "band_low": 2.99677,
      "conf_high": 4.31288,
      "conf_low": 2.99677,
      "estimate": 3.59732,
      "n": 5419,
      "period": "2020-2024",
      "series": "College degree",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "band_high": 18.3239,
      "band_low": 13.7199,
      "conf_high": 18.3239,
      "conf_low": 13.7199,
      "estimate": 15.8871,
      "n": 1124,
      "period": "1972-1978",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "band_high": 19.7633,
      "band_low": 16.0329,
      "conf_high": 19.7633,
      "conf_low": 16.0329,
      "estimate": 17.8218,
      "n": 1616,
      "period": "1980-1988",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band_high": 16.6529,
      "band_low": 13.0827,
      "conf_high": 16.6529,
      "conf_low": 13.0827,
      "estimate": 14.7789,
      "n": 1706,
      "period": "1990-1998",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "band_high": 15.9062,
      "band_low": 11.5791,
      "conf_high": 15.9062,
      "conf_low": 11.5791,
      "estimate": 13.5983,
      "n": 1320,
      "period": "2000-2008",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band_high": 9.50285,
      "band_low": 6.77012,
      "conf_high": 9.50285,
      "conf_low": 6.77012,
      "estimate": 8.03104,
      "n": 2518,
      "period": "2012-2016",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "band_high": 6.72445,
      "band_low": 4.58364,
      "conf_high": 6.72445,
      "conf_low": 4.58364,
      "estimate": 5.55782,
      "n": 3431,
      "period": "2020-2024",
      "series": "Some college",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "band_high": 22.1594,
      "band_low": 18.979,
      "conf_high": 22.1594,
      "conf_low": 18.979,
      "estimate": 20.5235,
      "n": 2906,
      "period": "1972-1978",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "band_high": 23.2718,
      "band_low": 20.1712,
      "conf_high": 23.2718,
      "conf_low": 20.1712,
      "estimate": 21.6814,
      "n": 2712,
      "period": "1980-1988",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band_high": 22.8123,
      "band_low": 19.4504,
      "conf_high": 22.8123,
      "conf_low": 19.4504,
      "estimate": 21.0823,
      "n": 2513,
      "period": "1990-1998",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "band_high": 20.5663,
      "band_low": 15.6058,
      "conf_high": 20.5663,
      "conf_low": 15.6058,
      "estimate": 17.9526,
      "n": 1294,
      "period": "2000-2008",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band_high": 15.2708,
      "band_low": 11.4827,
      "conf_high": 15.2708,
      "conf_low": 11.4827,
      "estimate": 13.2626,
      "n": 2011,
      "period": "2012-2016",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "band_high": 10.5262,
      "band_low": 7.22248,
      "conf_high": 10.5262,
      "conf_low": 7.22248,
      "estimate": 8.73411,
      "n": 1874,
      "period": "2020-2024",
      "series": "High school or less",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 19.6284,
      "conf_low": 17.3192,
      "estimate": 18.4458,
      "n": 5084,
      "period": "1972-1978",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 19.381,
      "conf_low": 17.3926,
      "estimate": 18.3659,
      "n": 5826,
      "period": "1980-1988",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 17.1361,
      "conf_low": 15.2145,
      "estimate": 16.1523,
      "n": 6284,
      "period": "1990-1998",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 14.2113,
      "conf_low": 11.761,
      "estimate": 12.9369,
      "n": 4071,
      "period": "2000-2008",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 9.69239,
      "conf_low": 8.04393,
      "estimate": 8.8335,
      "n": 7562,
      "period": "2012-2016",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "band_high": null,
      "band_low": null,
      "conf_high": 6.28377,
      "conf_low": 5.07734,
      "estimate": 5.65036,
      "n": 10835,
      "period": "2020-2024",
      "series": "All placed partisans",
      "year": 2022
    }
  ],
  "id": "education_panels",
  "notes": [
    "Grade school and high school are combined because the grade-school cells fall below the floor of {fact:floor_n} respondents in the 2000s and 2010s.",
    "The pooled 2020s combine 2020 and 2024. The gap is the high school or less share minus the college share. Differences are computed from unrounded values, so a printed difference can differ in the last digit from the difference of the printed shares.",
    "Bands are drawn for the three education groups; the interval of the dashed line is in the data table."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1972-2024; weighted (VCF0009z); placed partisans, leaners included",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "All placed partisans": "highlight",
      "College degree": "cat3",
      "High school or less": "cat1",
      "Some college": "accent"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "All placed partisans"
    ],
    "hi": "band_high",
    "lo": "band_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1970,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey years pooled by decade (plotted at the midpoint)",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      30
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "suffix": "%"
    },
    "yLabel": "Share of placed partisans (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Cross-pressured share of placed partisans by highest education and for all placed partisans (dashed), ANES survey years pooled by decade, 1972-2024, with 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "key": "period",
        "label": "Survey years pooled"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Share (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Placed partisans"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The education gap in the cross-pressured share was {fact:edu_gap_1970} points in the 1970s, {fact:edu_gap_1990} in the 1990s and {fact:edu_gap_2020} in the 2020s",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}