{
  "alt": "Dumbbell chart with one row per group and two dots per row, the party gap before 1993 and from 2010 on, with intervals. In the ANES view the rows are all partisans, three age groups and three education groups, and the gap is {fact:gr_a_all_early} points before 1993 and {fact:gr_a_all_late} points from 2010 on. A second view shows the same comparison in the GSS, where the gap is {fact:gr_g_all_early} and {fact:gr_g_all_late} points. In every row of both views the later interval lies above the earlier interval.",
  "caption": "Every row moves to the right: in each group the later gap is larger and the two intervals do not overlap. College graduates and holders of a bachelor's degree have the larger gap in both periods. Each dumbbell joins the gap before 1993 (open dot) to the gap from 2010 on (filled dot), and the lines are 95% confidence intervals. The ANES view uses VCF0806 and the GSS view uses the help-pay question.",
  "data": [
    {
      "gap_early": 24.3265,
      "gap_late": 46.7753,
      "group": "All partisans",
      "hi_early": 26.3043,
      "hi_late": 48.4262,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 22.3486,
      "lo_late": 45.1243,
      "n1": 9234,
      "n2": 19120
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 24.5351,
      "gap_late": 44.726,
      "group": "Under 45",
      "hi_early": 27.2547,
      "hi_late": 47.6056,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 21.8155,
      "lo_late": 41.8465,
      "n1": 4848,
      "n2": 6728
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 23.8687,
      "gap_late": 46.1783,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "hi_early": 27.469,
      "hi_late": 48.8802,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 20.2685,
      "lo_late": 43.4763,
      "n1": 2769,
      "n2": 6749
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 25.0131,
      "gap_late": 48.506,
      "group": "65 or older",
      "hi_early": 29.8317,
      "hi_late": 51.5591,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 20.1945,
      "lo_late": 45.4529,
      "n1": 1584,
      "n2": 5091
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 19.2908,
      "gap_late": 33.8721,
      "group": "High school or less",
      "hi_early": 22.0034,
      "hi_late": 37.4608,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 16.5783,
      "lo_late": 30.2834,
      "n1": 5359,
      "n2": 4301
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 26.2683,
      "gap_late": 44.9343,
      "group": "Some college",
      "hi_early": 30.5427,
      "hi_late": 47.8416,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 21.9939,
      "lo_late": 42.0269,
      "n1": 1940,
      "n2": 6299
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 34.6701,
      "gap_late": 59.4915,
      "group": "College graduate",
      "hi_early": 38.9095,
      "hi_late": 61.6668,
      "instrument": "ANES: government plan",
      "lo_early": 30.4307,
      "lo_late": 57.3162,
      "n1": 1837,
      "n2": 8315
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 17.316,
      "gap_late": 39.8783,
      "group": "All partisans",
      "hi_early": 19.607,
      "hi_late": 42.1346,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 15.0251,
      "lo_late": 37.622,
      "n1": 9983,
      "n2": 11301
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 17.1157,
      "gap_late": 37.2011,
      "group": "Under 45",
      "hi_early": 20.2228,
      "hi_late": 41.0535,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 14.0087,
      "lo_late": 33.3486,
      "n1": 5449,
      "n2": 4311
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 18.2984,
      "gap_late": 39.5555,
      "group": "45 to 64",
      "hi_early": 22.6936,
      "hi_late": 43.3156,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 13.9032,
      "lo_late": 35.7954,
      "n1": 2615,
      "n2": 3892
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 17.7098,
      "gap_late": 43.4926,
      "group": "65 or older",
      "hi_early": 22.8411,
      "hi_late": 47.6635,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 12.5784,
      "lo_late": 39.3217,
      "n1": 1891,
      "n2": 2837
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 14.16,
      "gap_late": 33.7628,
      "group": "No bachelor's degree",
      "hi_early": 16.7513,
      "hi_late": 36.6578,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 11.5687,
      "lo_late": 30.8677,
      "n1": 8138,
      "n2": 7109
    },
    {
      "gap_early": 31.3881,
      "gap_late": 53.396,
      "group": "Bachelor's or higher",
      "hi_early": 36.329,
      "hi_late": 56.8085,
      "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay",
      "lo_early": 26.4471,
      "lo_late": 49.9834,
      "n1": 1834,
      "n2": 4181
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_within_groups",
  "notes": [
    "Before 1993 combines the ANES studies of 1970 to 1992 and the GSS surveys of 1975 to 1991; 2010 and after combines the ANES studies of 2012 to 2024 and the GSS surveys of 2010 to 2024. The GSS degree question has no category for some college without a degree, so the GSS view splits at a bachelor's degree.",
    "Education groups in the ANES are high school or less, some college and college graduate. Age is measured at the interview. Cells need at least 100 respondents and an effective sample of at least 100 in each party."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1970-2024, and General Social Survey, 1975-2024; weighted (weight, VCF0009z; weight_use); years combined after rescaling each year's weights to average one",
  "spec": {
    "hi1": "hi_early",
    "hi2": "hi_late",
    "label1": "Before 1993",
    "label2": "2010 and after",
    "lo1": "lo_early",
    "lo2": "lo_late",
    "reference": 0,
    "referenceLabel": "No gap",
    "sort": "data",
    "x1": "gap_early",
    "x2": "gap_late",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      75
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "xLabel": "Democratic minus Republican gap (points)",
    "y": "group"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic minus Republican share on the government side, before 1993 against 2010 and after, by group; party identifiers including leaners; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "instrument",
        "label": "Survey and answer"
      },
      {
        "key": "group",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_early",
        "label": "Gap before 1993 (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_early",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_early",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n1",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "gap_late",
        "label": "Gap from 2010 (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "lo_late",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "hi_late",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n2",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The party gap was larger from 2010 on than before 1993 in every age and education group",
  "type": "dumbbell",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "ANES: government plan"
      },
      "id": "anes",
      "label": "ANES: government plan"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "instrument": "GSS: government should help pay"
      },
      "id": "gss",
      "label": "GSS: government should help pay"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}