{
  "alt": "Line chart of three party gaps by survey year with confidence bands. The GSS gap in the share with a gun in the home is {fact:go_gap_1996} points in 1996, {fact:go_gap_2008} in 2008 and {fact:go_gap_2024} in 2024. The GSS gap in favoring a police permit is {fact:gm_gap_1996} points in 1996, {fact:gm_gap_2008} in 2008 and {fact:gm_gap_2024} in 2024. The ANES gap on making buying a gun more difficult is {fact:ah_gap_2000} points in 2000, {fact:ah_gap_2016} in 2016 and {fact:ah_gap_2020} in 2020. Shaded bands mark the GSS and ANES mode changes.",
  "caption": "Both GSS lines are higher from 2008 on than in any survey through 1996, and the ANES line, which starts in 2000, is higher in 2020 than in 2000, though no line rises at every survey. A value above zero means the party named first was more likely to give the answer. Each line joins survey years, bands are 95% confidence intervals, shaded bands mark changes of survey mode, and the ANES point for 2024 comes from the 2024 Time Series file.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 29.7163,
      "conf_low": 19.0032,
      "estimate": 24.3597,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 1559,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.688,
      "conf_low": 19.9832,
      "estimate": 26.3356,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 1069,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25.7915,
      "conf_low": 14.8002,
      "estimate": 20.2959,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 2000,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.2829,
      "conf_low": 33.4161,
      "estimate": 36.8495,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 5085,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.6066,
      "conf_low": 39.5658,
      "estimate": 43.0862,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 3657,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 55.7693,
      "conf_low": 50.1864,
      "estimate": 52.9778,
      "file": "ANES cumulative file",
      "n": 6491,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.3434,
      "conf_low": 47.0404,
      "estimate": 50.6919,
      "file": "ANES 2024 Time Series",
      "n": 4389,
      "series": "ANES: more difficult",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.0864,
      "conf_low": 4.81011,
      "estimate": 10.9483,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1270,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.6119,
      "conf_low": 1.90687,
      "estimate": 8.25939,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1245,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.7229,
      "conf_low": -0.304197,
      "estimate": 6.20933,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1233,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.0938,
      "conf_low": -2.40754,
      "estimate": 3.84311,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1329,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.0551,
      "conf_low": -2.08795,
      "estimate": 4.98355,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1197,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.107,
      "conf_low": -1.40336,
      "estimate": 5.35184,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1593,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.1923,
      "conf_low": 6.19488,
      "estimate": 13.1936,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1270,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.17527,
      "conf_low": -5.17861,
      "estimate": 1.49833,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1354,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.8762,
      "conf_low": 1.50399,
      "estimate": 7.69008,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1583,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.6526,
      "conf_low": 4.61235,
      "estimate": 12.1325,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 839,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.4619,
      "conf_low": 2.73625,
      "estimate": 10.0991,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 895,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.7488,
      "conf_low": 1.17796,
      "estimate": 8.96336,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 794,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.70826,
      "conf_low": -5.35743,
      "estimate": 2.17542,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 841,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.7833,
      "conf_low": 4.12836,
      "estimate": 11.4558,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 921,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.7798,
      "conf_low": 7.0192,
      "estimate": 12.3995,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1670,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.8714,
      "conf_low": 4.96104,
      "estimate": 10.4162,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1577,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.9045,
      "conf_low": 8.70969,
      "estimate": 14.3071,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1509,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.6589,
      "conf_low": 12.3663,
      "estimate": 18.0126,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1428,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.4939,
      "conf_low": 6.94539,
      "estimate": 15.2196,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 727,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.7899,
      "conf_low": 6.55916,
      "estimate": 14.6745,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 720,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.8759,
      "conf_low": 9.13586,
      "estimate": 15.0059,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1511,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.6637,
      "conf_low": 15.847,
      "estimate": 22.7554,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1075,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.8157,
      "conf_low": 20.1081,
      "estimate": 27.4619,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 969,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.3846,
      "conf_low": 20.0112,
      "estimate": 27.6979,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 982,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.854,
      "conf_low": 20.5019,
      "estimate": 26.6779,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1283,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.8144,
      "conf_low": 17.817,
      "estimate": 23.8157,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1470,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.3212,
      "conf_low": 21.313,
      "estimate": 28.3171,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1195,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.5194,
      "conf_low": 24.9868,
      "estimate": 29.2531,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 2996,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.7579,
      "conf_low": 16.276,
      "estimate": 24.0169,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1630,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 37.3684,
      "conf_low": 24.1115,
      "estimate": 30.7399,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1542,
      "series": "GSS: gun in the home",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.11951,
      "conf_low": -3.69789,
      "estimate": 1.71081,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1336,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.2541,
      "conf_low": 0.373374,
      "estimate": 5.81371,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1260,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.39389,
      "conf_low": -2.6277,
      "estimate": 2.8831,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1241,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.612,
      "conf_low": 0.349807,
      "estimate": 5.98091,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1231,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.61497,
      "conf_low": -3.9794,
      "estimate": 1.81778,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1236,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.46674,
      "conf_low": -1.97264,
      "estimate": 3.74705,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1314,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.6231,
      "conf_low": -2.56831,
      "estimate": 4.02739,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1191,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.8228,
      "conf_low": 0.471355,
      "estimate": 6.64708,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1579,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.0669,
      "conf_low": 4.98559,
      "estimate": 11.5263,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1253,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.51265,
      "conf_low": -2.07974,
      "estimate": 3.71646,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1347,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1985
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.59677,
      "conf_low": -6.69459,
      "estimate": -1.04891,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1568,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.0583,
      "conf_low": 2.85357,
      "estimate": 9.45595,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 830,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.5866,
      "conf_low": 1.73125,
      "estimate": 7.65891,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 884,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.7437,
      "conf_low": 0.43748,
      "estimate": 6.59057,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 783,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.92068,
      "conf_low": -3.04062,
      "estimate": 2.94003,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 839,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.3204,
      "conf_low": -0.135435,
      "estimate": 5.59248,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 912,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.0325,
      "conf_low": 6.04717,
      "estimate": 10.5398,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1666,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.4285,
      "conf_low": 4.83679,
      "estimate": 9.13265,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1557,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.9264,
      "conf_low": 4.04764,
      "estimate": 8.487,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1492,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.3124,
      "conf_low": 9.79714,
      "estimate": 14.5548,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1413,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.9255,
      "conf_low": 6.19066,
      "estimate": 13.0581,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 731,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.8575,
      "conf_low": 3.43731,
      "estimate": 10.1474,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 728,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.3394,
      "conf_low": 8.61571,
      "estimate": 13.4776,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1503,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.9024,
      "conf_low": 11.6251,
      "estimate": 17.7637,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1076,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.0263,
      "conf_low": 13.4156,
      "estimate": 20.2209,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 997,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 24.6202,
      "conf_low": 10.2591,
      "estimate": 17.4397,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 992,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.1559,
      "conf_low": 19.757,
      "estimate": 25.4565,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1314,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.4001,
      "conf_low": 14.8206,
      "estimate": 20.6103,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1493,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.5684,
      "conf_low": 16.2768,
      "estimate": 22.9226,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1208,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 39.3699,
      "conf_low": 31.3046,
      "estimate": 35.3373,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 3043,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 40.9467,
      "conf_low": 26.9197,
      "estimate": 33.9332,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1663,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.3678,
      "conf_low": 22.1518,
      "estimate": 28.2598,
      "file": "GSS",
      "n": 1562,
      "series": "GSS: police permit",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_by_year",
  "notes": [
    "The GSS items are asked in different numbers of survey years, so the lines have different points. A party cell needs at least 150 respondents and an effective sample of at least 100, and a gap needs both parties to clear that floor.",
    "Shaded bands: the ANES mode change from 2016 to 2020 and the GSS move from in-person to web interviews between 2018 and 2021."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024, and ANES Cumulative Data File, 2000-2020, with the ANES 2024 Time Series; weighted (weight_use; VCF0009z; V240107b)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No gap",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "label": "GSS mode change",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2018,
        "x2": 2021
      },
      {
        "label": "ANES mode change",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2016,
        "x2": 2020
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "ANES: more difficult": "cat3",
      "GSS: gun in the home": "cat1",
      "GSS: police permit": "cat2"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1971,
      2025
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -10,
      70
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0
    },
    "yLabel": "Gap (percentage points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Gap between the parties in the share with a gun in the home (Republican minus Democratic) and in the share favoring a police permit or making buying a gun more difficult (Democratic minus Republican); party identifiers including leaners; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Year"
      },
      {
        "key": "file",
        "label": "File"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Gap (points)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The party gaps on gun ownership and gun permits were at most {fact:gap_pre_max} points through 1996 and at least {fact:gap_post_min} points from 2008",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}