{
  "alt": "Six small dot charts, one for each dated item, with a dot for white respondents and one for Black respondents in each of three periods. Black respondents are to the right of white respondents on most panels, and the will-power panel has overlapping dots. White respondents' dots move between 2010-2014 and 2016-2018 on every panel, and Black respondents' dots move on some, with wider intervals for Black respondents.",
  "caption": "Black respondents are above white respondents in every period on {fact:n_blk_higher} of the six dated items, and where both groups moved between 2010-2014 and 2016-2018 they moved the same way. Each dot is a weighted share for one race and period; the lines are 95% intervals, which are wide for Black respondents because their samples are small.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 59.8,
      "conf_low": 50.6,
      "estimate": 55.2,
      "n": 669,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.5,
      "conf_low": 28.6,
      "estimate": 30.6,
      "n": 3181,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.2,
      "conf_low": 57.2,
      "estimate": 62.2,
      "n": 550,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.4,
      "conf_low": 36.5,
      "estimate": 38.9,
      "n": 2408,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 79.3,
      "conf_low": 70.4,
      "estimate": 74.8,
      "n": 684,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.4,
      "conf_low": 45.9,
      "estimate": 48.2,
      "n": 3556,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.5,
      "conf_low": 41.2,
      "estimate": 45.9,
      "n": 671,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.2,
      "conf_low": 46,
      "estimate": 48.1,
      "n": 3156,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.8,
      "conf_low": 40.5,
      "estimate": 45.6,
      "n": 558,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.6,
      "conf_low": 36.7,
      "estimate": 39.2,
      "n": 2400,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.5,
      "conf_low": 25.1,
      "estimate": 29.8,
      "n": 688,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.8,
      "conf_low": 26.8,
      "estimate": 28.8,
      "n": 3535,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.1,
      "conf_low": 34.4,
      "estimate": 39.2,
      "n": 617,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.2,
      "conf_low": 10.5,
      "estimate": 11.9,
      "n": 3181,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.1,
      "conf_low": 43.6,
      "estimate": 48.9,
      "n": 565,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.9,
      "conf_low": 19.8,
      "estimate": 21.9,
      "n": 2462,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.6,
      "conf_low": 55.7,
      "estimate": 60.1,
      "n": 996,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.5,
      "conf_low": 25.1,
      "estimate": 26.8,
      "n": 5115,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.2,
      "conf_low": 65.2,
      "estimate": 70.2,
      "n": 480,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 28.7,
      "conf_low": 24.3,
      "estimate": 26.5,
      "n": 2143,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 84,
      "conf_low": 73.7,
      "estimate": 78.9,
      "n": 409,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.3,
      "conf_low": 44.4,
      "estimate": 47.4,
      "n": 1724,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 90,
      "conf_low": 82.8,
      "estimate": 86.4,
      "n": 781,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 45.5,
      "conf_low": 41.1,
      "estimate": 43.3,
      "n": 3796,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.1,
      "conf_low": 37.8,
      "estimate": 42.5,
      "n": 641,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15,
      "conf_low": 12.1,
      "estimate": 13.5,
      "n": 3150,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.9,
      "conf_low": 36.5,
      "estimate": 41.7,
      "n": 536,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.3,
      "conf_low": 17.3,
      "estimate": 19.3,
      "n": 2350,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 48.7,
      "conf_low": 39.8,
      "estimate": 44.3,
      "n": 1008,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.9,
      "conf_low": 19.8,
      "estimate": 21.4,
      "n": 5023,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 34.9,
      "conf_low": 26.5,
      "estimate": 30.7,
      "n": 685,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 10.9,
      "estimate": 12.3,
      "n": 3274,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.5,
      "conf_low": 31.5,
      "estimate": 36.5,
      "n": 555,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.4,
      "conf_low": 18.5,
      "estimate": 20.5,
      "n": 2474,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47,
      "conf_low": 38.4,
      "estimate": 42.7,
      "n": 1048,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.5,
      "conf_low": 26.1,
      "estimate": 27.8,
      "n": 5217,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2021-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "all"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.2,
      "conf_low": 50.5,
      "estimate": 55.3,
      "n": 617,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 33.6,
      "conf_low": 29.5,
      "estimate": 31.5,
      "n": 2781,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.3,
      "conf_low": 56.8,
      "estimate": 62,
      "n": 514,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.8,
      "conf_low": 37.7,
      "estimate": 40.3,
      "n": 2199,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.5,
      "conf_low": 46.1,
      "estimate": 52.3,
      "n": 548,
      "panel": "Discrimination",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.7,
      "conf_low": 41,
      "estimate": 45.9,
      "n": 620,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.4,
      "conf_low": 46,
      "estimate": 48.2,
      "n": 2760,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 52.3,
      "conf_low": 41.7,
      "estimate": 47,
      "n": 523,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 42.1,
      "conf_low": 36.9,
      "estimate": 39.5,
      "n": 2189,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 38.1,
      "conf_low": 26.7,
      "estimate": 32.4,
      "n": 544,
      "panel": "Lack of motivation or will power",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 43.5,
      "conf_low": 33.2,
      "estimate": 38.4,
      "n": 567,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 10.7,
      "estimate": 12.2,
      "n": 2762,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 54.6,
      "conf_low": 43.8,
      "estimate": 49.2,
      "n": 540,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.6,
      "conf_low": 19.4,
      "estimate": 21.5,
      "n": 2256,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.6,
      "conf_low": 45.7,
      "estimate": 53.7,
      "n": 363,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.3,
      "conf_low": 21.5,
      "estimate": 25.4,
      "n": 1082,
      "panel": "At the help end of the scale",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.4,
      "conf_low": 65,
      "estimate": 70.2,
      "n": 448,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.3,
      "conf_low": 24.5,
      "estimate": 26.9,
      "n": 1855,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 84.6,
      "conf_low": 74.1,
      "estimate": 79.4,
      "n": 387,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 50.5,
      "conf_low": 44.3,
      "estimate": 47.4,
      "n": 1557,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 89.5,
      "conf_low": 76.4,
      "estimate": 83,
      "n": 279,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 51.7,
      "conf_low": 40.5,
      "estimate": 46.1,
      "n": 752,
      "panel": "Too little spent",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 47.1,
      "conf_low": 37.4,
      "estimate": 42.2,
      "n": 592,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.3,
      "conf_low": 12.2,
      "estimate": 13.7,
      "n": 2755,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 46.9,
      "conf_low": 36.1,
      "estimate": 41.5,
      "n": 501,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22,
      "conf_low": 17.8,
      "estimate": 19.9,
      "n": 2144,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.1,
      "conf_low": 42.2,
      "estimate": 50.2,
      "n": 363,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 29.9,
      "conf_low": 22.1,
      "estimate": 26,
      "n": 1048,
      "panel": "Favors preferential hiring",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 35.1,
      "conf_low": 26.2,
      "estimate": 30.6,
      "n": 632,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.3,
      "conf_low": 10.4,
      "estimate": 11.8,
      "n": 2870,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2010-2014",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 41.6,
      "conf_low": 31.3,
      "estimate": 36.5,
      "n": 521,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.9,
      "conf_low": 18.7,
      "estimate": 20.8,
      "n": 2257,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2016-2018",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 44.6,
      "conf_low": 29.8,
      "estimate": 37.2,
      "n": 386,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "Black respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.3,
      "conf_low": 22.8,
      "estimate": 26.6,
      "n": 1148,
      "panel": "Rejects the special-favors view",
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "race_label": "White respondents",
      "view": "inperson"
    }
  ],
  "id": "by_race",
  "notes": [
    "The in-person view leaves out the 2021 survey and the telephone interviews and uses the in-person interviews of 2022 and 2024; in that view Black respondents' cells for the discrimination and will-power items in 2022 and 2024 fall below the effective sample floor and are not drawn. 'Black' and 'white' are the GSS race codes; Hispanic origin is not separated, and Hispanic respondents appear in whichever race code they chose. The help-end panel counts the two answers nearest to government should help. Intervals assume a simple random sample of the weighted respondents (the Kish effective sample size); they do not use the survey's sampling design."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1972-2024; weighted (weight_use); white and Black respondents (GSS race codes, Hispanic whites included in white); 95% intervals on the Kish effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "colors": {
      "Black respondents": "cat2",
      "White respondents": "cat1"
    },
    "facet": "panel",
    "facetColumns": 3,
    "group": "race_label",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "x": "estimate",
    "xDomain": [
      0,
      100
    ],
    "xFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "suffix": "%"
    },
    "xLabel": "Share giving the answer (%)",
    "y": "period"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of white (GSS race code, Hispanic whites included) and of Black respondents giving the answer named above each panel, percent, by pooled period of surveys, 95% intervals; all interviews and in-person interviews only",
  "title": "From 2010-2014 to 2016-2018 white respondents moved on {fact:n_wht_moved} of the six dated items and Black respondents on {fact:n_blk_moved}, with wider intervals for Black respondents",
  "type": "dot",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interviews"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "inperson"
      },
      "id": "inperson",
      "label": "In-person interviews only"
    }
  ]
}