{
  "alt": "Two panels of mean ratings by white respondents from 1964 to 2024. In the panel for Black Americans the average rises until 2004, dips in 2012, and is higher again by 2020, with Democrats above Republicans after 2012. In the panel for white Americans the average falls across the series, and Democrats and Republicans are within a few points of each other until 2020.",
  "caption": "The rating of white Americans declines across the series and the rating of Black Americans rises, so the two lines meet near the end, with a dip in the rating of Black Americans in 2012. Lines are weighted mean ratings among white non-Hispanic respondents, and the band is the 95% interval for all white respondents. The face-to-face and web views use the mode weights, which exist for 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 61.8,
      "conf_low": 59.5,
      "estimate": 60.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1366,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.8,
      "conf_low": 59.1,
      "estimate": 60.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1126,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.9,
      "conf_low": 60.6,
      "estimate": 61.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1337,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.9,
      "conf_low": 57.5,
      "estimate": 58.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1285,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.1,
      "conf_low": 60.3,
      "estimate": 61.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1850,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.5,
      "conf_low": 62,
      "estimate": 63.3,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1324,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.8,
      "conf_low": 57,
      "estimate": 57.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1602,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.6,
      "conf_low": 59.5,
      "estimate": 60.6,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1136,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.4,
      "conf_low": 60.8,
      "estimate": 62.1,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1108,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.5,
      "conf_low": 61.5,
      "estimate": 62.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1516,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.2,
      "conf_low": 62.2,
      "estimate": 63.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1598,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58.5,
      "conf_low": 56.4,
      "estimate": 57.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1315,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.8,
      "conf_low": 65.5,
      "estimate": 66.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1443,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.2,
      "conf_low": 60.4,
      "estimate": 61.3,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1686,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.8,
      "conf_low": 58.3,
      "estimate": 59.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1317,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.1,
      "conf_low": 61.9,
      "estimate": 63,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1173,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.8,
      "conf_low": 65,
      "estimate": 66.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 883,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.6,
      "conf_low": 63,
      "estimate": 64.3,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1123,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.1,
      "conf_low": 64.2,
      "estimate": 65.6,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 987,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6,
      "conf_low": 67.6,
      "estimate": 69.1,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 740,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.4,
      "conf_low": 64.8,
      "estimate": 66.1,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1020,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.7,
      "conf_low": 60.9,
      "estimate": 61.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 3254,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.8,
      "conf_low": 65.9,
      "estimate": 66.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 2591,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6,
      "conf_low": 69.2,
      "estimate": 69.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 5173,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6,
      "conf_low": 68.5,
      "estimate": 69.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 3374,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.9,
      "conf_low": 58.9,
      "estimate": 60.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 792,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.7,
      "conf_low": 58.9,
      "estimate": 60.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 586,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.3,
      "conf_low": 60,
      "estimate": 61.6,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 680,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.4,
      "conf_low": 58.1,
      "estimate": 59.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 659,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.4,
      "conf_low": 60.9,
      "estimate": 62.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 877,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.7,
      "conf_low": 62.2,
      "estimate": 64,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 635,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.7,
      "conf_low": 57.1,
      "estimate": 58.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 728,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.8,
      "conf_low": 60.8,
      "estimate": 62.3,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 532,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.9,
      "conf_low": 60.4,
      "estimate": 62.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 559,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.8,
      "conf_low": 61.7,
      "estimate": 63.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 641,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65,
      "conf_low": 61.9,
      "estimate": 63.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 688,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.9,
      "conf_low": 57.6,
      "estimate": 59.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 526,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.3,
      "conf_low": 65.9,
      "estimate": 67.6,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 673,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.7,
      "conf_low": 61,
      "estimate": 62.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 747,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.6,
      "conf_low": 58.5,
      "estimate": 60.6,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 535,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.6,
      "conf_low": 63.5,
      "estimate": 65.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 552,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9,
      "conf_low": 64.6,
      "estimate": 66.7,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 394,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9,
      "conf_low": 65.1,
      "estimate": 67,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 484,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.8,
      "conf_low": 64.2,
      "estimate": 66.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 404,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.4,
      "conf_low": 67.7,
      "estimate": 70.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 295,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.8,
      "conf_low": 66.8,
      "estimate": 68.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 436,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.2,
      "conf_low": 63.4,
      "estimate": 64.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1283,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73,
      "conf_low": 70,
      "estimate": 71.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1024,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.4,
      "conf_low": 74.2,
      "estimate": 75.3,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 2146,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.1,
      "conf_low": 73.2,
      "estimate": 74.7,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1485,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.7,
      "conf_low": 60.7,
      "estimate": 62.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 449,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.5,
      "conf_low": 58.4,
      "estimate": 60.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 385,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64,
      "conf_low": 60.5,
      "estimate": 62.3,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 491,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60,
      "conf_low": 56,
      "estimate": 58,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 453,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.3,
      "conf_low": 58.4,
      "estimate": 59.8,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 712,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.7,
      "conf_low": 60.5,
      "estimate": 62.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 464,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 59.1,
      "conf_low": 56.5,
      "estimate": 57.8,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 614,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 60.7,
      "conf_low": 57.1,
      "estimate": 58.9,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 437,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.7,
      "conf_low": 60.4,
      "estimate": 62.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 403,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.5,
      "conf_low": 60.5,
      "estimate": 62,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 698,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.4,
      "conf_low": 62.3,
      "estimate": 63.9,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 685,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 58,
      "conf_low": 55.1,
      "estimate": 56.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 638,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.3,
      "conf_low": 64.8,
      "estimate": 66.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 590,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.8,
      "conf_low": 59.3,
      "estimate": 60.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 734,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.1,
      "conf_low": 57.6,
      "estimate": 59.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 636,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.1,
      "conf_low": 59.8,
      "estimate": 61.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 523,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.5,
      "conf_low": 64.1,
      "estimate": 66.3,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 384,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.3,
      "conf_low": 61.5,
      "estimate": 63.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 495,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.1,
      "conf_low": 64,
      "estimate": 66,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 496,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72,
      "conf_low": 68.1,
      "estimate": 70,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 373,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.4,
      "conf_low": 62.6,
      "estimate": 64.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 457,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61.5,
      "conf_low": 58.9,
      "estimate": 60.2,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1518,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.2,
      "conf_low": 62.5,
      "estimate": 63.9,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1255,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68,
      "conf_low": 65.9,
      "estimate": 66.9,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 2512,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68,
      "conf_low": 65,
      "estimate": 66.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1698,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 87.6,
      "conf_low": 85.8,
      "estimate": 86.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1367,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 86.8,
      "conf_low": 84.7,
      "estimate": 85.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1124,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 83.4,
      "conf_low": 81.4,
      "estimate": 82.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1343,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 79.9,
      "conf_low": 77.8,
      "estimate": 78.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1293,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.5,
      "conf_low": 78.9,
      "estimate": 79.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1867,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.9,
      "conf_low": 78.6,
      "estimate": 79.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1336,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.5,
      "conf_low": 73.8,
      "estimate": 74.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1635,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.4,
      "conf_low": 76.4,
      "estimate": 77.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1148,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.8,
      "conf_low": 72.4,
      "estimate": 73.6,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1109,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.8,
      "conf_low": 74,
      "estimate": 74.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1522,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.8,
      "conf_low": 72.7,
      "estimate": 73.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1324,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.3,
      "conf_low": 70.5,
      "estimate": 71.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1694,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.3,
      "conf_low": 70.1,
      "estimate": 71.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1333,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.9,
      "conf_low": 69.6,
      "estimate": 70.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1164,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.2,
      "conf_low": 68.4,
      "estimate": 69.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 893,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.2,
      "conf_low": 71.7,
      "estimate": 73,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1128,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70,
      "conf_low": 67.1,
      "estimate": 68.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 989,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.2,
      "conf_low": 72.2,
      "estimate": 73.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 739,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.5,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1021,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74,
      "conf_low": 72.4,
      "estimate": 73.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 3258,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.2,
      "conf_low": 72.4,
      "estimate": 73.3,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 2592,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72,
      "conf_low": 70.5,
      "estimate": 71.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 5152,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.2,
      "conf_low": 69.2,
      "estimate": 70.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 3373,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 89.1,
      "conf_low": 86.9,
      "estimate": 88,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 793,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 88.9,
      "conf_low": 86.1,
      "estimate": 87.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 584,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 84.6,
      "conf_low": 81.9,
      "estimate": 83.3,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 682,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 82.1,
      "conf_low": 79.4,
      "estimate": 80.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 660,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 82.2,
      "conf_low": 79.8,
      "estimate": 81,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 885,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 82.6,
      "conf_low": 79.4,
      "estimate": 81,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 641,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.8,
      "conf_low": 74.3,
      "estimate": 75.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 744,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.1,
      "conf_low": 77.2,
      "estimate": 78.6,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 537,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.3,
      "conf_low": 73,
      "estimate": 74.7,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 556,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 77.5,
      "conf_low": 74.9,
      "estimate": 76.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 641,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.5,
      "conf_low": 73.1,
      "estimate": 74.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 525,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.6,
      "conf_low": 70.9,
      "estimate": 72.3,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 751,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.4,
      "conf_low": 70.9,
      "estimate": 72.7,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 542,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.8,
      "conf_low": 70.6,
      "estimate": 72.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 546,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.9,
      "conf_low": 67.7,
      "estimate": 69.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 392,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.4,
      "conf_low": 71.6,
      "estimate": 73.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 486,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.9,
      "conf_low": 66.3,
      "estimate": 68.6,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 404,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.8,
      "conf_low": 70.5,
      "estimate": 73.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 298,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.6,
      "conf_low": 71.5,
      "estimate": 73.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 435,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.3,
      "conf_low": 72.7,
      "estimate": 74,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1284,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.3,
      "conf_low": 71.4,
      "estimate": 72.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1024,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.5,
      "conf_low": 68.2,
      "estimate": 69.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 2144,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.6,
      "conf_low": 67.6,
      "estimate": 69.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1489,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 87.2,
      "conf_low": 84,
      "estimate": 85.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 449,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 86.5,
      "conf_low": 83,
      "estimate": 84.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 385,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1966
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 83.2,
      "conf_low": 79.9,
      "estimate": 81.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 492,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 79.3,
      "conf_low": 75.7,
      "estimate": 77.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 458,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1970
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 80.5,
      "conf_low": 78,
      "estimate": 79.2,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 722,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 81.3,
      "conf_low": 77.6,
      "estimate": 79.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 470,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.8,
      "conf_low": 73,
      "estimate": 74.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 623,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 78.8,
      "conf_low": 75.5,
      "estimate": 77.2,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 443,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.8,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 404,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.8,
      "conf_low": 73.2,
      "estimate": 74.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 703,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.9,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 646,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.6,
      "conf_low": 69.9,
      "estimate": 71.3,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 738,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.4,
      "conf_low": 69.4,
      "estimate": 70.9,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 640,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.3,
      "conf_low": 68,
      "estimate": 69.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 521,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.5,
      "conf_low": 68.2,
      "estimate": 70.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 387,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.1,
      "conf_low": 71.6,
      "estimate": 73.3,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 497,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.2,
      "conf_low": 67.2,
      "estimate": 69.2,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 499,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 77.1,
      "conf_low": 73.1,
      "estimate": 75.1,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 370,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.8,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 457,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.9,
      "conf_low": 72.6,
      "estimate": 73.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1520,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.4,
      "conf_low": 73,
      "estimate": 74.2,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1256,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.4,
      "conf_low": 72.5,
      "estimate": 73.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 2495,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.1,
      "conf_low": 70.2,
      "estimate": 71.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1692,
      "view": "all",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 67.4,
      "conf_low": 64.8,
      "estimate": 66.1,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1020,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 64.4,
      "conf_low": 61.1,
      "estimate": 62.7,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 852,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68.9,
      "conf_low": 64.8,
      "estimate": 66.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 699,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.3,
      "conf_low": 68.8,
      "estimate": 71,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 605,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.8,
      "conf_low": 66.8,
      "estimate": 68.8,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 436,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68,
      "conf_low": 62.9,
      "estimate": 65.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 356,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76.4,
      "conf_low": 69.7,
      "estimate": 73.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 265,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 81.3,
      "conf_low": 75,
      "estimate": 78.1,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 276,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.4,
      "conf_low": 62.6,
      "estimate": 64.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 457,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 63.7,
      "conf_low": 59.1,
      "estimate": 61.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 395,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.9,
      "conf_low": 60.6,
      "estimate": 63.3,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 368,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.2,
      "conf_low": 63,
      "estimate": 66.1,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 306,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.5,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1021,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.6,
      "conf_low": 71.5,
      "estimate": 73.1,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 855,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.3,
      "conf_low": 71.6,
      "estimate": 73.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 699,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.7,
      "conf_low": 67.3,
      "estimate": 69.5,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 605,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.6,
      "conf_low": 71.5,
      "estimate": 73.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 435,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 70.9,
      "estimate": 73.3,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 356,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 77.2,
      "conf_low": 70.8,
      "estimate": 74,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 265,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 73.4,
      "conf_low": 66.7,
      "estimate": 70,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 277,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 71.9,
      "estimate": 73.8,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 457,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.8,
      "conf_low": 70.4,
      "estimate": 72.6,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 397,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 76,
      "conf_low": 71.3,
      "estimate": 73.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 368,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.5,
      "conf_low": 66.3,
      "estimate": 69.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 305,
      "view": "ftf",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 62.4,
      "conf_low": 60.3,
      "estimate": 61.4,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 2402,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 68,
      "conf_low": 65.8,
      "estimate": 66.9,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1892,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70.3,
      "conf_low": 67.2,
      "estimate": 68.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1163,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 66.1,
      "conf_low": 62.9,
      "estimate": 64.5,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 927,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 72.6,
      "conf_low": 69.3,
      "estimate": 71,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 759,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.5,
      "conf_low": 70,
      "estimate": 72.2,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 514,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 61,
      "conf_low": 58,
      "estimate": 59.5,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 1123,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 65.7,
      "conf_low": 62.6,
      "estimate": 64.1,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 887,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 70,
      "conf_low": 65.4,
      "estimate": 67.7,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of Black Americans",
      "n": 554,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.2,
      "conf_low": 72.4,
      "estimate": 73.3,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 2403,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74.2,
      "conf_low": 72.3,
      "estimate": 73.2,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1893,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 71.3,
      "conf_low": 68.2,
      "estimate": 69.8,
      "group": "All white respondents",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1157,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.8,
      "conf_low": 72.9,
      "estimate": 74.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 928,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 74,
      "conf_low": 70.9,
      "estimate": 72.4,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 759,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 69.1,
      "conf_low": 64.6,
      "estimate": 66.9,
      "group": "White Democrats",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 516,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 73.1,
      "estimate": 74.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 1123,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 73,
      "estimate": 74.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 888,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 75.7,
      "conf_low": 71.2,
      "estimate": 73.4,
      "group": "White Republicans",
      "measure": "Rating of white Americans",
      "n": 548,
      "view": "web",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "affect",
  "notes": [
    "Face-to-face and web estimates exist for 2008 (face to face only), 2012, 2016 and 2024; 2020 has no mode weights. The thermometer toward white Americans was not asked in 1986 or 1990.",
    "Ratings of Black Americans by white respondents in 1964 to 1970 come from the same item as later years. Intervals assume a simple random sample of the weighted respondents (the Kish effective sample size); they do not use the survey's sampling design."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1964-2024; weighted (VCF0009z; mode weights VCF0009x and VCF0009y for 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Web interviews in the sample",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2011.5,
        "x2": 2025
      }
    ],
    "bandSeries": [
      "All white respondents"
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All white respondents": "total",
      "White Democrats": "dem",
      "White Republicans": "rep"
    },
    "facet": "measure",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "group",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1962,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "Study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      50,
      95
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean rating (0 to 100)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean feeling thermometer rating of Black Americans and of white Americans among white non-Hispanic respondents, points on a scale from 0 to 100, 1964 to 2024, all respondents and by party including leaners",
  "title": "By 2024 white respondents rated Black and white Americans almost alike, after a fall in the rating of Black Americans from 2008 to 2012",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interviews"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "ftf"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "Face to face",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [],
        "breaks": [
          2018
        ]
      },
      "title": "In face-to-face interviews alone the rating of Black Americans fell from 2008 to 2012 and rose by 2016"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "view": "web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [],
        "breaks": [
          2018
        ]
      },
      "title": "In web interviews the rating of Black Americans rose from 2012 to 2016 among both Democrats and Republicans"
    }
  ]
}