{
  "alt": "Two line panels, one for the economic index and one for the cultural index, each with a Democratic line, a Republican line and a grey dashed line for all adults by ANES study from 1984 to 2024. The Democratic and Republican lines start close together, especially on the cultural index, and separate: Democrats end well below zero on both indices while Republicans stay above zero, so the shaded gap between the parties widens. The Republican minus Democratic gap on the economic index goes from {fact:gap_econ_1984} to {fact:gap_econ_2024}, and on the cultural index from {fact:gap_cult_1984} to {fact:gap_cult_2024}. The line for all adults on the cultural index falls from {fact:all_cult_1984} to {fact:all_cult_2024}.",
  "caption": "The gap between the Republican and Democratic lines widens on both panels, mostly because the Democratic line falls. The Republican minus Democratic gap on the economic index went from {fact:gap_econ_1984} in 1984 to {fact:gap_econ_2024} in 2024 and on the cultural index from {fact:gap_cult_1984} to {fact:gap_cult_2024}. The grey dashed line is the mean of all adults. On the cultural panel it also falls, from {fact:all_cult_1984} to {fact:all_cult_2024}, and so does the Republican line, so part of each party's fall is a shift of the whole sample. Positive values are more conservative than the average of all respondents from 1984 to 2024.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 0.124223,
      "conf_low": 0.0330816,
      "estimate": 0.0786525,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0691829,
      "conf_low": -0.0542861,
      "estimate": 0.00744841,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.108793,
      "conf_low": 0.0196769,
      "estimate": 0.064235,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.014567,
      "conf_low": -0.124448,
      "estimate": -0.0549407,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00769988,
      "conf_low": -0.0843439,
      "estimate": -0.0460219,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.191069,
      "conf_low": 0.0917925,
      "estimate": 0.141431,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.195679,
      "conf_low": 0.0929676,
      "estimate": 0.144323,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00178901,
      "conf_low": -0.131065,
      "estimate": -0.0664272,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0743105,
      "conf_low": -0.0565358,
      "estimate": 0.00888737,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0450352,
      "conf_low": -0.170263,
      "estimate": -0.107649,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0149552,
      "conf_low": -0.137723,
      "estimate": -0.061384,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.233804,
      "conf_low": 0.164066,
      "estimate": 0.198935,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.130759,
      "conf_low": 0.0478772,
      "estimate": 0.0893179,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0784329,
      "conf_low": -0.150022,
      "estimate": -0.114228,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.157821,
      "conf_low": -0.248544,
      "estimate": -0.203182,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.17731,
      "conf_low": -0.302052,
      "estimate": -0.239681,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 699,
      "n_eff": 699,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.174438,
      "conf_low": -0.34356,
      "estimate": -0.258999,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 459,
      "n_eff": 459,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.194616,
      "conf_low": -0.318212,
      "estimate": -0.256414,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 731,
      "n_eff": 731,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.223716,
      "conf_low": -0.414345,
      "estimate": -0.319031,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 368,
      "n_eff": 368,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.305539,
      "conf_low": -0.403249,
      "estimate": -0.354394,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 975,
      "n_eff": 970.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.145886,
      "conf_low": -0.274521,
      "estimate": -0.210203,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 768,
      "n_eff": 620.6,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.138216,
      "conf_low": -0.261681,
      "estimate": -0.199948,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 734,
      "n_eff": 593.4,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.254651,
      "conf_low": -0.415105,
      "estimate": -0.334878,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 544,
      "n_eff": 464,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.187448,
      "conf_low": -0.355073,
      "estimate": -0.27126,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 414,
      "n_eff": 330.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.428407,
      "conf_low": -0.578029,
      "estimate": -0.503218,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 476,
      "n_eff": 388.9,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.420182,
      "conf_low": -0.590642,
      "estimate": -0.505412,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 553,
      "n_eff": 337.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.29605,
      "conf_low": -0.373488,
      "estimate": -0.334769,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2722,
      "n_eff": 1397,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.404807,
      "conf_low": -0.50124,
      "estimate": -0.453023,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1540,
      "n_eff": 1039,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.813915,
      "conf_low": -0.885937,
      "estimate": -0.849926,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 3209,
      "n_eff": 1672.2,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.7534,
      "conf_low": -0.847582,
      "estimate": -0.800491,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2196,
      "n_eff": 1021.5,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.513931,
      "conf_low": 0.385476,
      "estimate": 0.449703,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 633,
      "n_eff": 633,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.48807,
      "conf_low": 0.305032,
      "estimate": 0.396551,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 334,
      "n_eff": 334,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.491786,
      "conf_low": 0.370177,
      "estimate": 0.430982,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 664,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.380668,
      "conf_low": 0.175403,
      "estimate": 0.278035,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 291,
      "n_eff": 291,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.434836,
      "conf_low": 0.319977,
      "estimate": 0.377407,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 790,
      "n_eff": 787.1,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.657878,
      "conf_low": 0.518583,
      "estimate": 0.58823,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 726,
      "n_eff": 605.1,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.709829,
      "conf_low": 0.561972,
      "estimate": 0.635901,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 561,
      "n_eff": 453.6,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.474178,
      "conf_low": 0.268057,
      "estimate": 0.371117,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 395,
      "n_eff": 333,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.57194,
      "conf_low": 0.386484,
      "estimate": 0.479212,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 304,
      "n_eff": 253.8,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.442836,
      "conf_low": 0.257249,
      "estimate": 0.350042,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 425,
      "n_eff": 361.4,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.640106,
      "conf_low": 0.400549,
      "estimate": 0.520327,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 282,
      "n_eff": 214,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.90107,
      "conf_low": 0.808494,
      "estimate": 0.854782,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1802,
      "n_eff": 1096.5,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.827453,
      "conf_low": 0.72028,
      "estimate": 0.773867,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1389,
      "n_eff": 983,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.760342,
      "conf_low": 0.67486,
      "estimate": 0.717601,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2813,
      "n_eff": 1641.8,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.545839,
      "conf_low": 0.428615,
      "estimate": 0.487227,
      "index": "Economic index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1942,
      "n_eff": 920,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.529583,
      "conf_low": 0.435082,
      "estimate": 0.482333,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.261753,
      "conf_low": 0.14024,
      "estimate": 0.200997,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.551809,
      "conf_low": 0.473438,
      "estimate": 0.512624,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.274156,
      "conf_low": 0.149223,
      "estimate": 0.21169,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.31474,
      "conf_low": 0.239289,
      "estimate": 0.277015,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.503799,
      "conf_low": 0.411793,
      "estimate": 0.457796,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.402248,
      "conf_low": 0.302688,
      "estimate": 0.352468,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.284475,
      "conf_low": 0.166918,
      "estimate": 0.225697,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.356457,
      "conf_low": 0.226449,
      "estimate": 0.291453,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.236045,
      "conf_low": 0.108586,
      "estimate": 0.172316,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.164802,
      "conf_low": 0.0191125,
      "estimate": 0.0919571,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.0210607,
      "conf_low": -0.0491812,
      "estimate": -0.0140603,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.186688,
      "conf_low": -0.269074,
      "estimate": -0.227881,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.29374,
      "conf_low": -0.35961,
      "estimate": -0.326675,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.288552,
      "conf_low": -0.376319,
      "estimate": -0.332435,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "party": "All adults",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.403627,
      "conf_low": 0.265403,
      "estimate": 0.334515,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 699,
      "n_eff": 699,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.277709,
      "conf_low": 0.101445,
      "estimate": 0.189577,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 459,
      "n_eff": 459,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.47674,
      "conf_low": 0.35925,
      "estimate": 0.417995,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 731,
      "n_eff": 731,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.186271,
      "conf_low": 0.0107988,
      "estimate": 0.0985351,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 368,
      "n_eff": 368,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.140076,
      "conf_low": 0.0302344,
      "estimate": 0.0851551,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 975,
      "n_eff": 970.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.33777,
      "conf_low": 0.194794,
      "estimate": 0.266282,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 768,
      "n_eff": 620.6,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.245287,
      "conf_low": 0.104855,
      "estimate": 0.175071,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 734,
      "n_eff": 593.4,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.115489,
      "conf_low": -0.0521851,
      "estimate": 0.0316519,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 544,
      "n_eff": 464,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.218549,
      "conf_low": 0.0323778,
      "estimate": 0.125463,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 414,
      "n_eff": 330.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.00637726,
      "conf_low": -0.199832,
      "estimate": -0.103105,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 476,
      "n_eff": 388.9,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.0733013,
      "conf_low": -0.27243,
      "estimate": -0.172865,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 553,
      "n_eff": 337.7,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.365899,
      "conf_low": -0.463009,
      "estimate": -0.414454,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2722,
      "n_eff": 1397,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.629737,
      "conf_low": -0.744208,
      "estimate": -0.686973,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1540,
      "n_eff": 1039,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.848293,
      "conf_low": -0.933198,
      "estimate": -0.890746,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 3209,
      "n_eff": 1672.2,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.882067,
      "conf_low": -0.985874,
      "estimate": -0.93397,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2196,
      "n_eff": 1021.5,
      "party": "Democrats",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.705207,
      "conf_low": 0.563838,
      "estimate": 0.634522,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 633,
      "n_eff": 633,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.290967,
      "conf_low": 0.0987189,
      "estimate": 0.194843,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 334,
      "n_eff": 334,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.689897,
      "conf_low": 0.577413,
      "estimate": 0.633655,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 664,
      "n_eff": 664,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.387746,
      "conf_low": 0.193611,
      "estimate": 0.290679,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 2,
      "n": 291,
      "n_eff": 291,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.578029,
      "conf_low": 0.468645,
      "estimate": 0.523337,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 790,
      "n_eff": 787.1,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.716008,
      "conf_low": 0.591517,
      "estimate": 0.653762,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 726,
      "n_eff": 605.1,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.685221,
      "conf_low": 0.539757,
      "estimate": 0.612489,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 561,
      "n_eff": 453.6,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.561904,
      "conf_low": 0.38857,
      "estimate": 0.475237,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 395,
      "n_eff": 333,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.602086,
      "conf_low": 0.413092,
      "estimate": 0.507589,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 304,
      "n_eff": 253.8,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.569272,
      "conf_low": 0.404147,
      "estimate": 0.48671,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 425,
      "n_eff": 361.4,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.519693,
      "conf_low": 0.293859,
      "estimate": 0.406776,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 282,
      "n_eff": 214,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.463061,
      "conf_low": 0.364486,
      "estimate": 0.413773,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1802,
      "n_eff": 1096.5,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.353719,
      "conf_low": 0.248805,
      "estimate": 0.301262,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1389,
      "n_eff": 983,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.340154,
      "conf_low": 0.260432,
      "estimate": 0.300293,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 2813,
      "n_eff": 1641.8,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.383352,
      "conf_low": 0.283915,
      "estimate": 0.333633,
      "index": "Cultural index",
      "items": 3,
      "n": 1942,
      "n_eff": 920,
      "party": "Republicans",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "party_positions",
  "notes": [
    "A party-by-study cell needs at least 100 respondents and an effective sample of 100; pure independents fall below that in most studies and are counted only in the line for all adults.",
    "Shaded studies have only two items on one or both indices: the cultural index in 1984, both indices in 1986 and 1990, and the economic index in 1998. The cultural panel is noisier in those studies because an index of two items has lower alpha."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1984 to 2024; weighted (VCF0009z); intervals are model based",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Pooled mean",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1983.4,
        "x2": 1984.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1985.4,
        "x2": 1986.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1989.4,
        "x2": 1990.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1997.4,
        "x2": 1998.6
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All adults": "muted",
      "Democrats": "dem",
      "Republicans": "rep"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "All adults"
    ],
    "facet": "index",
    "facetColumns": 2,
    "gap": {
      "between": [
        "Democrats",
        "Republicans"
      ]
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "party",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1982,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "ANES study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -1.2,
      1.2
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean of the index (pooled standard deviations)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean of each index by party identification, leaners counted with their party, and for all adults, in standard deviations of the pooled 1984 to 2024 sample, by ANES study; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Study"
      },
      {
        "key": "index",
        "label": "Index"
      },
      {
        "key": "party",
        "label": "Group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Mean"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 2
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "items",
        "label": "Items in the index"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The Republican minus Democratic gap grew from {fact:gap_econ_1984} to {fact:gap_econ_2024} on the economic index and from {fact:gap_cult_1984} to {fact:gap_cult_2024} on the cultural index",
  "type": "line",
  "width": "wide"
}