{
  "alt": "Line chart of the correlation between the economic and cultural indices in each ANES study from 1984 to 2024. The observed correlation is {fact:r_1984} in 1984, stays between {fact:r_2000} and {fact:r_2008} in the studies from 1992 to 2008, rises to {fact:r_2020} in 2020 and is {fact:r_2024} in 2024, a plateau after 2020. The correlation among adults with the same seven-point party identification rises from {fact:r7_1984} to {fact:r7_2024} and is lower than the observed line in every study since 1988. Both lines stay below a correlation of one. Studies in which an index has only two items are shaded.",
  "caption": "The observed correlation stays at or below {fact:r_2008} through 2008, rises to {fact:r_2020} in 2020 and is {fact:r_2024} in 2024. The dashed line compares adults with the same seven-point party identification, runs from {fact:r7_1984} in 1984 to {fact:r7_2024} in 2024 and rises over the same years at a lower level. Each point is one ANES study, the bands are 95% intervals and shaded studies have only two items on an index. The toggles show a coarser party control, a correction for unreliable indices, adults who answered all six items and the interview mode.",
  "data": [
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.151598,
      "conf_low": 0.0516855,
      "estimate": 0.101899,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.133504,
      "conf_low": 0.00443284,
      "estimate": 0.0692583,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.143639,
      "conf_low": 0.0449786,
      "estimate": 0.0945411,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.104973,
      "conf_low": -0.0400993,
      "estimate": 0.0326087,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.198397,
      "conf_low": 0.112783,
      "estimate": 0.155883,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.248332,
      "conf_low": 0.146099,
      "estimate": 0.197754,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.247809,
      "conf_low": 0.13595,
      "estimate": 0.192505,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.224883,
      "conf_low": 0.0970194,
      "estimate": 0.161629,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.192219,
      "conf_low": 0.0407081,
      "estimate": 0.117145,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.244434,
      "conf_low": 0.113038,
      "estimate": 0.179537,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.357207,
      "conf_low": 0.291858,
      "estimate": 0.32492,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.425105,
      "conf_low": 0.355787,
      "estimate": 0.391001,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.539978,
      "conf_low": 0.492699,
      "estimate": 0.516733,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.545519,
      "conf_low": 0.481953,
      "estimate": 0.514442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.0951974,
      "conf_low": -0.00606452,
      "estimate": 0.0446812,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1499,
      "n_eff": 1499,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.140052,
      "conf_low": 0.0101683,
      "estimate": 0.0754299,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 907,
      "n_eff": 907,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.0843251,
      "conf_low": -0.0155898,
      "estimate": 0.0344537,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1542,
      "n_eff": 1542,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.0620491,
      "conf_low": -0.0839634,
      "estimate": -0.0110159,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 727,
      "n_eff": 727,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.110068,
      "conf_low": 0.0224034,
      "estimate": 0.0663637,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1997,
      "n_eff": 1988.3,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.15914,
      "conf_low": 0.0535028,
      "estimate": 0.106622,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1652,
      "n_eff": 1352.4,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.129847,
      "conf_low": 0.0137652,
      "estimate": 0.0720503,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1408,
      "n_eff": 1135,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.155003,
      "conf_low": 0.023921,
      "estimate": 0.089851,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1047,
      "n_eff": 886.4,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.108507,
      "conf_low": -0.0460959,
      "estimate": 0.0313932,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 806,
      "n_eff": 648,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.0981963,
      "conf_low": -0.0389209,
      "estimate": 0.0297778,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 993,
      "n_eff": 822.3,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.16034,
      "conf_low": 0.00249356,
      "estimate": 0.0819305,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 944,
      "n_eff": 615,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.141863,
      "conf_low": 0.0694543,
      "estimate": 0.105799,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5189,
      "n_eff": 2872,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.195081,
      "conf_low": 0.114991,
      "estimate": 0.155291,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3314,
      "n_eff": 2288,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.257836,
      "conf_low": 0.196577,
      "estimate": 0.227432,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6725,
      "n_eff": 3688.9,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "party7",
      "conf_high": 0.268154,
      "conf_low": 0.185944,
      "estimate": 0.227454,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4373,
      "n_eff": 2051.2,
      "series": "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.151598,
      "conf_low": 0.0516855,
      "estimate": 0.101899,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.133504,
      "conf_low": 0.00443284,
      "estimate": 0.0692583,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.143639,
      "conf_low": 0.0449786,
      "estimate": 0.0945411,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.104973,
      "conf_low": -0.0400993,
      "estimate": 0.0326087,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.198397,
      "conf_low": 0.112783,
      "estimate": 0.155883,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.248332,
      "conf_low": 0.146099,
      "estimate": 0.197754,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.247809,
      "conf_low": 0.13595,
      "estimate": 0.192505,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.224883,
      "conf_low": 0.0970194,
      "estimate": 0.161629,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.192219,
      "conf_low": 0.0407081,
      "estimate": 0.117145,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.244434,
      "conf_low": 0.113038,
      "estimate": 0.179537,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.357207,
      "conf_low": 0.291858,
      "estimate": 0.32492,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.425105,
      "conf_low": 0.355787,
      "estimate": 0.391001,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.539978,
      "conf_low": 0.492699,
      "estimate": 0.516733,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.545519,
      "conf_low": 0.481953,
      "estimate": 0.514442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.101291,
      "conf_low": 0.000224289,
      "estimate": 0.0508879,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1499,
      "n_eff": 1499,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.132728,
      "conf_low": 0.00299681,
      "estimate": 0.0681507,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 907,
      "n_eff": 907,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.0992768,
      "conf_low": -0.000381559,
      "estimate": 0.049571,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1542,
      "n_eff": 1542,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.0759336,
      "conf_low": -0.0696914,
      "estimate": 0.00313778,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 727,
      "n_eff": 727,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.11385,
      "conf_low": 0.0263196,
      "estimate": 0.0702198,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1997,
      "n_eff": 1988.3,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.177763,
      "conf_low": 0.0727512,
      "estimate": 0.125609,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1652,
      "n_eff": 1352.4,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.151132,
      "conf_low": 0.0356718,
      "estimate": 0.0937169,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1408,
      "n_eff": 1135,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.16609,
      "conf_low": 0.0355916,
      "estimate": 0.101276,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1047,
      "n_eff": 886.4,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.115985,
      "conf_low": -0.0380535,
      "estimate": 0.0391986,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 806,
      "n_eff": 648,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.117603,
      "conf_low": -0.0189657,
      "estimate": 0.0495502,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 993,
      "n_eff": 822.3,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.181381,
      "conf_low": 0.0246862,
      "estimate": 0.103677,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 944,
      "n_eff": 615,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.162895,
      "conf_low": 0.0908986,
      "estimate": 0.127064,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5189,
      "n_eff": 2872,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.218958,
      "conf_low": 0.139604,
      "estimate": 0.179573,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3314,
      "n_eff": 2288,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.271503,
      "conf_low": 0.210698,
      "estimate": 0.241338,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6725,
      "n_eff": 3688.9,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "party3",
      "conf_high": 0.28226,
      "conf_low": 0.200717,
      "estimate": 0.241916,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4373,
      "n_eff": 2051.2,
      "series": "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.151598,
      "conf_low": 0.0516855,
      "estimate": 0.101899,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.133504,
      "conf_low": 0.00443284,
      "estimate": 0.0692583,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.143639,
      "conf_low": 0.0449786,
      "estimate": 0.0945411,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.104973,
      "conf_low": -0.0400993,
      "estimate": 0.0326087,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.198397,
      "conf_low": 0.112783,
      "estimate": 0.155883,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.248332,
      "conf_low": 0.146099,
      "estimate": 0.197754,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.247809,
      "conf_low": 0.13595,
      "estimate": 0.192505,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.224883,
      "conf_low": 0.0970194,
      "estimate": 0.161629,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.192219,
      "conf_low": 0.0407081,
      "estimate": 0.117145,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.244434,
      "conf_low": 0.113038,
      "estimate": 0.179537,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.357207,
      "conf_low": 0.291858,
      "estimate": 0.32492,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.425105,
      "conf_low": 0.355787,
      "estimate": 0.391001,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.539978,
      "conf_low": 0.492699,
      "estimate": 0.516733,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.545519,
      "conf_low": 0.481953,
      "estimate": 0.514442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.27676,
      "conf_low": 0.0832615,
      "estimate": 0.181342,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.349264,
      "conf_low": 0.20138,
      "estimate": 0.272687,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.415001,
      "conf_low": 0.252937,
      "estimate": 0.332289,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.407552,
      "conf_low": 0.228668,
      "estimate": 0.31562,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.453555,
      "conf_low": 0.190671,
      "estimate": 0.316965,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.36379,
      "conf_low": 0.0624826,
      "estimate": 0.213448,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.370565,
      "conf_low": 0.180391,
      "estimate": 0.275877,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.461164,
      "conf_low": 0.241326,
      "estimate": 0.349391,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.516212,
      "conf_low": 0.426518,
      "estimate": 0.471442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.601771,
      "conf_low": 0.495944,
      "estimate": 0.549671,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.710025,
      "conf_low": 0.64798,
      "estimate": 0.680049,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "corrected",
      "conf_high": 0.73847,
      "conf_low": 0.653131,
      "estimate": 0.69338,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "Reliability-corrected",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.151598,
      "conf_low": 0.0516855,
      "estimate": 0.101899,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1508,
      "n_eff": 1508,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.133504,
      "conf_low": 0.00443284,
      "estimate": 0.0692583,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 914,
      "n_eff": 914,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.143639,
      "conf_low": 0.0449786,
      "estimate": 0.0945411,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1551,
      "n_eff": 1551,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.104973,
      "conf_low": -0.0400993,
      "estimate": 0.0326087,
      "items_cult": 2,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 729,
      "n_eff": 729,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.198397,
      "conf_low": 0.112783,
      "estimate": 0.155883,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2005,
      "n_eff": 1996.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.248332,
      "conf_low": 0.146099,
      "estimate": 0.197754,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1659,
      "n_eff": 1358.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.247809,
      "conf_low": 0.13595,
      "estimate": 0.192505,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1413,
      "n_eff": 1139.4,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.224883,
      "conf_low": 0.0970194,
      "estimate": 0.161629,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 2,
      "n": 1055,
      "n_eff": 892,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.192219,
      "conf_low": 0.0407081,
      "estimate": 0.117145,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 811,
      "n_eff": 651.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.244434,
      "conf_low": 0.113038,
      "estimate": 0.179537,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1006,
      "n_eff": 834.2,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.357207,
      "conf_low": 0.291858,
      "estimate": 0.32492,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.425105,
      "conf_low": 0.355787,
      "estimate": 0.391001,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.539978,
      "conf_low": 0.492699,
      "estimate": 0.516733,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 6737,
      "n_eff": 3695.7,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.545519,
      "conf_low": 0.481953,
      "estimate": 0.514442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "As observed",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.168846,
      "conf_low": 0.0524546,
      "estimate": 0.111031,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1107,
      "n_eff": 1107,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.251,
      "conf_low": 0.15416,
      "estimate": 0.203076,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1513,
      "n_eff": 1506.9,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.297104,
      "conf_low": 0.187416,
      "estimate": 0.243037,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1384,
      "n_eff": 1131.6,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.281077,
      "conf_low": 0.158237,
      "estimate": 0.220532,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1132,
      "n_eff": 922.5,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.237406,
      "conf_low": 0.0681253,
      "estimate": 0.153895,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 634,
      "n_eff": 511.7,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.280216,
      "conf_low": 0.134664,
      "estimate": 0.208595,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 803,
      "n_eff": 664.3,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.342051,
      "conf_low": 0.176473,
      "estimate": 0.261182,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 740,
      "n_eff": 487.6,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.403111,
      "conf_low": 0.335009,
      "estimate": 0.369556,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4422,
      "n_eff": 2471.5,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.470752,
      "conf_low": 0.397682,
      "estimate": 0.434933,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2719,
      "n_eff": 1893.9,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.587171,
      "conf_low": 0.538208,
      "estimate": 0.563184,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5374,
      "n_eff": 2991.3,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "basis": "six",
      "conf_high": 0.5923,
      "conf_low": 0.525695,
      "estimate": 0.559902,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3516,
      "n_eff": 1635.3,
      "series": "All six items answered",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "All respondents",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.357207,
      "conf_low": 0.291858,
      "estimate": 0.32492,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 5203,
      "n_eff": 2879.8,
      "series": "All respondents",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.425105,
      "conf_low": 0.355787,
      "estimate": 0.391001,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3325,
      "n_eff": 2296.5,
      "series": "All respondents",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.545519,
      "conf_low": 0.481953,
      "estimate": 0.514442,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 4387,
      "n_eff": 2058.8,
      "series": "All respondents",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.300942,
      "conf_low": 0.151607,
      "estimate": 0.227612,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 954,
      "n_eff": 620.3,
      "series": "Face-to-face",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.296086,
      "conf_low": 0.174399,
      "estimate": 0.236168,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1769,
      "n_eff": 926,
      "series": "Face-to-face",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.448204,
      "conf_low": 0.316954,
      "estimate": 0.384521,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 988,
      "n_eff": 649.3,
      "series": "Face-to-face",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.60497,
      "conf_low": 0.47308,
      "estimate": 0.542358,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 874,
      "n_eff": 442.8,
      "series": "Face-to-face",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.405695,
      "conf_low": 0.329184,
      "estimate": 0.368063,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 3434,
      "n_eff": 1963.4,
      "series": "Web",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.435628,
      "conf_low": 0.354137,
      "estimate": 0.395661,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 2337,
      "n_eff": 1647.8,
      "series": "Web",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "basis": "mode",
      "conf_high": 0.52262,
      "conf_low": 0.420788,
      "estimate": 0.473284,
      "items_cult": 3,
      "items_econ": 3,
      "n": 1589,
      "n_eff": 894.5,
      "series": "Web",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "corr_trend",
  "notes": [
    "Shaded studies have only two items on one or both indices: the cultural index in 1984, both indices in 1986 and 1990, and the economic index in 1998.",
    "The 2002 study has no cultural index, since only the gay and lesbian thermometer was asked, and is omitted."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1984 to 2024; weighted (VCF0009z), and weight_ftf and weight_web in the mode view; intervals are model based",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No association",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1983.4,
        "x2": 1984.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1985.4,
        "x2": 1986.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1989.4,
        "x2": 1990.6
      },
      {
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 1997.4,
        "x2": 1998.6
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "All respondents": "cat1",
      "All six items answered": "cat3",
      "As observed": "cat1",
      "Face-to-face": "cat2",
      "Reliability-corrected": "cat3",
      "Same party ID (3 cat.)": "cat2",
      "Same party ID (7-pt)": "cat2",
      "Web": "cat3"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "Same party ID (7-pt)",
      "Same party ID (3 cat.)",
      "Reliability-corrected",
      "All six items answered",
      "Web"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1982,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "ANES study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      -0.2,
      1
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 2
    },
    "yLabel": "Correlation between the two indices"
  },
  "subtitle": "Weighted correlation between the economic and cultural conservatism indices by ANES study, 1984 to 2024, adults with at least two of three items on each index; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Study"
      },
      {
        "key": "series",
        "label": "Series"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 3
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Correlation"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 3
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 3
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0,
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n_eff",
        "label": "Effective n"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "items_econ",
        "label": "Economic items"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 0
        },
        "key": "items_cult",
        "label": "Cultural items"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The correlation between economic and cultural conservatism was at most {fact:r_2008} through 2008 and rose to {fact:r_2020} by 2020",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "basis": "party7"
      },
      "id": "party7",
      "label": "Observed and same 7-point party ID"
    },
    {
      "caption": "This view holds three party categories fixed (Democrat, independent and Republican, with leaners counted as partisans) instead of seven, which removes slightly less of the correlation in every study since 1988. Each point is one ANES study, the bands are 95% intervals and shaded studies have only two items on an index.",
      "filter": {
        "basis": "party3"
      },
      "id": "party3",
      "label": "Same 3-category party ID"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The corrected line divides the observed correlation by the square root of the product of the two alphas and is drawn only where both alphas are at least {fact:alpha_floor}. Its bands are 95% intervals from resampling respondents, not Fisher z intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "basis": "corrected"
      },
      "id": "corrected",
      "label": "Corrected for error"
    },
    {
      "caption": "This view keeps adults who answered all six items, so the series starts in 1988, the first study that asked all six. Each point is one ANES study and the bands are 95% intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "basis": "six"
      },
      "id": "six",
      "label": "Six items answered",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [
          {
            "label": "No association",
            "type": "y-rule",
            "y": 0
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "caption": "Face-to-face interviews give {fact:r_ftf_2012} in 2012 and web interviews {fact:r_web_2012}; the two modes give {fact:r_ftf_2016} and {fact:r_web_2016} in 2016 and {fact:r_ftf_2024} and {fact:r_web_2024} in 2024. The 2020 study has no mode weights, so the line is open there.",
      "filter": {
        "basis": "mode"
      },
      "id": "mode",
      "label": "By interview mode",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [
          {
            "label": "No association",
            "type": "y-rule",
            "y": 0
          }
        ],
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ],
        "xDomain": [
          2006,
          2026
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}