{
  "alt": "Line chart of the share of voters who split their ticket in each ANES study from 1952 to 2024, with confidence bands. The president and House line is {fact:split_h_1952} in 1952, {fact:split_h_1972} in 1972, {fact:split_h_1992} in 1992, {fact:split_h_2012} in 2012 and {fact:split_h_2024} in 2024. The president and Senate line is close to it in level and is {fact:split_s_2024} in 2024. A shaded band marks the studies that included web interviews.",
  "caption": "The rate was highest from 1972 to 1988 and lowest in 2024, and the Senate line is close to the House line in level but not in every change. Each point is the weighted share, among respondents who reported a major-party vote for president and for the House (or Senate), who reported candidates of two different parties; bands are 95% confidence intervals. The buttons show in-person estimates for 2008 (a study with no web sample), 2012, 2016 and 2024 and web estimates for 2012, 2016 and 2024.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": 14.6344,
      "conf_low": 10.539,
      "estimate": 12.5867,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1009,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.6462,
      "conf_low": 13.4572,
      "estimate": 15.5517,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1151,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.8788,
      "conf_low": 11.0909,
      "estimate": 13.9848,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 766,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.382,
      "conf_low": 12.8187,
      "estimate": 15.1003,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 947,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.4756,
      "conf_low": 15.0914,
      "estimate": 17.7835,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 776,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 32.0315,
      "conf_low": 27.0559,
      "estimate": 29.5437,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1293,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.4326,
      "conf_low": 22.0987,
      "estimate": 24.7656,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1049,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 30.8695,
      "conf_low": 24.5111,
      "estimate": 27.6903,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 762,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.9196,
      "conf_low": 22.8685,
      "estimate": 25.394,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1142,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.9974,
      "conf_low": 22.6822,
      "estimate": 25.3398,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1030,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 24.7788,
      "conf_low": 19.9014,
      "estimate": 22.3401,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1126,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.3851,
      "conf_low": 14.9379,
      "estimate": 17.6615,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 926,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.1826,
      "conf_low": 15.5127,
      "estimate": 18.3476,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 882,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.8209,
      "conf_low": 13.7843,
      "estimate": 16.8026,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 701,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.3293,
      "conf_low": 14.128,
      "estimate": 16.7286,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1222,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.1397,
      "conf_low": 8.48733,
      "estimate": 9.81353,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 3501,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.1294,
      "conf_low": 13.4317,
      "estimate": 15.2805,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2138,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.5713,
      "conf_low": 10.1334,
      "estimate": 11.3524,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5167,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.69357,
      "conf_low": 3.68641,
      "estimate": 4.68999,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 3515,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.3594,
      "conf_low": 14.163,
      "estimate": 16.7612,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 1222,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6181,
      "conf_low": 8.45459,
      "estimate": 11.0363,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 1065,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.1486,
      "conf_low": 7.18434,
      "estimate": 10.1665,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 619,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.7559,
      "conf_low": 2.79011,
      "estimate": 5.27301,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 579,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.6941,
      "conf_low": 7.66135,
      "estimate": 9.1777,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 2436,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.6222,
      "conf_low": 15.0859,
      "estimate": 17.354,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1519,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.63297,
      "conf_low": 3.36085,
      "estimate": 4.99691,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1227,
      "office": "President and House",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.3063,
      "conf_low": 9.78403,
      "estimate": 12.0452,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 797,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.4892,
      "conf_low": 13.6293,
      "estimate": 16.0592,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 878,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.4536,
      "conf_low": 7.6764,
      "estimate": 11.065,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 455,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.7892,
      "conf_low": 14.5183,
      "estimate": 17.1537,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 787,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 22.3858,
      "conf_low": 16.0885,
      "estimate": 19.2371,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 603,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 31.6976,
      "conf_low": 25.2959,
      "estimate": 28.4967,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 765,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.6378,
      "conf_low": 20.5081,
      "estimate": 23.5729,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 768,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 27.3435,
      "conf_low": 20.1519,
      "estimate": 23.7477,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 539,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25.8035,
      "conf_low": 19.6637,
      "estimate": 22.7336,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 717,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 26.219,
      "conf_low": 20.4232,
      "estimate": 23.3211,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 819,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.9382,
      "conf_low": 16.4479,
      "estimate": 19.1931,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 795,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.0087,
      "conf_low": 11.4071,
      "estimate": 14.7079,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 548,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.7704,
      "conf_low": 11.1752,
      "estimate": 13.9728,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 726,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.8753,
      "conf_low": 11.1667,
      "estimate": 14.521,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 508,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.8858,
      "conf_low": 9.88321,
      "estimate": 12.8845,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 786,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.6165,
      "conf_low": 9.51952,
      "estimate": 11.068,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2814,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.9813,
      "conf_low": 11.0048,
      "estimate": 12.9931,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1625,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.52378,
      "conf_low": 5.93735,
      "estimate": 7.23057,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2879,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.26404,
      "conf_low": 5.40829,
      "estimate": 6.83616,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2525,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.841,
      "conf_low": 9.85138,
      "estimate": 12.8462,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 786,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.0927,
      "conf_low": 7.62979,
      "estimate": 10.3612,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 837,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.8514,
      "conf_low": 6.71319,
      "estimate": 10.2823,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 447,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.4129,
      "conf_low": 4.35428,
      "estimate": 7.88359,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 433,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.326,
      "conf_low": 9.60479,
      "estimate": 11.4654,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1977,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.3665,
      "conf_low": 11.6456,
      "estimate": 14.006,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1178,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.34327,
      "conf_low": 4.10692,
      "estimate": 6.2251,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 923,
      "office": "President and Senate",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "split_by_year",
  "notes": [
    "The 2024 president and House estimate is rebuilt from the presidential and House vote items because the cumulative file's combined item (VCF0709) is missing for 2024. In the {fact:n_check_years} earlier studies the rebuilt code equals VCF0709 for all {fact:n_check_both} respondents with both.",
    "The Senate item is asked only where the respondent's state had a Senate race. The 2020 study has no mode weights, so the mode views leave 2020 open. The all-interview estimates use the post-election weight in the studies that have one and VCF0009z in the others, 2012 included; the mode estimates use the in-person and web weights. Weights equal one in 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1980, 1984 and 1988."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, 1952-2024; weighted (post-election weight where the file has one, VCF0009z elsewhere; mode weights weight_ftf and weight_web for 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2024)",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Web interviews in the sample",
        "type": "band",
        "x1": 2012,
        "x2": 2024
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "President and House": "cat1",
      "President and Senate": "cat2"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "President and Senate"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "office",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1950,
      2026
    ],
    "xLabel": "Study year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      40
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 0,
      "suffix": "%"
    },
    "yLabel": "Voters who split their ticket (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Share of voters who reported different parties' candidates for president and for the House (or Senate), voters with a major-party vote in both races, ANES studies 1952 to 2024; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "office",
        "label": "Races"
      },
      {
        "key": "mode",
        "label": "Interview mode"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Study"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Share who split (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "Lower"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "Upper"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Respondents"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "Self-reported ticket splitting between president and House fell from {fact:split_h_1972} of voters in 1972 to {fact:split_h_2024} in 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interviews"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In-person respondents split their ticket at a similar rate in 2012 and 2016 and at a lower rate in 2024, after a fall from 2008 to 2012. Each point is the weighted share among in-person respondents, with the in-person weight; bands are 95% confidence intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "ftf"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "In person",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [],
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ],
        "xDomain": [
          2006,
          2026
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "caption": "Web respondents split their ticket more often in 2016 than in 2012 or 2024 for the House, and the Senate line moves less. Each point is the weighted share among web respondents, with the web weight; bands are 95% confidence intervals.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [],
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ],
        "xDomain": [
          2006,
          2026
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}