{
  "alt": "A line chart of the mean absolute party gap by survey year for in-person interviews, 1973 to 2018 and again in 2022 and 2024, with a step for each of six pooled periods. The steps are lower in the 1990s than in the 2000s and 2010s and highest in 2022-2024. The annual line is highest in 2022 and lower in 2024, near its level in 2014 to 2018, and a dashed line for the gap expected from sampling noise alone stays below the solid line in every year.",
  "caption": "Annual values sit above the period estimates because sampling error inflates absolute gaps, and in person the 2022 survey is above the 2011-2018 interval while the 2024 survey overlaps it. The line is the mean of the thirteen absolute gaps with a bootstrap interval, found by resampling respondents many times, the steps are pooled period estimates with 95% intervals, and the dashed line is the average that sampling noise alone would produce if every true gap were zero.",
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      "year": 1973
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
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      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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    {
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      "mode": "all",
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    {
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    {
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    {
      "conf_high": 6.6,
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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    {
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      "conf_high": 9.9,
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    {
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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    },
    {
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      "n": 1271,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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    {
      "conf_high": null,
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    {
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    {
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      "mode": "all",
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    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.2,
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      "n": 1290,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.6,
      "conf_low": 5.1,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1327,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.5,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.2,
      "conf_low": 3.5,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1201,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5.2,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.7,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.8,
      "conf_low": 5.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1309,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.9,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.1,
      "conf_low": 4.2,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1375,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.3,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 3.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2530,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 3.9,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.8,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.1,
      "conf_low": 3.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2398,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.6,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.8,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.3,
      "conf_low": 3.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2283,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.5,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.9,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.4,
      "conf_low": 4.1,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2191,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.7,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.3,
      "conf_low": 5.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2153,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.6,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
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      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.2,
      "conf_low": 7.2,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2300,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 9,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.9,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 3422,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 8.9,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
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    },
    {
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      "n": 1650,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5.8,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
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      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.7,
      "conf_low": 5.6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1619,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.4,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
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      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.9,
      "conf_low": 6.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1533,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.9,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
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    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.7,
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1948,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.1,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.4,
      "conf_low": 6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2290,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.9,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10,
      "conf_low": 6.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1824,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 8.1,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.4,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.2,
      "conf_low": 9.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 3069,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 11,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.7,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.2,
      "conf_low": 9.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2568,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 11.5,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.2,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": 8.6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2356,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 10.1,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.2,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 10281,
      "period": "1973-1980",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 4.8,
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": 4.3,
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      "year": 1980
    },
    {
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      "series": "Period estimate",
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    },
    {
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    },
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      "series": "Period estimate",
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      "year": 1991
    },
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      "year": 2000
    },
    {
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      "series": "Period estimate",
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      "year": 2001
    },
    {
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      "year": 2010
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": 6,
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      "series": "Period estimate",
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      "year": 2011
    },
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    },
    {
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      "series": "Period estimate",
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      "year": 2021
    },
    {
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      "year": 2024
    },
    {
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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    },
    {
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      "mode": "inperson",
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    {
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    },
    {
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    },
    {
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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      "year": 1975
    },
    {
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      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
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    },
    {
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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      "year": 1976
    },
    {
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      "mode": "inperson",
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      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
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      "year": 1976
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": 4.4,
      "mode": "inperson",
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      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
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      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
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      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
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      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.6,
      "conf_low": 3.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1296,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.6,
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
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      "year": 1978
    },
    {
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      "conf_low": 3.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1210,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.6,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.5,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.8,
      "conf_low": 5.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1612,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.3,
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.4,
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1388,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.9,
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.3,
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.7,
      "conf_low": 4.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1280,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 3,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.1,
      "conf_low": 3.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1271,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 3.8,
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.2,
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7,
      "conf_low": 4.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1595,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5.1,
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
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      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.2,
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.3,
      "conf_low": 4.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1290,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.7,
      "conf_low": 5.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1327,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.5,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.2,
      "conf_low": 3.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1201,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5.2,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.7,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.7,
      "conf_low": 6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1309,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.9,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.2,
      "conf_low": 4.1,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1375,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.3,
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 3.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2530,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 3.9,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.8,
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.2,
      "conf_low": 4,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2398,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.6,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.8,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.2,
      "conf_low": 3.8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2283,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.5,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.9,
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.4,
      "conf_low": 4.1,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2191,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 4.7,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.4,
      "conf_low": 5.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2153,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.6,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.9,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.6,
      "conf_low": 7.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1796,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 9.2,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 3.1,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.2,
      "conf_low": 7.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 3190,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 8.7,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.1,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.4,
      "conf_low": 4.4,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1456,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 5.5,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.4,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9,
      "conf_low": 5.8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1440,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 6.9,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.6,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.4,
      "conf_low": 6.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1326,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.9,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.7,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9,
      "conf_low": 6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1700,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.3,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.1,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.6,
      "conf_low": 6.1,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 2125,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.1,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.1,
      "conf_low": 6.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1640,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 8.1,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.5,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.2,
      "conf_low": 9.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1158,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 11.3,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 3.3,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.7,
      "conf_low": 5.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 822,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 7.3,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 3.7,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 10281,
      "period": "1973-1980",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 4.8,
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 10281,
      "period": "1973-1980",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 4.8,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.8,
      "conf_low": 4.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 12330,
      "period": "1981-1990",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 5.1,
      "year": 1981
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.8,
      "conf_low": 4.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 12330,
      "period": "1981-1990",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 5.1,
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.8,
      "conf_low": 3.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 12086,
      "period": "1991-2000",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 4.1,
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.8,
      "conf_low": 3.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 12086,
      "period": "1991-2000",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 4.1,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.2,
      "conf_low": 5.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 10035,
      "period": "2001-2010",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 6.2,
      "year": 2001
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.2,
      "conf_low": 5.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 10035,
      "period": "2001-2010",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 6.2,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.5,
      "conf_low": 6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 6791,
      "period": "2011-2018",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 6.7,
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.5,
      "conf_low": 6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 6791,
      "period": "2011-2018",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 6.7,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.8,
      "conf_low": 8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1980,
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 9.4,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.8,
      "conf_low": 8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1980,
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 9.4,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.4,
      "conf_low": 10,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 2677,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 11.2,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 1.8,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.8,
      "conf_low": 10.8,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1156,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 13.4,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.9,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.8,
      "conf_low": 10,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1256,
      "series": "Mean absolute gap",
      "value": 12,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": null,
      "series": "Sampling-noise floor",
      "value": 2.7,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 10.6,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 2412,
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 12,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 10.6,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 2412,
      "period": "2022-2024",
      "series": "Period estimate",
      "value": 12,
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "mean_abs_gap",
  "notes": [
    "Banks and financial institutions were first asked in 1975, so the averages for 1973 and 1974 cover twelve institutions. Organized labor is left out of the 2024 in-person average because its party cells fall below the suppression floor. Every other average covers thirteen institutions.",
    "The mean of absolute values is pushed up by sampling error when true gaps are small, which is why the noise floor is shown.",
    "The bootstrap resamples respondents and ignores the survey's sampling design, and a design-based version of these intervals has not been computed.",
    "Lines are broken between 2018 and the next survey year in each view, because there is no 2020 survey and the 2021 survey had no in-person interviews."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1973-2024; weighted (weight_use); Democrats and Republicans include leaners; bootstrap intervals with 2,000 replicates and a fixed seed",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "No in-person survey in 2021",
        "type": "x-rule",
        "x": 2020.5
      }
    ],
    "breaks": [
      2020
    ],
    "colors": {
      "Mean absolute gap": "accent",
      "Period estimate": "total",
      "Sampling-noise floor": "muted"
    },
    "dashed": [
      "Sampling-noise floor"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "series",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1972,
      2025
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "value",
    "yDomain": [
      0,
      20
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Mean absolute gap (points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Mean over thirteen institutions of the absolute Democratic-minus-Republican gap in the share with a great deal of confidence, percentage points, by survey year (line) and by pooled period (steps), with 95% intervals; in-person, all-mode and web views",
  "title": "The mean absolute party gap rose from {fact:mag_1973_80} points in 1973-1980 to {fact:mag_2011_18} in 2011-2018 and was {fact:mag_ip_22_24} in person in 2022-2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "inperson"
      },
      "id": "inperson",
      "label": "In-person interviews only"
    },
    {
      "caption": "The 2021 survey was mostly web and the 2022 and 2024 surveys mix modes, so a change after 2020 can come from the change in mode. The line is the mean of the thirteen absolute gaps with a bootstrap interval, the steps are pooled period estimates with 95% intervals (the last pools 2021, 2022 and 2024), and the dashed line is the average that sampling noise alone would produce if every true gap were zero.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interview modes",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [
          {
            "label": "Web interviews from 2021",
            "type": "x-rule",
            "x": 2020.5
          }
        ]
      },
      "title": "Across all interview modes the mean absolute party gap is highest in 2021 and 2022"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Web interviews only, in 2021, 2022 and 2024. The step is the pooled 2022-2024 estimate with its 95% interval; the line and the dashed line are as in the other views.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web interviews only",
      "spec": {
        "annotations": [],
        "xDomain": [
          2020,
          2025
        ]
      },
      "title": "Among web respondents the mean absolute party gap was {fact:mag_web_22_24} points in 2022-2024"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}