{
  "alt": "A grid of thirteen institutions by six periods for in-person interviews, shaded blue where Democrats are more confident and red where Republicans are, with the gap printed in each cell. Science, education, medicine and the press are blue in the last period and the science cell is the deepest blue. The military, organized religion and the Supreme Court are red in the last period, and the military is deepest red in 2001-2010. Banks, companies and labor are pale in the last period.",
  "caption": "Science, education, medicine and the press are blue in 2022-2024, the military, organized religion and the Supreme Court are red, and banks, companies and labor are pale. Blue cells are institutions where Democrats are more confident and red cells where Republicans are, and the printed number is the gap in points. Rows are sorted by the gap in 2022-2024, and this view uses in-person interviews, so the last column is the in-person interviews of 2022 and 2024. The table that follows gives the 2022-2024 intervals; hover a cell for its interval and sample size.",
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 8073
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    {
      "conf_high": -3.6,
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      "gap": -6.2,
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 8598
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      "conf_high": -0.1,
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      "n": 7532
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      "conf_high": 5.4,
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      "n": 4968
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 4935
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5227
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      "n": 7987
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      "gap": -2.9,
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5155
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5088
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    {
      "conf_high": 17.4,
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      "gap": 13.8,
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      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5284
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    {
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      "conf_low": 5,
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      "gap": 7.1,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 8744
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    {
      "conf_high": 7.2,
      "conf_low": 3.4,
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      "gap": 5.3,
      "institution": "Press",
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      "n": 9060
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    {
      "conf_high": 3,
      "conf_low": -0.1,
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      "institution": "Press",
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      "n": 7913
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      "gap": 6.2,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 5140
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      "conf_high": 10.3,
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      "institution": "Press",
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      "n": 5063
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    {
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      "gap": 12.2,
      "institution": "Press",
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      "n": 5266
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      "gap": 4,
      "institution": "Television",
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      "n": 8750
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      "conf_high": 4.4,
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      "n": 9116
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    {
      "conf_high": 4,
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      "institution": "Television",
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      "n": 7963
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      "conf_high": 5,
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      "institution": "Television",
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      "n": 5137
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    {
      "conf_high": 5,
      "conf_low": 1,
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      "institution": "Television",
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      "institution": "Congress",
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      "n": 4418
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      "conf_high": -9.9,
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      "institution": "Executive branch",
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      "gap": 5.9,
      "institution": "Executive branch",
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      "n": 4508
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      "institution": "Executive branch",
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      "n": 1295
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      "institution": "Education",
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      "n": 7979
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      "institution": "Education",
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      "n": 4653
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    {
      "conf_high": -1.2,
      "conf_low": -6.1,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": -3.6,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8793
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.8,
      "conf_low": -6.8,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -4.3,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9163
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.6,
      "conf_low": -6.5,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -4.1,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.8,
      "conf_low": -6,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -2.6,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4653
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.7,
      "conf_low": -5.4,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": -1.8,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4554
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.3,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 10.4,
      "institution": "Medicine",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1309
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.2,
      "conf_low": 5,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": 7.1,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8744
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.2,
      "conf_low": 3.4,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": 5.3,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9060
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3,
      "conf_low": -0.1,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": 1.4,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7913
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7.6,
      "conf_low": 3.6,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": 5.6,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4642
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 10.2,
      "conf_low": 6.3,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": 8.3,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4533
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.8,
      "conf_low": 3.8,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 7.8,
      "institution": "Press",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1297
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.9,
      "conf_low": 2.1,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": 4,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8750
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.4,
      "conf_low": 1,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": 2.7,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9116
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4,
      "conf_low": 0.9,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": 2.4,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7963
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.7,
      "conf_low": 0.8,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": 2.7,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4639
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.4,
      "conf_low": 1.2,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": 3.3,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4519
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.6,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 7.1,
      "institution": "Television",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1291
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": 1.9,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": 3.7,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8671
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 3.5,
      "conf_low": -0.2,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": 1.6,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9050
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.5,
      "conf_low": -1.7,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -0.1,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7866
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.4,
      "conf_low": -2.3,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": 0.1,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4611
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.5,
      "conf_low": -1,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": 0.8,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4511
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.8,
      "conf_low": 1.3,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 5,
      "institution": "Congress",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1296
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.6,
      "conf_low": 5.2,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": 6.9,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8486
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.7,
      "conf_low": 3.7,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": 5.2,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8865
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 6.7,
      "conf_low": 3.4,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": 5.1,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7513
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.9,
      "conf_low": 0.1,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": 2.5,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4481
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7,
      "conf_low": 2.1,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": 4.6,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4405
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 8.6,
      "conf_low": -7,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 0.8,
      "institution": "Organized labor",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 964
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.1,
      "conf_low": -8.9,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": -6,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 6227
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0,
      "conf_low": -4.4,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -2.2,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9081
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 0.1,
      "conf_low": -4.1,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -2,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7925
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.1,
      "conf_low": -9.1,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -6.1,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4629
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.6,
      "conf_low": -7.9,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": -5.2,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4551
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 7,
      "conf_low": -6.3,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": 0.3,
      "institution": "Banks and finance",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1307
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.9,
      "conf_low": -14.5,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": -12.2,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8493
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.9,
      "conf_low": -14.5,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -12.2,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8892
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10,
      "conf_low": -14.4,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -12.2,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7783
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -5,
      "conf_low": -10.4,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -7.7,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4591
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -8.4,
      "conf_low": -14.3,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": -11.4,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4494
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 5.5,
      "conf_low": -7.1,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": -0.8,
      "institution": "Major companies",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1265
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.8,
      "conf_low": -5.7,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": -3.2,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8534
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.3,
      "conf_low": -3.3,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -1,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.9,
      "conf_low": -6.4,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -4.1,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7850
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.1,
      "conf_low": -12.1,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -9.1,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4575
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.5,
      "conf_low": -12.6,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": -9.5,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4490
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.8,
      "conf_low": -18.4,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": -11.6,
      "institution": "Organized religion",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1264
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2,
      "conf_low": -2.8,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": -0.4,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8599
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.8,
      "conf_low": -6.6,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -4.2,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 9036
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.5,
      "conf_low": -11.4,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -8.9,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7894
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.9,
      "conf_low": -25.6,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -22.3,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4635
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -11.7,
      "conf_low": -18.7,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": -15.2,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4539
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -5.4,
      "conf_low": -22.1,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": -13.7,
      "institution": "Military",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1302
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 2.4,
      "conf_low": -2.4,
      "era": "1973-1980",
      "gap": 0,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8541
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -2.8,
      "conf_low": -7.7,
      "era": "1981-1990",
      "gap": -5.3,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 8942
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 1.8,
      "conf_low": -2.9,
      "era": "1991-2000",
      "gap": -0.6,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 7737
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.1,
      "conf_low": -9.8,
      "era": "2001-2010",
      "gap": -6.5,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4571
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 4.4,
      "conf_low": -2.2,
      "era": "2011-2018",
      "gap": 1.1,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 4497
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.5,
      "conf_low": -22.8,
      "era": "2022-2024",
      "gap": -16.2,
      "institution": "Supreme Court",
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1289
    }
  ],
  "id": "gap_by_era",
  "notes": [
    "Cells combine the surveys of a period; the 1973-1980 period has twelve institutions in 1973 and 1974 and thirteen after, because banks were first asked in 1975.",
    "Intervals assume a simple random sample of the weighted respondents (the Kish effective sample size); they do not use the survey's sampling design."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1973-2024; weighted (weight_use); Democrats and Republicans include leaners; intervals on the Kish effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "col": "era",
    "colOrder": [
      "1973-1980",
      "1981-1990",
      "1991-2000",
      "2001-2010",
      "2011-2018",
      "2022-2024"
    ],
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "row": "institution",
    "rowOrder": [
      "Scientific community",
      "Executive branch",
      "Education",
      "Medicine",
      "Press",
      "Television",
      "Congress",
      "Organized labor",
      "Banks and finance",
      "Major companies",
      "Organized religion",
      "Military",
      "Supreme Court"
    ],
    "scale": {
      "domain": [
        -30,
        0,
        30
      ],
      "palette": "party",
      "positive": "dem",
      "type": "diverging"
    },
    "showValues": true,
    "value": "gap",
    "valueFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    }
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share minus Republican share with a great deal of confidence, percentage points, by institution and period; positive means Democrats are more confident; in-person and all-mode views",
  "title": "From 2011-2018 to 2022-2024 the Supreme Court gap moved from {fact:gap_court_2011_18} to {fact:gap_court_ip} points and the medicine gap from {fact:gap_medicine_2011_18} to {fact:gap_medicine_ip}",
  "type": "heatmap",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "inperson"
      },
      "id": "inperson",
      "label": "In-person interviews only"
    },
    {
      "caption": "All interview modes. The last column pools 2021, 2022 and 2024, so a change from 2011-2018 can come from the change in mode. Earlier periods differ from the in-person view only where telephone interviews are included from 2004 on.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interview modes",
      "spec": {
        "colOrder": [
          "1973-1980",
          "1981-1990",
          "1991-2000",
          "2001-2010",
          "2011-2018",
          "2021-2024"
        ]
      },
      "title": "With all interview modes the last period pools 2021, 2022 and 2024, when most interviews were on the web"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}