{
  "alt": "A line chart of the Democratic minus Republican gap in confidence in the executive branch, 1973 to 2024, over shaded presidential terms. The line is negative under Nixon, Ford, Reagan, Bush and Trump, and positive under Carter, Clinton, Obama and Biden.",
  "caption": "The gap is above zero under Democratic presidents and below zero under Republican presidents, and it changes sign with each change of party in the White House. Blue shading marks the terms of Democratic presidents and red shading the terms of Republican presidents, and the dashed rule marks no gap. This view combines all interview modes and the line is broken between 2018 and 2021, when interviews moved to the web.",
  "data": [
    {
      "conf_high": -17.1,
      "conf_low": -28.7,
      "gap": -22.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1260,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.4,
      "conf_low": -14,
      "gap": -9.2,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1233,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.9,
      "conf_low": -13.5,
      "gap": -8.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1240,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3,
      "conf_low": -12.6,
      "gap": -7.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1218,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.9,
      "conf_low": 0.7,
      "gap": 6.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1296,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.5,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "gap": 7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1258,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.6,
      "conf_low": -0.1,
      "gap": 4.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1175,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -13.4,
      "conf_low": -25.2,
      "gap": -19.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1570,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -8.2,
      "conf_low": -18.3,
      "gap": -13.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1355,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -12.7,
      "conf_low": -26.7,
      "gap": -19.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 834,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.5,
      "conf_low": -20.2,
      "gap": -14.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1248,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.4,
      "conf_low": -20.8,
      "gap": -15.6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1546,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.1,
      "conf_low": -21.9,
      "gap": -16,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 852,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.4,
      "conf_low": -19,
      "gap": -12.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 856,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.8,
      "conf_low": -17.7,
      "gap": -10.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 769,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.2,
      "conf_low": -23.5,
      "gap": -16.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 864,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 4.2,
      "gap": 8.9,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 877,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12,
      "conf_low": 5.3,
      "gap": 8.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1671,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.3,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "gap": 7.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1524,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.5,
      "conf_low": 4.8,
      "gap": 8.6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1500,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "gap": 6.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1431,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.6,
      "conf_low": -34.3,
      "gap": -26.5,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 703,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.8,
      "conf_low": -33.2,
      "gap": -26,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 726,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -15.7,
      "conf_low": -25.1,
      "gap": -20.4,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1485,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -1.4,
      "conf_low": -10.7,
      "gap": -6,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1098,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 21.6,
      "conf_low": 10.6,
      "gap": 16.1,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1080,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 16.8,
      "conf_low": 6.8,
      "gap": 11.8,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1027,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18.2,
      "conf_low": 10.9,
      "gap": 14.5,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1266,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15.3,
      "conf_low": 7.4,
      "gap": 11.4,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1533,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -7.8,
      "conf_low": -18.4,
      "gap": -13.1,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1211,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.4,
      "conf_low": 7.1,
      "gap": 10.7,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2017,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.7,
      "conf_low": 10.9,
      "gap": 15.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1713,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.9,
      "conf_low": 11.7,
      "gap": 16.3,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1538,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -17.1,
      "conf_low": -28.7,
      "gap": -22.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1260,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1973
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -4.4,
      "conf_low": -14,
      "gap": -9.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1233,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1974
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.9,
      "conf_low": -13.5,
      "gap": -8.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1240,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1975
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3,
      "conf_low": -12.6,
      "gap": -7.8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1218,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.9,
      "conf_low": 0.7,
      "gap": 6.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1296,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1977
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.5,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "gap": 7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1258,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1978
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 9.6,
      "conf_low": -0.1,
      "gap": 4.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1175,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -13.4,
      "conf_low": -25.2,
      "gap": -19.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1570,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1982
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -8.2,
      "conf_low": -18.3,
      "gap": -13.3,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1355,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1983
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -12.7,
      "conf_low": -26.7,
      "gap": -19.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 834,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -9.5,
      "conf_low": -20.2,
      "gap": -14.8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1248,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1986
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.4,
      "conf_low": -20.8,
      "gap": -15.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1546,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1987
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.1,
      "conf_low": -21.9,
      "gap": -16,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 852,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -6.4,
      "conf_low": -19,
      "gap": -12.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 856,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1989
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -3.8,
      "conf_low": -17.7,
      "gap": -10.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 769,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1990
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -10.2,
      "conf_low": -23.5,
      "gap": -16.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 864,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 1991
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 13.6,
      "conf_low": 4.2,
      "gap": 8.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 877,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1993
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12,
      "conf_low": 5.3,
      "gap": 8.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1671,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1994
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11.3,
      "conf_low": 4.3,
      "gap": 7.8,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1524,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 12.5,
      "conf_low": 4.8,
      "gap": 8.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1500,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 1998
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 11,
      "conf_low": 2.5,
      "gap": 6.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1431,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.6,
      "conf_low": -34.3,
      "gap": -26.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 703,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -18.2,
      "conf_low": -33.6,
      "gap": -25.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 579,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -16.4,
      "conf_low": -26.1,
      "gap": -21.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1387,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -0.7,
      "conf_low": -10.6,
      "gap": -5.7,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 974,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.5,
      "conf_low": 8.7,
      "gap": 14.6,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 957,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 17.9,
      "conf_low": 7.2,
      "gap": 12.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 892,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 18,
      "conf_low": 10.4,
      "gap": 14.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1098,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 15,
      "conf_low": 6.9,
      "gap": 10.9,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1424,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "conf_high": -8,
      "conf_low": -19,
      "gap": -13.5,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 1094,
      "president_party": "Republican",
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 23.2,
      "conf_low": 9.7,
      "gap": 16.4,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 762,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 19.3,
      "conf_low": 3.2,
      "gap": 11.2,
      "mode": "inperson",
      "n": 533,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 14.2,
      "conf_low": 6.6,
      "gap": 10.4,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1756,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 20.8,
      "conf_low": 9,
      "gap": 14.9,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 789,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "conf_high": 25,
      "conf_low": 13,
      "gap": 19,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 839,
      "president_party": "Democratic",
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "executive_gap",
  "notes": [
    "Presidential terms are assigned by the year of the inauguration; surveys fielded in an inauguration year are assigned to the new president. The shaded terms, from the left, are Nixon and Ford, Carter, Reagan and Bush, Clinton, Bush, Obama, Trump and Biden.",
    "The interval excludes zero on the side of the president's party in {fact:n_exec_sig} of the {fact:n_exec_years} years. In 1980 the gap was {fact:gap_executive_1980_all} points, an interval that includes zero.",
    "The 2021 survey began interviewing in December 2020, and its point blends interviews before and after the inauguration of 20 January 2021 and is assigned to President Biden.",
    "Intervals assume a simple random sample of the weighted respondents (the Kish effective sample size); they do not use the survey's sampling design."
  ],
  "source": "General Social Survey, 1973-2024; weighted (weight_use); Democrats and Republicans include leaners; intervals on the Kish effective sample size",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 0
      }
    ],
    "breaks": [
      2020
    ],
    "eras": "presidents",
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1972,
      2025
    ],
    "xLabel": "Survey year",
    "y": "gap",
    "yDomain": [
      -40,
      30
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1,
      "signed": true
    },
    "yLabel": "Democratic minus Republican gap (points)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic minus Republican share with a great deal of confidence in the executive branch of the federal government, percentage points, by survey year, 1973-2024, 95% intervals",
  "title": "The executive branch gap has the sign of the president's party in {fact:n_exec_match} of {fact:n_exec_years} survey years",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interview modes"
    },
    {
      "caption": "In-person interviews only, so 2021 is missing and the line is broken between 2018 and 2022. Blue shading marks the terms of Democratic presidents and red shading the terms of Republican presidents.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "inperson"
      },
      "id": "inperson",
      "label": "In-person interviews only",
      "title": "In person, the executive branch gap has the sign of the president's party in every survey year"
    },
    {
      "caption": "Web interviews only, in 2021, 2022 and 2024. Blue shading marks the terms of Democratic presidents and red shading the terms of Republican presidents.",
      "filter": {
        "mode": "web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web interviews only",
      "spec": {
        "xDomain": [
          2020,
          2025
        ]
      },
      "title": "Among web respondents the executive branch gap has the sign of the president's party in every survey year"
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}