{
  "alt": "Line chart of the Democratic share of the two-party presidential vote for four age groups in each presidential election from 1952 to 2024, with confidence bands. Before 2004 the lines for the youngest and oldest groups cross several times, and their gap is above zero only in 1964 and 1972. From 2004 to 2020 the youngest group is above the oldest; in 2008 the two stand at {fact:anes_young_2008} and {fact:anes_old_2008}. In 2024 they are {fact:anes_young_2024} and {fact:anes_old_2024}. The face-to-face and web views show only 2012, 2016 and 2024.",
  "caption": "The line for the youngest group runs above the line for the oldest from 2004 to 2020, by {fact:anes_gap_2008} points in 2008, and the two estimates are within about a point in 2024, at {fact:anes_young_2024} and {fact:anes_old_2024}, with a gap whose interval includes zero. Before 2004 the sign of the gap varies and its interval is above zero only in 1964 and 1972. Each line is the weighted Democratic share among two-party voters in one age group, and the bands are 95% intervals. The buttons restrict the sample to face-to-face or web interviews, which the file separates for 2012, 2016 and 2024.",
  "data": [
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 49.5051,
      "conf_low": 35.1103,
      "estimate": 42.3077,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 182,
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 49.4091,
      "conf_low": 34.8605,
      "estimate": 42.1348,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 178,
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "estimate": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 79.1183,
      "conf_low": 65.46,
      "estimate": 72.2892,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 166,
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 53.2569,
      "conf_low": 36.5982,
      "estimate": 44.9275,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 138,
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 52.1501,
      "conf_low": 42.3772,
      "estimate": 47.2637,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 402,
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 58.5304,
      "conf_low": 46.4764,
      "estimate": 52.5034,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 272,
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 48.5965,
      "conf_low": 33.7565,
      "estimate": 41.1765,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 170,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 49.2585,
      "conf_low": 37.1228,
      "estimate": 43.1907,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 257,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 55.0793,
      "conf_low": 40.5251,
      "estimate": 47.8022,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 182,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 70.2062,
      "conf_low": 56.5068,
      "estimate": 63.3565,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 192,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "estimate": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": null,
      "conf_low": null,
      "estimate": null,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": null,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 74.6932,
      "conf_low": 57.3235,
      "estimate": 66.0083,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 137,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 75.1743,
      "conf_low": 59.833,
      "estimate": 67.5036,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 222,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 68.3725,
      "conf_low": 56.7969,
      "estimate": 62.5847,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 501,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 68.7619,
      "conf_low": 54.9443,
      "estimate": 61.8531,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 299,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 74.9422,
      "conf_low": 64.5422,
      "estimate": 69.7422,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 588,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 63.6194,
      "conf_low": 48.9228,
      "estimate": 56.2711,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 285,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 51.5807,
      "conf_low": 42.1256,
      "estimate": 46.8531,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 429,
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 46.1587,
      "conf_low": 37.3804,
      "estimate": 41.7695,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 486,
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 57.5598,
      "conf_low": 44.7749,
      "estimate": 51.1673,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 327,
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 73.3874,
      "conf_low": 64.0132,
      "estimate": 68.7003,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 377,
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 57.9684,
      "conf_low": 46.2869,
      "estimate": 52.1277,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 282,
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 38.787,
      "conf_low": 29.6468,
      "estimate": 34.2169,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 415,
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 53.8743,
      "conf_low": 43.2017,
      "estimate": 48.538,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 352,
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 47.321,
      "conf_low": 35.3044,
      "estimate": 41.3127,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 259,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 45.0536,
      "conf_low": 36.2742,
      "estimate": 40.6639,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 482,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 51.1232,
      "conf_low": 41.7175,
      "estimate": 46.4203,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 433,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 60.597,
      "conf_low": 51.6484,
      "estimate": 56.1227,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 474,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 59.6343,
      "conf_low": 48.325,
      "estimate": 53.9797,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 352,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 51.914,
      "conf_low": 40.5453,
      "estimate": 46.2297,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 354,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 52.0312,
      "conf_low": 37.0601,
      "estimate": 44.5457,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 196,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 64.4663,
      "conf_low": 52.353,
      "estimate": 58.4096,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 411,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 59.8925,
      "conf_low": 51.4349,
      "estimate": 55.6637,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 904,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 66.5602,
      "conf_low": 57.2504,
      "estimate": 61.9053,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 568,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 62.2686,
      "conf_low": 55.3617,
      "estimate": 58.8152,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1373,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 59.6423,
      "conf_low": 50.3262,
      "estimate": 54.9842,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 841,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 43.5164,
      "conf_low": 34.0145,
      "estimate": 38.7654,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 405,
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 41.1741,
      "conf_low": 32.0978,
      "estimate": 36.6359,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 434,
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 56.2379,
      "conf_low": 44.1409,
      "estimate": 50.1894,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 356,
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 73.6061,
      "conf_low": 64.6292,
      "estimate": 69.1176,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 408,
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 47.6878,
      "conf_low": 37.0883,
      "estimate": 42.3881,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 335,
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 33.6996,
      "conf_low": 25.8829,
      "estimate": 29.7913,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 527,
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 57.9944,
      "conf_low": 48.5211,
      "estimate": 53.2578,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 445,
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 52.0715,
      "conf_low": 40.1794,
      "estimate": 46.1255,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 271,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 46.5813,
      "conf_low": 36.7947,
      "estimate": 41.688,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 391,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 52.5221,
      "conf_low": 41.9707,
      "estimate": 47.2464,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 345,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 62.3482,
      "conf_low": 52.5673,
      "estimate": 57.4578,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 395,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 64.9769,
      "conf_low": 53.3665,
      "estimate": 59.1717,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 331,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 58.3669,
      "conf_low": 47.8492,
      "estimate": 53.108,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 416,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 50.8695,
      "conf_low": 39.062,
      "estimate": 44.9657,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 332,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 57.2252,
      "conf_low": 47.2939,
      "estimate": 52.2595,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 591,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 55.4181,
      "conf_low": 49.1527,
      "estimate": 52.2854,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1760,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 52.1853,
      "conf_low": 44.7114,
      "estimate": 48.4483,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 976,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 53.6025,
      "conf_low": 47.6055,
      "estimate": 50.604,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 2014,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 55.6675,
      "conf_low": 47.8508,
      "estimate": 51.7591,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1236,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 44.4043,
      "conf_low": 28.9291,
      "estimate": 36.6667,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 150,
      "year": 1952
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 51.9417,
      "conf_low": 35.8962,
      "estimate": 43.9189,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 148,
      "year": 1956
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 48.375,
      "conf_low": 29.9269,
      "estimate": 39.1509,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 148,
      "year": 1960
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 63.0975,
      "conf_low": 47.5943,
      "estimate": 55.3459,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 159,
      "year": 1964
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 53.0085,
      "conf_low": 37.1876,
      "estimate": 45.098,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 153,
      "year": 1968
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 37.8875,
      "conf_low": 25.9423,
      "estimate": 31.9149,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 235,
      "year": 1972
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 55.8069,
      "conf_low": 43.0006,
      "estimate": 49.4037,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 245,
      "year": 1976
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 53.6944,
      "conf_low": 38.877,
      "estimate": 46.2857,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 175,
      "year": 1980
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 49.2875,
      "conf_low": 36.5494,
      "estimate": 42.9185,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 233,
      "year": 1984
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 54.2775,
      "conf_low": 41.449,
      "estimate": 47.8632,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 234,
      "year": 1988
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 66.0276,
      "conf_low": 54.8313,
      "estimate": 60.4295,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 296,
      "year": 1992
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 67.2623,
      "conf_low": 54.0144,
      "estimate": 60.6384,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 248,
      "year": 1996
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 61.4187,
      "conf_low": 46.9887,
      "estimate": 54.2037,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 228,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 61.048,
      "conf_low": 43.1868,
      "estimate": 52.1174,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 146,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 51.9584,
      "conf_low": 37.8692,
      "estimate": 44.9138,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 294,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 51.0281,
      "conf_low": 42.7055,
      "estimate": 46.8668,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 983,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 50.8425,
      "conf_low": 41.9281,
      "estimate": 46.3853,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 679,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 55.8347,
      "conf_low": 49.6157,
      "estimate": 52.7252,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1883,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 61.0959,
      "conf_low": 53.7129,
      "estimate": 57.4044,
      "mode": "all",
      "n": 1390,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 72.5734,
      "conf_low": 53.8337,
      "estimate": 63.2036,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 225,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 64.976,
      "conf_low": 50.996,
      "estimate": 57.986,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 376,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 77.2045,
      "conf_low": 59.668,
      "estimate": 68.4362,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 144,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 57.935,
      "conf_low": 45.5566,
      "estimate": 51.7458,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 474,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 58.2615,
      "conf_low": 43.7803,
      "estimate": 51.0209,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 281,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 54.6827,
      "conf_low": 36.9752,
      "estimate": 45.8289,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 224,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 49.8574,
      "conf_low": 33.0792,
      "estimate": 41.4683,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 221,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 53.5355,
      "conf_low": 36.8734,
      "estimate": 45.2045,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 216,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 63.1521,
      "conf_low": 46.5751,
      "estimate": 54.8636,
      "mode": "ftf",
      "n": 255,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 69.5993,
      "conf_low": 54.9667,
      "estimate": 62.283,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 276,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "18 to 29",
      "conf_high": 74.5329,
      "conf_low": 58.9495,
      "estimate": 66.7412,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 210,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 59.7075,
      "conf_low": 49.0847,
      "estimate": 54.3961,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 528,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 65.0888,
      "conf_low": 54.2952,
      "estimate": 59.692,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 426,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "30 to 44",
      "conf_high": 62.3705,
      "conf_low": 48.432,
      "estimate": 55.4012,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 314,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 56.0866,
      "conf_low": 49.0377,
      "estimate": 52.5621,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 1286,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 51.9436,
      "conf_low": 43.3207,
      "estimate": 47.6322,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 703,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "45 to 64",
      "conf_high": 63.947,
      "conf_low": 51.2831,
      "estimate": 57.6151,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 410,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 54.1015,
      "conf_low": 44.8422,
      "estimate": 49.4718,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 762,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 52.5378,
      "conf_low": 42.2867,
      "estimate": 47.4123,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 473,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "band": "65 and over",
      "conf_high": 66.2255,
      "conf_low": 53.4117,
      "estimate": 59.8186,
      "mode": "web",
      "n": 407,
      "year": 2024
    }
  ],
  "id": "vote_by_age_anes",
  "notes": [
    "A cell is plotted only when it has {fact:floor_n} or more respondents and a Kish effective sample size (the sample size after weighting) of {fact:floor_n} or more, the floor of this chapter. A blank cell leaves a gap in the line. The youngest group falls below the floor in {fact:n_young_suppressed} elections (1960, 1996 and 2000).",
    "The mode views use the face-to-face weight on face-to-face respondents and the web weight on web respondents. The 2020 study has no interview-mode weights and no in-person interviews, so the mode views leave 2020 open, and many youngest-group cells fall below the floor within a mode.",
    "Age is top-coded at 80 in the 2020 and 2024 files, {fact:n_anes_noage} two-party voters with no recorded age are outside every cell, and respondents under 18 (a handful in the file) are left out. Intervals are model based: they treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample and ignore clustering and stratification."
  ],
  "source": "ANES Cumulative Data File, presidential elections 1952-2024; weighted (post-election weight where the file has one, otherwise VCF0009z); two-party presidential voters",
  "spec": {
    "annotations": [
      {
        "label": "Even split",
        "type": "y-rule",
        "y": 50
      }
    ],
    "colors": {
      "18 to 29": "cat3",
      "30 to 44": "cat2",
      "45 to 64": "cat1",
      "65 and over": "highlight"
    },
    "hi": "conf_high",
    "lo": "conf_low",
    "n": "n",
    "series": "band",
    "x": "year",
    "xDomain": [
      1952,
      2024
    ],
    "xLabel": "Presidential election year",
    "y": "estimate",
    "yDomain": [
      25,
      80
    ],
    "yFormat": {
      "digits": 1
    },
    "yLabel": "Democratic share of two-party vote (%)"
  },
  "subtitle": "Democratic share of the two-party presidential vote by age group (18 to 29, 30 to 44, 45 to 64 and 65 and over), ANES 1952 to 2024; 95% intervals",
  "table": {
    "columns": [
      {
        "key": "mode",
        "label": "Interviews"
      },
      {
        "key": "year",
        "label": "Election"
      },
      {
        "key": "band",
        "label": "Age group"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "estimate",
        "label": "Democratic share (%)"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_low",
        "label": "95% interval low"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "digits": 1
        },
        "key": "conf_high",
        "label": "95% interval high"
      },
      {
        "format": {
          "thousands": true
        },
        "key": "n",
        "label": "Voters"
      }
    ]
  },
  "title": "The ANES age gap in the Democratic vote was above zero in every election from 2004 to 2020 and included zero in 2024",
  "type": "line",
  "views": [
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "all"
      },
      "id": "all",
      "label": "All interviews"
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "ftf"
      },
      "id": "ftf",
      "label": "Face to face",
      "spec": {
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ]
      }
    },
    {
      "filter": {
        "mode": "web"
      },
      "id": "web",
      "label": "Web",
      "spec": {
        "breaks": [
          2020
        ]
      }
    }
  ],
  "width": "wide"
}