# Left and right across countries: report

Chapter 1.3 of The Public Mind, by Vishal Singh (NYU Stern). Generated from the chapter's data files; the reading version is at https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries. Table n of this report is figure n of the chapter.

## Identification

- Title: Left and right across countries
- Chapter: 1.3 (Part I, Labels and beliefs; Labels, sorting and partisan feeling)
- Question: What attitudes does left-right self-placement track in each country?
- Dek: The attitude that left-right self-placement follows most closely differs by country, and across countries surveyed in 2005 or later the median correlation on each of three attitudes lies between +0.07 and +0.09.
- Grain: countries
- Status: draft
- Published: 2026-09-30
- Updated: not revised
- Data sources:
  - World Values Survey and EVS. World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; Human Development Index from the country context file; years: 1981-2023 (7 unified waves); weights: weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries
  - European Social Survey. European Social Survey rounds 3 to 11 (rounds 4 and 8 for the welfare items), countries also in the WVS/EVS; years: 2002-2023 (rounds 1 to 11; round 11 was fielded in 2023 and 2024); weights: weight (analysis weight) within each country
- Canonical URL: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries
- Report: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries/report
- Markdown: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries/report.md
- BibTeX key: singh2026leftandrightacrosscountries

```bibtex
@misc{singh2026leftandrightacrosscountries,
  author = {Singh, Vishal},
  title = {Left and right across countries},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries},
  note = {In The Public Mind. Published 30 September 2026.}
}
```

## Principal estimates

The facts the dek and the opening prose cite, in order of appearance.

| Estimand | Population | Period | Value | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Fact id |
| --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| median across countries of the economic loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | +0.07 | 95% CI 0.04 to 0.10 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS | median_econ |
| median across countries of the religious loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | +0.09 | 95% CI 0.07 to 0.11 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS | median_rel |
| count of countries with an effective sample of 300 or more on at least one axis | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later | 104 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_countries_used |
| median across countries of the moral loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | +0.07 | 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11 | 103 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS | median_moral |
| count of countries where the lower bound of the leading loading exceeds the other axes point estimates | countries where an axis has an interval above zero | fieldwork 2005 or later | 51 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_lead_clear |
| count of countries where the economic axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later | 29 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_clear_econ |
| count of countries where the religious axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later | 16 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_clear_rel |
| count of countries where the moral axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later | 6 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_clear_moral |
| count of countries where one axis has the largest loading but the lead is not clear | countries where an axis has an interval above zero | fieldwork 2005 or later | 42 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_lead_unclear |
| count of countries where no loading has an interval above zero | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later | 11 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS | n_strong_none |
| minimum effective sample for a country to appear | country-axis cells | fieldwork 2005 or later | 300 |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS | neff_floor |
| median across countries of the mean pairwise correlation among the four economic items after orientation | respondents within a country, median across countries | fieldwork 2005 or later | +0.06 |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS | item_r_econ |

## Findings

The attitude that left-right self-placement follows most closely differs from country to country, and the correlations are small. Across the 104 countries and territories with World Values Survey or European Values Study fieldwork in 2005 or later, the median correlation between self-placement and an attitude is +0.07 for economic attitudes, +0.07 for moral attitudes and +0.09 for the importance of God. One attitude leads clearly, meaning that the lower end of its confidence interval lies above the estimates for the other two, in 51 of those countries: economic attitudes in 29, religion in 16 and moral attitudes in 6. In 42 more, one attitude has the largest correlation but its lead is not clear, and in 11 none of the three has an interval above zero.

The left-right question asks respondents to place themselves on a ten-point scale from left to right. This chapter takes it from the World Values Survey (WVS) and the European Values Study (EVS), pooling each country's waves with fieldwork in 2005 or later, and sets it against three attitudes, each of which is an axis: an economic index (questions on income differences, government responsibility, state ownership and competition), a moral index (how justifiable homosexuality, abortion and divorce are) and the importance of God. The loading of an axis is its correlation with left-right inside one country, computed on survey-weighted answers. A loading of zero means that the attitude has no straight-line association with where people place themselves, and a positive loading means that people on the conservative, market-oriented or religious side place themselves further right on average. (Note: A country appears on an axis only when its effective sample size [1] is 300 or more, and its interval is a Fisher z interval [2], both defined in the methods note at the end of the chapter.) The chapter works in two steps. A loading is computed inside each country, and the countries are then compared by their loadings. The axes rest on different numbers of items (Table 5), and the four economic items agree only weakly, with a median pairwise correlation of +0.06 (see the section on definitions), so a lead compares loadings from measures of unequal quality. Chapter 1.2, Economic and cultural dimensions (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/economic-and-cultural-dimensions) looks at the economic and cultural dimensions inside the United States.

### Which attitude leads differs by country

Table 1 shades every country by the axis with the largest loading among the axes whose interval lies above zero, and it colors a country only when the lead is clear. A lead is clear when the lower end of the leading interval lies above the point estimate of every other axis. Otherwise the order of the top two could change in a new sample, and in 28 of the 104 countries the two largest loadings differ by less than 0.02. The other views of the map show the largest loading whether or not the lead is clear, and each loading with its interval.

Table 1. One attitude clearly leads in 51 of 104 countries, most often economic attitudes

Economic attitudes are the clear leader in the United States, Australia, the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Religion is the clear leader in Spain, Turkey, Russia, Mexico and India, and moral attitudes in South Korea. Canada, Portugal, Greece, Brazil, Poland and Japan each have a leader that is not clear. Earlier work on Western Europe found that the label tracked both religious-secular values and economic left-right values [3], and the economic and religious loading views of the map show how the two compare in each country.

The moral and religious loadings resemble each other. Inside a country, the moral index and the importance of God have a median correlation of +0.21, and across countries the two loadings correlate at +0.72 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.80), so a country with a high loading on one usually has a high loading on the other. The economic index is a separate matter, with a median correlation with the moral index inside a country of −0.01. A cross-national study of survey data from many nations likewise found that economically and culturally right-wing attitudes seldom line up as one right-left dimension [4].

### Countries with different patterns

Table 2 shows the three loadings and their intervals for Sweden, Czechia, the United States, Poland, Spain and India. In Sweden the economic loading is +0.59 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.61), while the religious loading is +0.03 (95% CI −0.01 to 0.06), an interval that includes zero. Czechia has the same pattern, with an economic loading of +0.37 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.40), and it adds a reversal. The moral loading is −0.11 (95% CI −0.14 to −0.07), so people who take the conservative side on homosexuality, abortion and divorce place themselves further left on average than other Czechs do.

Table 2. Left-right follows economic attitudes in Sweden and Czechia, and religion and moral attitudes in Poland and Spain

In the United States all three loadings are positive, from +0.28 for the importance of God to +0.41 for economic attitudes. In Poland the pattern runs the other way. The moral loading is +0.28 and the religious loading is +0.28, while the economic loading is 0.00 (95% CI −0.03 to 0.03), an interval that includes zero. Spain has moral and religious loadings of +0.32 and +0.36 and a lower economic one. In India all three loadings are small, from 0.00 to +0.12.

Poland and Czechia are both post-communist and differ from each other, so the region is not uniform on this scale. One account holds that economic left and right meant something different in post-communist party systems, where left-wing governments were the ones to cut spending [5]. A comparison of European countries found that basic personal values explained left-right orientation poorly in post-communist countries [6]. This chapter tests neither account, and Companion 1.3a, Basic values and left-right (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/basic-values-and-left-right) takes up the values.

### Most loadings are small and above zero

Table 3 counts the countries by where the interval of each loading falls. An attitude is tied to left-right in a country when the 95% interval of its loading lies above zero. The importance of God is tied in 75 of 104 countries, economic attitudes in 61 of 104 and moral attitudes in 57 of 103. Intervals below zero are rare. On the religious axis only Estonia has one (−0.06 (95% CI −0.10 to −0.03)), and the economic axis has 7 such countries and the moral axis 11.

Table 3. Each loading has an interval above zero in most countries and below zero in a few

In Mongolia the economic loading is −0.16 (95% CI −0.20 to −0.10), so people who give market-oriented answers place themselves further left on average than others do. Most loadings are small (Table 4). The median is +0.09 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.11) for religion, +0.07 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.10) for economic attitudes and +0.07 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.11) for moral attitudes, and 14 countries have an economic loading above +0.30, against 3 for the moral axis and 3 for religion. The axes rest on different numbers of items, so those counts compare measures as well as attitudes. The economic loading is largest in Sweden, at +0.59 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.61), and Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark, Norway and Finland follow with intervals that overlap one another.

Table 4. Most country loadings are small and positive, and the largest are economic

### The economic loading depends on the items

The four economic items agree only weakly. The median across countries of their average pairwise correlation is +0.06, against +0.48 for the three moral items. The choice of items therefore matters, and Table 6 shows by how much. The median economic loading runs from +0.02 to +0.12 across definitions, and the four-item index used here has +0.07 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.10).

The economic axis has no single agreed measure. This chapter averages the four economic items on the ten-point agreement format in the WVS and EVS, listed in Table 5. Which end of each question counts as economic right is fixed by the wording of the answer scale, not by how the item correlates with left-right.

Table 5. The right-wing end of every item is fixed in advance from the wording of its answer scale

Two narrower definitions are possible: the items on income differences and government responsibility, and the items on government responsibility, state ownership and competition. The two definitions share the government responsibility item, which raises the correlation between their loadings across countries to +0.80 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.86). Items with nothing in common agree less across countries: the loadings on income differences and on state ownership correlate at +0.53 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.65), and those on income differences and competition at +0.58 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.69). The definitions therefore order the countries partly alike and disagree about the level. Table 6 traces the disagreement to the items. The definitions that include income differences sit to the right of those built from state ownership or competition.

Table 6. The median economic loading runs from +0.02 to +0.12 depending on the items

The moral items agree more closely than the economic ones, and singly, homosexuality, abortion and divorce give medians of +0.05, +0.06 and +0.05, close to the median of +0.07 for the moral index. Claims in this chapter about the economic axis therefore rest on the comparison between countries and between definitions, and less on the size of any one loading.

### Loadings rise with human development

Table 7 plots each loading against the Human Development Index (HDI) and marks the median loading in each third of countries by HDI. The economic loading has a median of +0.04 in the third of countries with the lowest HDI, +0.05 in the middle third and +0.26 in the highest third. The moral loading runs from 0.00 to +0.04 to +0.18, and the religious loading from +0.06 to +0.10 to +0.13. The economic and moral loadings therefore rise mostly in the top third, while the religious loading rises across all three. The correlation between HDI and the loading across countries is positive on all three axes and the three intervals overlap, and the caption of the figure gives the values. (Note: The HDI is a single value per country from the context file joined to the survey. The file does not record the year, and 4 countries with loadings (Kosovo, Macau, Puerto Rico and Taiwan) have no value.)

Table 7. Loadings on all three axes are higher in countries with higher human development

The median loading in the highest third minus the median in the lowest third is +0.07 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.13) for religion, +0.17 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.20) for moral attitudes and +0.22 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.32) for economic attitudes, so the religious loading differs least between the two ends of the range. The interval for economic attitudes lies above the interval for religion, and the interval for moral attitudes just overlaps it. The comparison is a cross-section of countries, so it cannot say whether development changes what the scale means or whether HDI stands in for party systems, education or the age of the democracy. Whether the loadings change over time within countries is not examined here.

### The pattern reappears in the ESS

The European Social Survey (ESS) asks a left-right question of its own and covers many of the same countries, with separate samples and interviewers. Table 8 compares the loadings in the two projects and opens on religion, where the mean absolute difference between the two surveys is smallest (0.04). For the 37 countries in both, the religious loadings correlate at +0.88 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.93), and the two surveys give a loading with the same sign in 34 of the countries. The correlation leans on a few countries with high loadings. Without the 5 countries whose WVS and EVS religious loading is 0.25 or higher (Croatia, Greece, Poland, Slovenia and Spain), it is +0.73 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.86) across 32 countries. The ESS measures religious practice by attendance and prayer, not by the importance of God, so the agreement is not a repeat of one question.

Table 8. Country loadings on religion in the ESS track those in the WVS and EVS, with a correlation of +0.88

The moral loadings agree at +0.89 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.94) across 37 countries, using a single ESS question on the freedom of gay and lesbian people to live as they wish. The economic loadings correlate at +0.88 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.94) across 32 countries, using six ESS questions on welfare and income differences that were fielded in two rounds. The ESS loading is lower than the WVS and EVS loading in 26 of them, by a median of −0.07. The surveys therefore agree on the order of the countries on the economic axis and not on the size of the loading. The weakness of the WVS index does not explain the gap. In these countries the economic items of the WVS and EVS agree with one another about as much as the ESS items do, at median pairwise correlations of +0.15 and +0.13. The two surveys differ in items and in years, and this chapter does not test which of the two accounts for the gap.

### What these data cannot show

The loadings are associations between two answers given by the same person in one interview, so they do not show whether attitudes shape self-placement, self-placement shapes attitudes, or a third influence such as a party system shapes both. Waves from 2005 to 2023 are pooled inside each country, so a loading blends years, and the economic index is a weak measure whose loadings depend on which items are averaged (Table 6). The scale itself may mean different things to different respondents. In a German survey with open-ended questions, the associations people attached to left and right varied with self-placement, education and region of residence [7], and a study in Mexico and Argentina found different conceptions of the labels across individuals and contexts [8]. A loading therefore describes the association between the label and an attitude among people who answer the question. Planned, Non-placement on the left-right scale (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/non-placement-on-the-left-right-scale; planned) asks who declines to answer, and Planned, Education and ideology (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/education-and-ideology; planned) asks how the association differs by education.

The intervals are model based and ignore clustering in the sample design (answers from the same place resemble one another) and stratification, which can raise or lower the variance of a correlation. The analysis does not use strata or sampling units, so the chapter gives a sensitivity check in place of a design-based interval, and the design effect in that check is assumed, not estimated. If clustering multiplied the variance of every correlation by 2 (a design effect of 2), the number of countries with an interval above zero would fall to 66 for religion, 56 for economic attitudes and 55 for moral attitudes, and 18 countries would have no axis above zero. The countries are the ones the surveys reached, not a random sample of the world, and the correlations across countries treat each loading as if it were measured without error. The agreement between the two surveys has a limit. Both projects ask for self-placement on a left-right scale, with a ten-point form in the WVS and EVS, an eleven-point form in the ESS and different wording, so part of the agreement could come from how the label works in each country rather than from the attitudes. The data hold no party manifestos, expert placements of parties or vote choices, so they cannot say why the label attaches to religion in one country and to economics in another.

## Tables

### Table 1. One attitude clearly leads in 51 of 104 countries, most often economic attitudes

Axis with the largest correlation with left-right self-placement among the axes whose 95% interval is above zero, shown where the lead is clear, by country, fieldwork 2005-2023

| Country | View | Axis with the largest loading | Status of the lead | Axis with a clear lead | Economic loading | Moral loading | Religious loading | Loading | Interval low | Interval high | Respondents |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Albania | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.01 | +0.02 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Algeria | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.08 | −0.09 | −0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Andorra | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.22 | +0.21 | +0.22 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Argentina | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.18 | +0.16 | +0.22 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Armenia | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.05 | +0.03 | +0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Australia | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.33 | +0.22 | +0.20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Austria | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Azerbaijan | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.06 | −0.03 | +0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Bangladesh | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | −0.01 | +0.17 | +0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Belarus | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Belgium | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.25 | +0.08 | +0.12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Bolivia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.03 | +0.13 | +0.19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Brazil | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.07 | +0.09 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Bulgaria | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.25 | −0.08 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Burkina Faso | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Canada | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.29 | +0.29 | +0.25 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Chile | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.26 | +0.14 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Colombia | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | +0.14 | +0.12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Croatia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.02 | +0.33 | +0.36 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Cyprus | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | 0.00 | +0.09 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Czechia | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.37 | −0.11 | +0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Denmark | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.46 | +0.12 | +0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ecuador | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Egypt | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.18 | n/a | 0.00 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Estonia | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.26 | −0.03 | −0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ethiopia | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.23 | −0.11 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Finland | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.44 | +0.16 | +0.19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| France | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.34 | +0.19 | +0.18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Georgia | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.03 | +0.06 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Germany | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.14 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ghana | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.25 | −0.08 | +0.03 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Greece | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.19 | +0.29 | +0.29 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Guatemala | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | +0.06 | +0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Haiti | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.03 | +0.02 | +0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Hong Kong SAR | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Hungary | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | 0.00 | +0.09 | +0.15 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Iceland | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.50 | +0.16 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| India | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.06 | 0.00 | +0.12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Indonesia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | −0.02 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Iraq | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.01 | +0.13 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ireland | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.07 | +0.22 | +0.22 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Italy | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.24 | +0.17 | +0.19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Japan | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.10 | +0.14 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Kazakhstan | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.10 | +0.04 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Kenya | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | −0.10 | +0.10 | −0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Kosovo | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | +0.03 | −0.02 | −0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Kyrgyzstan | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.11 | +0.18 | +0.18 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Latvia | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Lebanon | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.03 | 0.00 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Libya | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.01 | 0.00 | +0.03 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Lithuania | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.10 | +0.04 | +0.12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Luxembourg | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.16 | +0.23 | +0.27 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Macau SAR | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.01 | +0.02 | +0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Malaysia | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.03 | +0.09 | +0.15 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Maldives | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | +0.02 | +0.17 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mali | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | +0.02 | +0.02 | +0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Malta | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.26 | +0.16 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mexico | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.02 | +0.06 | +0.10 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Moldova | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.10 | −0.02 | +0.05 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mongolia | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.16 | +0.01 | +0.20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Montenegro | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | −0.04 | +0.09 | +0.15 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Morocco | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Netherlands | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.39 | +0.16 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| New Zealand | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.46 | +0.19 | +0.13 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Nicaragua | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.07 | −0.06 | +0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Nigeria | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | 0.00 | 0.00 | +0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| North Macedonia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.02 | +0.07 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Norway | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.45 | +0.12 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Pakistan | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.15 | +0.15 | +0.17 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Palestine | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | −0.03 | +0.09 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Peru | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.07 | −0.02 | +0.08 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Philippines | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Poland | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | 0.00 | +0.28 | +0.28 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Portugal | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.12 | +0.04 | +0.15 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Puerto Rico | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.11 | +0.11 | +0.03 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Romania | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.11 | −0.06 | +0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Russia | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.06 | −0.01 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Rwanda | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Serbia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.01 | +0.07 | +0.08 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Singapore | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | −0.04 | +0.18 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Slovakia | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.12 | −0.04 | −0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Slovenia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | −0.03 | +0.30 | +0.33 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| South Africa | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.05 | −0.07 | +0.07 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| South Korea | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | +0.02 | +0.20 | +0.06 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Spain | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.20 | +0.32 | +0.36 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sweden | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.59 | +0.05 | +0.03 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Switzerland | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.34 | +0.20 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Taiwan ROC | strongest | Moral | Clear | Moral | −0.09 | +0.12 | +0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Tajikistan | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.11 | −0.03 | +0.27 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Thailand | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.04 | −0.04 | +0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Trinidad and Tobago | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | +0.04 | −0.02 | +0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Tunisia | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | −0.03 | +0.09 | +0.11 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Turkey | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | +0.08 | +0.19 | +0.21 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ukraine | strongest | Religious | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.08 | +0.01 | +0.10 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| United Kingdom | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.36 | +0.17 | +0.12 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| United States | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.41 | +0.37 | +0.28 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Uruguay | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.20 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Uzbekistan | strongest | Religious | Clear | Religious | −0.13 | −0.01 | +0.19 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Venezuela | strongest | Economic | Clear | Economic | +0.24 | +0.02 | −0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Vietnam | strongest | Moral | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.10 | +0.13 | +0.09 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Zambia | strongest | Economic | Not clear | No clear lead | +0.08 | +0.03 | −0.02 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Zimbabwe | strongest | No axis above zero | No axis above zero | No clear lead | −0.08 | −0.02 | −0.04 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Albania | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 2,211 |
| Algeria | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.08 | −0.16 | +0.01 | 532 |
| Andorra | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,822 |
| Argentina | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.14 | +0.23 | 2,293 |
| Armenia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,788 |
| Australia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 4,426 |
| Austria | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,705 |
| Azerbaijan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 2,158 |
| Bangladesh | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.05 | 1,200 |
| Belarus | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,213 |
| Belgium | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.25 | +0.20 | +0.30 | 1,414 |
| Bolivia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 1,778 |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,298 |
| Brazil | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.10 | 3,642 |
| Bulgaria | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.29 | 2,773 |
| Burkina Faso | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 1,058 |
| Canada | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,629 |
| Chile | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.26 | +0.21 | +0.31 | 2,103 |
| Colombia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | +0.01 | +0.07 | 5,016 |
| Croatia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 2,352 |
| Cyprus | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 3,266 |
| Czechia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.37 | +0.35 | +0.40 | 3,991 |
| Denmark | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.46 | +0.43 | +0.49 | 4,679 |
| Ecuador | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,238 |
| Egypt | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 4,238 |
| Estonia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.26 | +0.23 | +0.29 | 3,302 |
| Ethiopia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.23 | +0.19 | +0.28 | 1,917 |
| Finland | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.44 | +0.40 | +0.47 | 2,932 |
| France | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.34 | +0.31 | +0.37 | 3,827 |
| Georgia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,227 |
| Germany | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.17 | +0.22 | 8,683 |
| Ghana | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.30 | 2,333 |
| Greece | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.24 | 2,184 |
| Guatemala | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,213 |
| Haiti | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 1,944 |
| Hong Kong SAR | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,946 |
| Hungary | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 3,447 |
| Iceland | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.50 | +0.46 | +0.53 | 2,307 |
| India | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 5,436 |
| Indonesia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,061 |
| Iraq | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.06 | +0.07 | 975 |
| Ireland | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 687 |
| Italy | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.24 | +0.21 | +0.27 | 3,509 |
| Japan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 3,446 |
| Kazakhstan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,500 |
| Kenya | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.04 | 1,161 |
| Kosovo | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.05 | +0.11 | 654 |
| Kyrgyzstan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,461 |
| Latvia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.11 | 2,056 |
| Lebanon | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.04 | 834 |
| Libya | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.04 | 2,447 |
| Lithuania | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,871 |
| Luxembourg | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.10 | +0.22 | 1,257 |
| Macau SAR | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.07 | +0.05 | 995 |
| Malaysia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 2,613 |
| Maldives | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,023 |
| Mali | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,147 |
| Malta | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.26 | +0.19 | +0.33 | 750 |
| Mexico | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.04 | 4,752 |
| Moldova | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,651 |
| Mongolia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.16 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 1,613 |
| Montenegro | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,250 |
| Morocco | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.14 | 1,909 |
| Netherlands | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.39 | +0.37 | +0.41 | 7,741 |
| New Zealand | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.46 | +0.42 | +0.50 | 1,372 |
| Nicaragua | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 871 |
| Nigeria | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,927 |
| North Macedonia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 1,759 |
| Norway | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.45 | +0.42 | +0.48 | 3,148 |
| Pakistan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,200 |
| Palestine | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.05 | 727 |
| Peru | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 3,280 |
| Philippines | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,389 |
| Poland | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.03 | +0.03 | 3,718 |
| Portugal | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.06 | +0.17 | 1,895 |
| Puerto Rico | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,047 |
| Romania | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 4,705 |
| Russia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,564 |
| Rwanda | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.15 | 2,552 |
| Serbia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.04 | 3,746 |
| Singapore | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 1,743 |
| Slovakia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,336 |
| Slovenia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 3,138 |
| South Africa | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.08 | 5,541 |
| South Korea | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 3,637 |
| Spain | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 4,200 |
| Sweden | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.59 | +0.57 | +0.61 | 4,213 |
| Switzerland | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.34 | +0.32 | +0.37 | 5,154 |
| Taiwan ROC | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 3,554 |
| Tajikistan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,200 |
| Thailand | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 3,758 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,211 |
| Tunisia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 1,682 |
| Turkey | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.05 | +0.10 | 6,325 |
| Ukraine | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 4,667 |
| United Kingdom | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.36 | +0.34 | +0.39 | 6,124 |
| United States | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.41 | +0.38 | +0.44 | 5,866 |
| Uruguay | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,571 |
| Uzbekistan | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.13 | −0.21 | −0.05 | 591 |
| Venezuela | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.24 | +0.19 | +0.30 | 1,190 |
| Vietnam | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,376 |
| Zambia | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.01 | +0.14 | 948 |
| Zimbabwe | economic | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,627 |
| Albania | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,220 |
| Algeria | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.09 | −0.17 | 0.00 | 521 |
| Andorra | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.21 | +0.16 | +0.25 | 1,821 |
| Argentina | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.21 | 2,240 |
| Armenia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 3,780 |
| Australia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.25 | 4,430 |
| Austria | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,681 |
| Azerbaijan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 2,138 |
| Bangladesh | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 |
| Belarus | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,202 |
| Belgium | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.02 | +0.13 | 1,419 |
| Bolivia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.05 | 1,780 |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,285 |
| Brazil | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,624 |
| Bulgaria | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 2,709 |
| Burkina Faso | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.09 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 1,084 |
| Canada | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,604 |
| Chile | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.14 | +0.08 | +0.19 | 2,077 |
| Colombia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 5,015 |
| Croatia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.33 | +0.29 | +0.37 | 2,358 |
| Cyprus | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.13 | 3,262 |
| Czechia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.07 | 3,909 |
| Denmark | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 4,701 |
| Ecuador | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 2,235 |
| Estonia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 3,240 |
| Ethiopia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.11 | −0.15 | −0.06 | 1,902 |
| Finland | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.20 | 2,910 |
| France | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,818 |
| Georgia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 4,271 |
| Germany | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 8,668 |
| Ghana | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,324 |
| Greece | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,188 |
| Guatemala | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.01 | +0.12 | 1,213 |
| Haiti | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 1,932 |
| Hong Kong SAR | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 3,955 |
| Hungary | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,448 |
| Iceland | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.11 | +0.20 | 2,306 |
| India | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.02 | +0.03 | 5,618 |
| Indonesia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 4,086 |
| Iraq | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.07 | +0.19 | 968 |
| Ireland | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.30 | 665 |
| Italy | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.21 | 3,452 |
| Japan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.17 | 3,354 |
| Kazakhstan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.09 | 1,500 |
| Kenya | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,127 |
| Kosovo | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.10 | +0.06 | 655 |
| Kyrgyzstan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,459 |
| Latvia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,028 |
| Lebanon | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.07 | +0.07 | 837 |
| Libya | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.04 | 2,514 |
| Lithuania | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,829 |
| Luxembourg | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.23 | +0.17 | +0.29 | 1,254 |
| Macau SAR | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 997 |
| Malaysia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.12 | 2,613 |
| Maldives | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.23 | 1,023 |
| Mali | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,081 |
| Malta | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.09 | +0.24 | 751 |
| Mexico | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.08 | 4,734 |
| Moldova | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.03 | 1,638 |
| Mongolia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 1,613 |
| Montenegro | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,250 |
| Morocco | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,904 |
| Netherlands | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 7,801 |
| New Zealand | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.14 | +0.24 | 1,352 |
| Nicaragua | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.12 | +0.01 | 871 |
| Nigeria | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,928 |
| North Macedonia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.12 | 1,763 |
| Norway | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,142 |
| Pakistan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,200 |
| Palestine | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 725 |
| Peru | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 2,183 |
| Philippines | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,389 |
| Poland | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,646 |
| Portugal | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,915 |
| Puerto Rico | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,049 |
| Romania | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 4,615 |
| Russia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 4,507 |
| Rwanda | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 2,554 |
| Serbia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.11 | 3,654 |
| Singapore | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.22 | 1,737 |
| Slovakia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 3,260 |
| Slovenia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.30 | +0.26 | +0.33 | 3,127 |
| South Africa | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 5,512 |
| South Korea | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 3,637 |
| Spain | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.32 | +0.30 | +0.35 | 4,220 |
| Sweden | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,155 |
| Switzerland | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 5,159 |
| Taiwan ROC | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.08 | +0.15 | 3,536 |
| Tajikistan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.03 | −0.09 | +0.03 | 1,200 |
| Thailand | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 3,751 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.04 | 1,206 |
| Tunisia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.13 | 1,696 |
| Turkey | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.21 | 6,427 |
| Ukraine | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 4,550 |
| United Kingdom | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.20 | 6,116 |
| United States | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.37 | +0.34 | +0.40 | 5,823 |
| Uruguay | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,600 |
| Uzbekistan | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.09 | +0.07 | 615 |
| Venezuela | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.08 | 1,190 |
| Vietnam | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,381 |
| Zambia | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.10 | 945 |
| Zimbabwe | moral | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,626 |
| Albania | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.18 | 2,209 |
| Algeria | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.11 | +0.06 | 536 |
| Andorra | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,813 |
| Argentina | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.26 | 2,326 |
| Armenia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 3,758 |
| Australia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 4,456 |
| Austria | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.17 | 2,710 |
| Azerbaijan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,152 |
| Bangladesh | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.05 | +0.06 | 1,200 |
| Belarus | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,186 |
| Belgium | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.17 | 1,421 |
| Bolivia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 1,803 |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,269 |
| Brazil | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,673 |
| Bulgaria | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,670 |
| Burkina Faso | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,109 |
| Canada | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.25 | +0.22 | +0.28 | 5,628 |
| Chile | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.15 | 2,085 |
| Colombia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.14 | 5,005 |
| Croatia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.36 | +0.32 | +0.40 | 2,354 |
| Cyprus | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,279 |
| Czechia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,856 |
| Denmark | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,678 |
| Ecuador | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,243 |
| Egypt | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,721 |
| Estonia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 3,216 |
| Ethiopia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,914 |
| Finland | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,897 |
| France | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,845 |
| Georgia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,283 |
| Germany | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 8,654 |
| Ghana | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 2,330 |
| Greece | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,118 |
| Guatemala | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | 0.00 | +0.11 | 1,211 |
| Haiti | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.05 | 1,929 |
| Hong Kong SAR | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,801 |
| Hungary | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.12 | +0.19 | 3,432 |
| Iceland | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,299 |
| India | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 5,785 |
| Indonesia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,082 |
| Iraq | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.01 | +0.13 | 978 |
| Ireland | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.29 | 682 |
| Italy | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 3,515 |
| Japan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.16 | 3,386 |
| Kazakhstan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,500 |
| Kenya | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,160 |
| Kosovo | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.06 | −0.13 | +0.02 | 650 |
| Kyrgyzstan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,458 |
| Latvia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 2,033 |
| Lebanon | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.04 | +0.17 | 834 |
| Libya | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.08 | 2,594 |
| Lithuania | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,812 |
| Luxembourg | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.27 | +0.21 | +0.33 | 1,261 |
| Macau SAR | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | −0.01 | +0.12 | 996 |
| Malaysia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.11 | +0.18 | 2,613 |
| Maldives | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,023 |
| Mali | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.07 | 1,140 |
| Malta | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 770 |
| Mexico | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.13 | 4,781 |
| Moldova | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.05 | 0.00 | +0.10 | 1,657 |
| Mongolia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.15 | +0.25 | 1,611 |
| Montenegro | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,218 |
| Morocco | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,914 |
| Netherlands | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 7,785 |
| New Zealand | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,361 |
| Nicaragua | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.05 | +0.08 | 871 |
| Nigeria | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 2,929 |
| North Macedonia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.14 | 1,729 |
| Norway | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.13 | 3,144 |
| Pakistan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 |
| Palestine | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 728 |
| Peru | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,339 |
| Philippines | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 2,388 |
| Poland | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,703 |
| Portugal | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,954 |
| Puerto Rico | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.09 | 1,042 |
| Romania | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.04 | 4,728 |
| Russia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 4,411 |
| Rwanda | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,554 |
| Serbia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.12 | 3,715 |
| Singapore | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 1,740 |
| Slovakia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.03 | 3,257 |
| Slovenia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 3,098 |
| South Africa | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 5,568 |
| South Korea | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.10 | 3,631 |
| Spain | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.36 | +0.33 | +0.39 | 4,244 |
| Sweden | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 4,155 |
| Switzerland | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.12 | 5,138 |
| Taiwan ROC | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,561 |
| Tajikistan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.27 | +0.22 | +0.32 | 1,200 |
| Thailand | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,656 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,210 |
| Tunisia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,681 |
| Turkey | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.24 | 6,438 |
| Ukraine | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.10 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 4,601 |
| United Kingdom | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.15 | 6,155 |
| United States | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 5,858 |
| Uruguay | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 2,586 |
| Uzbekistan | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.19 | +0.11 | +0.27 | 615 |
| Venezuela | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,190 |
| Vietnam | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.14 | 1,373 |
| Zambia | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 946 |
| Zimbabwe | religious | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 2,627 |

Views: Clear leads (axis = strongest); Largest loading (axis = strongest); Is the lead clear? (axis = strongest); Economic loading (axis = economic); Moral loading (axis = moral); Religious loading (axis = religious).

Note: Northern Ireland shares the United Kingdom outline and is left off the map, but it is counted in the totals (its largest loading is on the economic axis and the lead is not clear). Jordan, Northern Cyprus and Yemen have too few effective respondents for a stable estimate and draw as no data.

Note: The classification uses point estimates and compares axes measured with different numbers of items, so a lead compares loadings of unequal reliability.

Note: In the loading views, loadings beyond the ends of the scale draw in the end class, and the key says so.

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/strongest_axis_map.json

### Table 2. Left-right follows economic attitudes in Sweden and Czechia, and religion and moral attitudes in Poland and Spain

Weighted correlation between left-right self-placement (1 to 10, 10 = right) and the axis, within country; 95% intervals; six countries; fieldwork 2005-2023

| axis | conf_high | conf_low | country | estimate | n |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: |
| Economic | 0.612 | 0.569 | Sweden | 0.591 | 4,213 |
| Moral | 0.082 | 0.016 | Sweden | 0.049 | 4,155 |
| Religious | 0.059 | −0.007 | Sweden | 0.026 | 4,155 |
| Economic | 0.402 | 0.345 | Czechia | 0.374 | 3,991 |
| Moral | −0.073 | −0.139 | Czechia | −0.106 | 3,909 |
| Religious | 0.048 | −0.020 | Czechia | 0.014 | 3,856 |
| Economic | 0.437 | 0.385 | United States | 0.411 | 5,866 |
| Moral | 0.397 | 0.342 | United States | 0.370 | 5,823 |
| Religious | 0.313 | 0.254 | United States | 0.284 | 5,858 |
| Economic | 0.033 | −0.034 | Poland | 0.000 | 3,718 |
| Moral | 0.315 | 0.253 | Poland | 0.284 | 3,646 |
| Religious | 0.311 | 0.249 | Poland | 0.280 | 3,703 |
| Economic | 0.225 | 0.166 | Spain | 0.196 | 4,200 |
| Moral | 0.351 | 0.296 | Spain | 0.323 | 4,220 |
| Religious | 0.386 | 0.333 | Spain | 0.360 | 4,244 |
| Economic | 0.085 | 0.031 | India | 0.058 | 5,436 |
| Moral | 0.030 | −0.023 | India | 0.003 | 5,618 |
| Religious | 0.150 | 0.099 | India | 0.125 | 5,785 |

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/six_country_panels.json

### Table 3. Each loading has an interval above zero in most countries and below zero in a few

Countries by the position of the 95% interval of the left-right loading relative to zero, by axis, fieldwork 2005-2023

| axis | n_countries | relation |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| Economic | 61 | Interval above zero |
| Economic | 36 | Interval includes zero |
| Economic | 7 | Interval below zero |
| Moral | 57 | Interval above zero |
| Moral | 35 | Interval includes zero |
| Moral | 11 | Interval below zero |
| Religious | 75 | Interval above zero |
| Religious | 28 | Interval includes zero |
| Religious | 1 | Interval below zero |

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/axes_relation_to_zero.json

### Table 4. Most country loadings are small and positive, and the largest are economic

Weighted correlation between left-right self-placement (1 to 10, 10 = right) and the axis, within country; 95% intervals; fieldwork 2005-2023

#### Table 4.1. All three axes

The economic loadings reach furthest to the right

One dot per country in each row; the vertical mark in each row is the median across countries

| Country | Axis | Loading | Interval low | Interval high | Respondents | Interval relative to zero | Region |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Albania | Economic | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 2,211 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Economic | −0.08 | −0.16 | +0.01 | 532 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Economic | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,822 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Economic | +0.18 | +0.14 | +0.23 | 2,293 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Economic | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,788 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Economic | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 4,426 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Economic | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,705 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Economic | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 2,158 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Economic | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.05 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Economic | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,213 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Economic | +0.25 | +0.20 | +0.30 | 1,414 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 1,778 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,298 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Economic | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.10 | 3,642 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Economic | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.29 | 2,773 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Economic | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 1,058 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Economic | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,629 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Economic | +0.26 | +0.21 | +0.31 | 2,103 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Economic | +0.04 | +0.01 | +0.07 | 5,016 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Economic | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 2,352 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 3,266 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Economic | +0.37 | +0.35 | +0.40 | 3,991 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Economic | +0.46 | +0.43 | +0.49 | 4,679 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,238 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Egypt | Economic | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 4,238 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Estonia | Economic | +0.26 | +0.23 | +0.29 | 3,302 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Economic | +0.23 | +0.19 | +0.28 | 1,917 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Economic | +0.44 | +0.40 | +0.47 | 2,932 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Economic | +0.34 | +0.31 | +0.37 | 3,827 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Economic | +0.03 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,227 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Economic | +0.19 | +0.17 | +0.22 | 8,683 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Economic | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.30 | 2,333 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Economic | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.24 | 2,184 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Economic | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,213 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 1,944 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Economic | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,946 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 3,447 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Economic | +0.50 | +0.46 | +0.53 | 2,307 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Economic | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 5,436 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,061 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Economic | +0.01 | −0.06 | +0.07 | 975 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Economic | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 687 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Economic | +0.24 | +0.21 | +0.27 | 3,509 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Economic | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 3,446 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,500 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Economic | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.04 | 1,161 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Economic | +0.03 | −0.05 | +0.11 | 654 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Economic | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,461 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Economic | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.11 | 2,056 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Economic | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.04 | 834 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Economic | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.04 | 2,447 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,871 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Economic | +0.16 | +0.10 | +0.22 | 1,257 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Economic | −0.01 | −0.07 | +0.05 | 995 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 2,613 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Economic | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,023 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Economic | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,147 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Economic | +0.26 | +0.19 | +0.33 | 750 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Economic | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.04 | 4,752 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,651 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Economic | −0.16 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 1,613 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Economic | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,250 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Economic | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.14 | 1,909 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Economic | +0.39 | +0.37 | +0.41 | 7,741 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Economic | +0.46 | +0.42 | +0.50 | 1,372 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Economic | −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 871 | Interval below zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,927 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Economic | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 1,759 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Economic | +0.30 | +0.22 | +0.38 | 760 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Economic | +0.45 | +0.42 | +0.48 | 3,148 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Economic | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Economic | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.05 | 727 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Economic | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 3,280 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,389 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Economic | 0.00 | −0.03 | +0.03 | 3,718 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Economic | +0.12 | +0.06 | +0.17 | 1,895 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Economic | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,047 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Economic | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 4,705 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Economic | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,564 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Economic | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.15 | 2,552 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Economic | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.04 | 3,746 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Economic | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 1,743 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Economic | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,336 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 3,138 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Economic | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.08 | 5,541 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Economic | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 3,637 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Economic | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 4,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Economic | +0.59 | +0.57 | +0.61 | 4,213 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Economic | +0.34 | +0.32 | +0.37 | 5,154 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Economic | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 3,554 | Interval below zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Economic | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 3,758 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Economic | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,211 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 1,682 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Economic | +0.08 | +0.05 | +0.10 | 6,325 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Economic | +0.08 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 4,667 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Economic | +0.36 | +0.34 | +0.39 | 6,124 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Economic | +0.41 | +0.38 | +0.44 | 5,866 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Economic | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,571 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Economic | −0.13 | −0.21 | −0.05 | 591 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Economic | +0.24 | +0.19 | +0.30 | 1,190 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,376 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Economic | +0.08 | +0.01 | +0.14 | 948 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Economic | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,627 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Albania | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,220 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Moral | −0.09 | −0.17 | 0.00 | 521 | Interval below zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Moral | +0.21 | +0.16 | +0.25 | 1,821 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Moral | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.21 | 2,240 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Moral | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 3,780 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Moral | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.25 | 4,430 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,681 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Moral | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 2,138 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Moral | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Moral | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,202 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Moral | +0.08 | +0.02 | +0.13 | 1,419 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Moral | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.05 | 1,780 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Moral | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,285 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Moral | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,624 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Moral | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 2,709 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Moral | −0.09 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 1,084 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Moral | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,604 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Moral | +0.14 | +0.08 | +0.19 | 2,077 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Moral | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 5,015 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Moral | +0.33 | +0.29 | +0.37 | 2,358 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Moral | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.13 | 3,262 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Moral | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.07 | 3,909 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 4,701 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Moral | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 2,235 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Estonia | Moral | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 3,240 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Moral | −0.11 | −0.15 | −0.06 | 1,902 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Moral | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.20 | 2,910 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,818 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Moral | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 4,271 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 8,668 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Moral | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,324 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Moral | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,188 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Moral | +0.06 | +0.01 | +0.12 | 1,213 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 1,932 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Moral | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 3,955 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Moral | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,448 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Moral | +0.16 | +0.11 | +0.20 | 2,306 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Moral | 0.00 | −0.02 | +0.03 | 5,618 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Moral | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 4,086 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Moral | +0.13 | +0.07 | +0.19 | 968 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Moral | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.30 | 665 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.21 | 3,452 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Moral | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.17 | 3,354 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.09 | 1,500 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Moral | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,127 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Moral | −0.02 | −0.10 | +0.06 | 655 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Moral | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,459 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,028 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Moral | 0.00 | −0.07 | +0.07 | 837 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Moral | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.04 | 2,514 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,829 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Moral | +0.23 | +0.17 | +0.29 | 1,254 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Moral | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 997 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Moral | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.12 | 2,613 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Moral | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.23 | 1,023 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Moral | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,081 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Moral | +0.16 | +0.09 | +0.24 | 751 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Moral | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.08 | 4,734 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.03 | 1,638 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Moral | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 1,613 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Moral | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,250 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Moral | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,904 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 7,801 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Moral | +0.19 | +0.14 | +0.24 | 1,352 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Moral | −0.06 | −0.12 | +0.01 | 871 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,928 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Moral | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.12 | 1,763 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Moral | +0.25 | +0.17 | +0.33 | 749 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,142 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Moral | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Moral | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 725 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Moral | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 2,183 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,389 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Moral | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,646 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,915 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Moral | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,049 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Moral | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 4,615 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Moral | −0.01 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 4,507 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 2,554 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Moral | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.11 | 3,654 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Moral | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.22 | 1,737 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Moral | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 3,260 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Moral | +0.30 | +0.26 | +0.33 | 3,127 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Moral | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 5,512 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Moral | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 3,637 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Moral | +0.32 | +0.30 | +0.35 | 4,220 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Moral | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,155 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Moral | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 5,159 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Moral | +0.12 | +0.08 | +0.15 | 3,536 | Interval above zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Moral | −0.03 | −0.09 | +0.03 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Moral | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 3,751 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.04 | 1,206 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Moral | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.13 | 1,696 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Moral | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.21 | 6,427 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Moral | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 4,550 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.20 | 6,116 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Moral | +0.37 | +0.34 | +0.40 | 5,823 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,600 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Moral | −0.01 | −0.09 | +0.07 | 615 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.08 | 1,190 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Moral | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,381 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Moral | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.10 | 945 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,626 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Albania | Religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.18 | 2,209 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Religious | −0.02 | −0.11 | +0.06 | 536 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Religious | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,813 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Religious | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.26 | 2,326 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 3,758 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Religious | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 4,456 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.17 | 2,710 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,152 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Religious | +0.01 | −0.05 | +0.06 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,186 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.17 | 1,421 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 1,803 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Religious | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,269 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Religious | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,673 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,670 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,109 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Religious | +0.25 | +0.22 | +0.28 | 5,628 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Religious | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.15 | 2,085 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Religious | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.14 | 5,005 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Religious | +0.36 | +0.32 | +0.40 | 2,354 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,279 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,856 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Religious | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,678 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,243 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Egypt | Religious | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,721 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Estonia | Religious | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 3,216 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,914 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Religious | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,897 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Religious | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,845 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,283 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Religious | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 8,654 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Religious | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 2,330 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Religious | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,118 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Religious | +0.06 | 0.00 | +0.11 | 1,211 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Religious | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.05 | 1,929 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Religious | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,801 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Religious | +0.15 | +0.12 | +0.19 | 3,432 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Religious | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,299 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Religious | +0.12 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 5,785 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Religious | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,082 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Religious | +0.07 | +0.01 | +0.13 | 978 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Religious | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.29 | 682 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Religious | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 3,515 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Religious | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.16 | 3,386 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Religious | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,500 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Religious | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,160 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Religious | −0.06 | −0.13 | +0.02 | 650 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Religious | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,458 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 2,033 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Religious | +0.11 | +0.04 | +0.17 | 834 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Religious | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.08 | 2,594 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,812 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Religious | +0.27 | +0.21 | +0.33 | 1,261 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Religious | +0.06 | −0.01 | +0.12 | 996 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Religious | +0.15 | +0.11 | +0.18 | 2,613 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Religious | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,023 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Religious | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.07 | 1,140 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Religious | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 770 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Religious | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.13 | 4,781 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Religious | +0.05 | 0.00 | +0.10 | 1,657 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Religious | +0.20 | +0.15 | +0.25 | 1,611 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,218 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Religious | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,914 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Religious | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 7,785 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Religious | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,361 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Religious | +0.02 | −0.05 | +0.08 | 871 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 2,929 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Religious | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.14 | 1,729 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Religious | +0.16 | +0.08 | +0.24 | 763 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Religious | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.13 | 3,144 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Religious | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Religious | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 728 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Religious | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,339 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Religious | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 2,388 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Religious | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,703 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,954 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Religious | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.09 | 1,042 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.04 | 4,728 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 4,411 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Religious | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,554 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Religious | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.12 | 3,715 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Religious | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 1,740 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Religious | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.03 | 3,257 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Religious | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 3,098 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 5,568 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Religious | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.10 | 3,631 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Religious | +0.36 | +0.33 | +0.39 | 4,244 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Religious | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 4,155 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Religious | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.12 | 5,138 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Religious | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,561 | Interval includes zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Religious | +0.27 | +0.22 | +0.32 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Religious | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,656 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Religious | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,210 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,681 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Religious | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.24 | 6,438 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Religious | +0.10 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 4,601 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Religious | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.15 | 6,155 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Religious | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 5,858 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Religious | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 2,586 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Religious | +0.19 | +0.11 | +0.27 | 615 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,190 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Religious | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.14 | 1,373 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Religious | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 946 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 2,627 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |

#### Table 4.2. Economic

Sweden has the largest economic loading and Mongolia the smallest

Each dot is a country with its 95% interval, largest loading first

| Country | Axis | Loading | Interval low | Interval high | Respondents | Interval relative to zero | Region |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Albania | Economic | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 2,211 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Economic | −0.08 | −0.16 | +0.01 | 532 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Economic | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,822 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Economic | +0.18 | +0.14 | +0.23 | 2,293 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Economic | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,788 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Economic | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 4,426 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Economic | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,705 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Economic | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 2,158 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Economic | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.05 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Economic | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,213 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Economic | +0.25 | +0.20 | +0.30 | 1,414 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 1,778 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,298 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Economic | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.10 | 3,642 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Economic | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.29 | 2,773 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Economic | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 1,058 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Economic | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,629 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Economic | +0.26 | +0.21 | +0.31 | 2,103 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Economic | +0.04 | +0.01 | +0.07 | 5,016 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Economic | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 2,352 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 3,266 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Economic | +0.37 | +0.35 | +0.40 | 3,991 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Economic | +0.46 | +0.43 | +0.49 | 4,679 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,238 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Egypt | Economic | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 4,238 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Estonia | Economic | +0.26 | +0.23 | +0.29 | 3,302 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Economic | +0.23 | +0.19 | +0.28 | 1,917 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Economic | +0.44 | +0.40 | +0.47 | 2,932 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Economic | +0.34 | +0.31 | +0.37 | 3,827 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Economic | +0.03 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,227 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Economic | +0.19 | +0.17 | +0.22 | 8,683 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Economic | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.30 | 2,333 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Economic | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.24 | 2,184 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Economic | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,213 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 1,944 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Economic | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,946 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 3,447 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Economic | +0.50 | +0.46 | +0.53 | 2,307 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Economic | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 5,436 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 4,061 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Economic | +0.01 | −0.06 | +0.07 | 975 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Economic | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 687 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Economic | +0.24 | +0.21 | +0.27 | 3,509 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Economic | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 3,446 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,500 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Economic | −0.10 | −0.15 | −0.04 | 1,161 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Economic | +0.03 | −0.05 | +0.11 | 654 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Economic | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,461 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Economic | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.11 | 2,056 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Economic | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.04 | 834 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Economic | −0.01 | −0.06 | +0.04 | 2,447 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,871 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Economic | +0.16 | +0.10 | +0.22 | 1,257 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Economic | −0.01 | −0.07 | +0.05 | 995 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 2,613 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Economic | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,023 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Economic | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,147 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Economic | +0.26 | +0.19 | +0.33 | 750 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Economic | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.04 | 4,752 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,651 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Economic | −0.16 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 1,613 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Economic | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,250 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Economic | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.14 | 1,909 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Economic | +0.39 | +0.37 | +0.41 | 7,741 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Economic | +0.46 | +0.42 | +0.50 | 1,372 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Economic | −0.07 | −0.13 | 0.00 | 871 | Interval below zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,927 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Economic | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 1,759 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Economic | +0.30 | +0.22 | +0.38 | 760 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Economic | +0.45 | +0.42 | +0.48 | 3,148 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Economic | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Economic | −0.03 | −0.10 | +0.05 | 727 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Economic | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 3,280 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,389 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Economic | 0.00 | −0.03 | +0.03 | 3,718 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Economic | +0.12 | +0.06 | +0.17 | 1,895 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Economic | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,047 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Economic | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 4,705 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Economic | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,564 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Economic | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.15 | 2,552 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Economic | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.04 | 3,746 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Economic | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 1,743 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Economic | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,336 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 3,138 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Economic | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.08 | 5,541 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Economic | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 3,637 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Economic | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 4,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Economic | +0.59 | +0.57 | +0.61 | 4,213 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Economic | +0.34 | +0.32 | +0.37 | 5,154 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Economic | −0.09 | −0.13 | −0.06 | 3,554 | Interval below zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Economic | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Economic | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.07 | 3,758 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Economic | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,211 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Economic | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 1,682 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Economic | +0.08 | +0.05 | +0.10 | 6,325 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Economic | +0.08 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 4,667 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Economic | +0.36 | +0.34 | +0.39 | 6,124 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Economic | +0.41 | +0.38 | +0.44 | 5,866 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Economic | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,571 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Economic | −0.13 | −0.21 | −0.05 | 591 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Economic | +0.24 | +0.19 | +0.30 | 1,190 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,376 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Economic | +0.08 | +0.01 | +0.14 | 948 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Economic | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,627 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |

#### Table 4.3. Moral

The moral loadings are largest in the United States, Croatia and Spain

Each dot is a country with its 95% interval, largest loading first

| Country | Axis | Loading | Interval low | Interval high | Respondents | Interval relative to zero | Region |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Albania | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,220 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Moral | −0.09 | −0.17 | 0.00 | 521 | Interval below zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Moral | +0.21 | +0.16 | +0.25 | 1,821 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Moral | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.21 | 2,240 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Moral | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 3,780 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Moral | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.25 | 4,430 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,681 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Moral | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.02 | 2,138 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Moral | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Moral | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 3,202 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Moral | +0.08 | +0.02 | +0.13 | 1,419 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Moral | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.05 | 1,780 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Moral | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,285 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Moral | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,624 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Moral | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 2,709 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Moral | −0.09 | −0.15 | −0.03 | 1,084 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Moral | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 5,604 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Moral | +0.14 | +0.08 | +0.19 | 2,077 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Moral | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 5,015 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Moral | +0.33 | +0.29 | +0.37 | 2,358 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Moral | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.13 | 3,262 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Moral | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.07 | 3,909 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 4,701 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Moral | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 2,235 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Estonia | Moral | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 3,240 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Moral | −0.11 | −0.15 | −0.06 | 1,902 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Moral | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.20 | 2,910 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,818 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Moral | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.09 | 4,271 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 8,668 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Moral | −0.08 | −0.13 | −0.04 | 2,324 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Moral | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,188 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Moral | +0.06 | +0.01 | +0.12 | 1,213 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 1,932 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Moral | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 3,955 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Moral | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,448 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Moral | +0.16 | +0.11 | +0.20 | 2,306 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Moral | 0.00 | −0.02 | +0.03 | 5,618 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Moral | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 4,086 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Moral | +0.13 | +0.07 | +0.19 | 968 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Moral | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.30 | 665 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.21 | 3,452 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Moral | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.17 | 3,354 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.09 | 1,500 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Moral | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.16 | 1,127 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Moral | −0.02 | −0.10 | +0.06 | 655 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Moral | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,459 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,028 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Moral | 0.00 | −0.07 | +0.07 | 837 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Moral | 0.00 | −0.05 | +0.04 | 2,514 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,829 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Moral | +0.23 | +0.17 | +0.29 | 1,254 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Moral | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 997 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Moral | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.12 | 2,613 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Moral | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.23 | 1,023 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Moral | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,081 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Moral | +0.16 | +0.09 | +0.24 | 751 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Moral | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.08 | 4,734 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.03 | 1,638 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Moral | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.06 | 1,613 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Moral | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,250 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Moral | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,904 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 7,801 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Moral | +0.19 | +0.14 | +0.24 | 1,352 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Moral | −0.06 | −0.12 | +0.01 | 871 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,928 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Moral | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.12 | 1,763 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Moral | +0.25 | +0.17 | +0.33 | 749 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,142 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Moral | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Moral | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 725 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Moral | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.02 | 2,183 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.05 | 2,389 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Moral | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,646 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,915 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Moral | +0.11 | +0.05 | +0.17 | 1,049 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Moral | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 4,615 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Moral | −0.01 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 4,507 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Moral | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 2,554 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Moral | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.11 | 3,654 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Moral | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.22 | 1,737 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Moral | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 3,260 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Moral | +0.30 | +0.26 | +0.33 | 3,127 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Moral | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 5,512 | Interval below zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Moral | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 3,637 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Moral | +0.32 | +0.30 | +0.35 | 4,220 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Moral | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,155 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Moral | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 5,159 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Moral | +0.12 | +0.08 | +0.15 | 3,536 | Interval above zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Moral | −0.03 | −0.09 | +0.03 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Moral | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.01 | 3,751 | Interval below zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.04 | 1,206 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Moral | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.13 | 1,696 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Moral | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.21 | 6,427 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Moral | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 4,550 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.20 | 6,116 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Moral | +0.37 | +0.34 | +0.40 | 5,823 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,600 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Moral | −0.01 | −0.09 | +0.07 | 615 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.08 | 1,190 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Moral | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,381 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Moral | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.10 | 945 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Moral | −0.02 | −0.07 | +0.02 | 2,626 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |

#### Table 4.4. Religious

The religious loadings are largest in Spain and Croatia

Each dot is a country with its 95% interval, largest loading first

| Country | Axis | Loading | Interval low | Interval high | Respondents | Interval relative to zero | Region |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- | --- |
| Albania | Religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.18 | 2,209 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Algeria | Religious | −0.02 | −0.11 | +0.06 | 536 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Andorra | Religious | +0.22 | +0.17 | +0.26 | 1,813 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Argentina | Religious | +0.22 | +0.18 | +0.26 | 2,326 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Armenia | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 3,758 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Australia | Religious | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 4,456 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Austria | Religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.17 | 2,710 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Azerbaijan | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.09 | 2,152 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bangladesh | Religious | +0.01 | −0.05 | +0.06 | 1,200 | Interval includes zero | South Asia |
| Belarus | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,186 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Belgium | Religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.17 | 1,421 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Bolivia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 1,803 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Religious | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,269 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Brazil | Religious | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,673 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Bulgaria | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,670 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Burkina Faso | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,109 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Canada | Religious | +0.25 | +0.22 | +0.28 | 5,628 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Chile | Religious | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.15 | 2,085 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Colombia | Religious | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.14 | 5,005 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Croatia | Religious | +0.36 | +0.32 | +0.40 | 2,354 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Cyprus | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,279 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Czechia | Religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,856 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Denmark | Religious | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,678 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ecuador | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,243 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Egypt | Religious | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,721 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Estonia | Religious | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 3,216 | Interval below zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ethiopia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,914 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Finland | Religious | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,897 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| France | Religious | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,845 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Georgia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,283 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Germany | Religious | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 8,654 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ghana | Religious | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.07 | 2,330 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Greece | Religious | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,118 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Guatemala | Religious | +0.06 | 0.00 | +0.11 | 1,211 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Haiti | Religious | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.05 | 1,929 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Hong Kong SAR | Religious | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.09 | 3,801 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Hungary | Religious | +0.15 | +0.12 | +0.19 | 3,432 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Iceland | Religious | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,299 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| India | Religious | +0.12 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 5,785 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Indonesia | Religious | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,082 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Iraq | Religious | +0.07 | +0.01 | +0.13 | 978 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Ireland | Religious | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.29 | 682 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Italy | Religious | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 3,515 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Japan | Religious | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.16 | 3,386 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Kazakhstan | Religious | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 1,500 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kenya | Religious | −0.04 | −0.10 | +0.02 | 1,160 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Kosovo | Religious | −0.06 | −0.13 | +0.02 | 650 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Kyrgyzstan | Religious | +0.18 | +0.13 | +0.23 | 1,458 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Latvia | Religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 2,033 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Lebanon | Religious | +0.11 | +0.04 | +0.17 | 834 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Libya | Religious | +0.03 | −0.02 | +0.08 | 2,594 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Lithuania | Religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,812 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Luxembourg | Religious | +0.27 | +0.21 | +0.33 | 1,261 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Macau SAR | Religious | +0.06 | −0.01 | +0.12 | 996 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Malaysia | Religious | +0.15 | +0.11 | +0.18 | 2,613 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Maldives | Religious | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,023 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Mali | Religious | +0.01 | −0.04 | +0.07 | 1,140 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Malta | Religious | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 770 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Mexico | Religious | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.13 | 4,781 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Moldova | Religious | +0.05 | 0.00 | +0.10 | 1,657 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Mongolia | Religious | +0.20 | +0.15 | +0.25 | 1,611 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Montenegro | Religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,218 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Morocco | Religious | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,914 | Interval includes zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Netherlands | Religious | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 7,785 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| New Zealand | Religious | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.18 | 1,361 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Nicaragua | Religious | +0.02 | −0.05 | +0.08 | 871 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Nigeria | Religious | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 2,929 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| North Macedonia | Religious | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.14 | 1,729 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Northern Ireland | Religious | +0.16 | +0.08 | +0.24 | 763 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Norway | Religious | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.13 | 3,144 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Pakistan | Religious | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | South Asia |
| Palestine | Religious | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.16 | 728 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Peru | Religious | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,339 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Philippines | Religious | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 2,388 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Poland | Religious | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,703 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Portugal | Religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,954 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Puerto Rico | Religious | +0.03 | −0.03 | +0.09 | 1,042 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Romania | Religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.04 | 4,728 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Russia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 4,411 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Rwanda | Religious | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 2,554 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Serbia | Religious | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.12 | 3,715 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Singapore | Religious | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 1,740 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Slovakia | Religious | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.03 | 3,257 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Slovenia | Religious | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 3,098 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| South Africa | Religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 5,568 | Interval above zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| South Korea | Religious | +0.06 | +0.02 | +0.10 | 3,631 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Spain | Religious | +0.36 | +0.33 | +0.39 | 4,244 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Sweden | Religious | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 4,155 | Interval includes zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Switzerland | Religious | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.12 | 5,138 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Taiwan ROC | Religious | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,561 | Interval includes zero | Not classified |
| Tajikistan | Religious | +0.27 | +0.22 | +0.32 | 1,200 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Thailand | Religious | +0.02 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,656 | Interval includes zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Trinidad and Tobago | Religious | +0.02 | −0.04 | +0.08 | 1,210 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Tunisia | Religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,681 | Interval above zero | Middle East & North Africa |
| Turkey | Religious | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.24 | 6,438 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Ukraine | Religious | +0.10 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 4,601 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United Kingdom | Religious | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.15 | 6,155 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| United States | Religious | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 5,858 | Interval above zero | North America |
| Uruguay | Religious | +0.20 | +0.16 | +0.24 | 2,586 | Interval above zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Uzbekistan | Religious | +0.19 | +0.11 | +0.27 | 615 | Interval above zero | Europe & Central Asia |
| Venezuela | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,190 | Interval includes zero | Latin America & Caribbean |
| Vietnam | Religious | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.14 | 1,373 | Interval above zero | East Asia & Pacific |
| Zambia | Religious | −0.02 | −0.08 | +0.04 | 946 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Zimbabwe | Religious | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 2,627 | Interval includes zero | Sub-Saharan Africa |

Note: Intervals treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample and ignore clustering and stratification in the sample design, which can raise or lower the variance.

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/country_loadings.json

### Table 5. The right-wing end of every item is fixed in advance from the wording of its answer scale

Items used for the economic, moral and religious axes in the World Values Survey and EVS, with the answer that counts as right

| Axis | Item | Survey code | Low end of the scale | High end of the scale | Right-wing pole | Answer that counts as right |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Economic | Income differences (E035) | E035 | Incomes should be made more equal | We need larger income differences as incentives | High end | We need larger income differences as incentives |
| Economic | Government responsibility (E037) | E037 | People should take more responsibility | The government should take more responsibility | Low end | People should take more responsibility |
| Economic | State ownership of business (E036) | E036 | Private ownership of business should be increased | Government ownership of business should be increased | Low end | Private ownership of business should be increased |
| Economic | Competition (E039) | E039 | Competition is good | Competition is harmful | Low end | Competition is good |
| Moral | Homosexuality (F118) | F118 | Never justifiable | Always justifiable | Low end | Never justifiable |
| Moral | Abortion (F120) | F120 | Never justifiable | Always justifiable | Low end | Never justifiable |
| Moral | Divorce (F121) | F121 | Never justifiable | Always justifiable | Low end | Never justifiable |
| Religious | Importance of God (F063) | F063 | Not at all important | Very important | High end | Very important |

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study cleaned dictionary, fieldwork 2005-2023; item wording and coding, no estimates or weights

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/index_coding.json

### Table 6. The median economic loading runs from +0.02 to +0.12 depending on the items

Median across countries of the loading of left-right on each definition of the economic axis, the moral index and the importance of God, with 95% intervals from resampling the countries

| Definition | Axis | Median loading | Interval low | Interval high | Countries | Interval above zero | Interval includes zero | Interval below zero | Correlation with the chapter index |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Four-item index (used in this chapter) | Economic | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.10 | 104 | 61 | 36 | 7 | 1.00 |
| Two items: income differences and government responsibility | Economic | +0.12 | +0.08 | +0.12 | 104 | 74 | 29 | 1 | 0.91 |
| Three items: government responsibility, state ownership, competition | Economic | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.07 | 104 | 47 | 39 | 18 | 0.97 |
| Income differences alone | Economic | +0.09 | +0.08 | +0.11 | 104 | 72 | 30 | 2 | 0.84 |
| Government responsibility alone | Economic | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.09 | 104 | 62 | 36 | 6 | 0.86 |
| State ownership of business alone | Economic | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.05 | 104 | 42 | 36 | 26 | 0.86 |
| Competition alone | Economic | +0.02 | −0.01 | +0.03 | 104 | 35 | 42 | 27 | 0.81 |
| Three-item index (used in this chapter) | Moral | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.11 | 103 | 57 | 35 | 11 | 1.00 |
| Importance of God (used in this chapter) | Religious | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.11 | 104 | 75 | 28 | 1 | 1.00 |

Note: Each country counts once, and the intervals come from resampling countries.

Note: The variant that needs all four economic items answered and the three single moral items are in the estimates but not drawn.

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/definition_sensitivity.json

### Table 7. Loadings on all three axes are higher in countries with higher human development

Country loading of left-right self-placement (correlation) against the Human Development Index, countries with both, fieldwork 2005-2023

| axis | conf_high | conf_low | country | estimate | hdi | n | region |
| --- | ---: | ---: | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| economic | 0.059 | −0.036 | Albania | 0.012 | 0.785 | 2,211 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.006 | −0.163 | Algeria | −0.079 | 0.754 | 532 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.261 | 0.169 | Andorra | 0.215 | 0.858 | 1,822 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.228 | 0.140 | Argentina | 0.185 | 0.825 | 2,293 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.091 | 0.017 | Armenia | 0.054 | 0.755 | 3,788 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.363 | 0.299 | Australia | 0.332 | 0.939 | 4,426 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.251 | 0.173 | Austria | 0.212 | 0.908 | 2,705 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | −0.009 | −0.102 | Azerbaijan | −0.056 | 0.757 | 2,158 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.049 | −0.065 | Bangladesh | −0.008 | 0.608 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| economic | 0.051 | −0.020 | Belarus | 0.015 | 0.808 | 3,213 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.300 | 0.198 | Belgium | 0.250 | 0.916 | 1,414 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.091 | −0.002 | Bolivia | 0.045 | 0.693 | 1,778 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.019 | −0.069 | Bosnia Herzegovina | −0.025 | 0.768 | 2,298 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.104 | 0.039 | Brazil | 0.071 | 0.759 | 3,642 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.287 | 0.210 | Bulgaria | 0.249 | 0.813 | 2,773 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.043 | −0.078 | Burkina Faso | −0.017 | 0.423 | 1,058 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.319 | 0.260 | Canada | 0.290 | 0.926 | 5,629 | North America |
| economic | 0.308 | 0.206 | Chile | 0.258 | 0.843 | 2,103 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.068 | 0.012 | Colombia | 0.040 | 0.747 | 5,016 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.066 | −0.025 | Croatia | 0.021 | 0.831 | 2,352 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.036 | −0.040 | Cyprus | −0.002 | 0.869 | 3,266 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.402 | 0.345 | Czechia | 0.374 | 0.888 | 3,991 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.488 | 0.430 | Denmark | 0.460 | 0.929 | 4,679 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.043 | −0.040 | Ecuador | 0.002 | 0.752 | 2,238 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.220 | 0.147 | Egypt | 0.184 | 0.696 | 4,238 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.294 | 0.228 | Estonia | 0.261 | 0.871 | 3,302 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.276 | 0.192 | Ethiopia | 0.234 | 0.463 | 1,917 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.470 | 0.405 | Finland | 0.438 | 0.920 | 2,932 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.373 | 0.312 | France | 0.343 | 0.901 | 3,827 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.067 | 0.002 | Georgia | 0.034 | 0.780 | 4,227 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.217 | 0.168 | Germany | 0.192 | 0.936 | 8,683 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.297 | 0.211 | Ghana | 0.254 | 0.592 | 2,333 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.235 | 0.150 | Greece | 0.193 | 0.870 | 2,184 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.099 | −0.013 | Guatemala | 0.043 | 0.650 | 1,213 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.018 | −0.071 | Haiti | −0.027 | 0.498 | 1,944 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.018 | −0.047 | Hong Kong SAR | −0.014 | 0.933 | 3,946 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.030 | −0.039 | Hungary | −0.004 | 0.838 | 3,447 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.532 | 0.463 | Iceland | 0.499 | 0.935 | 2,307 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.085 | 0.031 | India | 0.058 | 0.640 | 5,436 | South Asia |
| economic | 0.073 | −0.002 | Indonesia | 0.035 | 0.694 | 4,061 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.069 | −0.057 | Iraq | 0.006 | 0.685 | 975 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.147 | −0.010 | Ireland | 0.069 | 0.938 | 687 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.275 | 0.210 | Italy | 0.242 | 0.880 | 3,509 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.136 | 0.070 | Japan | 0.103 | 0.909 | 3,446 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.149 | 0.047 | Kazakhstan | 0.098 | 0.800 | 1,500 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | −0.039 | −0.153 | Kenya | −0.096 | 0.590 | 1,161 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.160 | 0.059 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.110 | 0.672 | 1,461 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.114 | 0.025 | Latvia | 0.069 | 0.847 | 2,056 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.036 | −0.100 | Lebanon | −0.032 | 0.757 | 834 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.042 | −0.059 | Libya | −0.008 | 0.706 | 2,447 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.147 | 0.054 | Lithuania | 0.101 | 0.858 | 1,871 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.221 | 0.100 | Luxembourg | 0.161 | 0.904 | 1,257 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.007 | −0.070 | Malaysia | −0.032 | 0.802 | 2,613 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.080 | −0.042 | Maldives | 0.019 | 0.717 | 1,023 | South Asia |
| economic | 0.075 | −0.041 | Mali | 0.017 | 0.427 | 1,147 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.330 | 0.187 | Malta | 0.260 | 0.878 | 750 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.045 | −0.012 | Mexico | 0.016 | 0.774 | 4,752 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.150 | 0.053 | Moldova | 0.102 | 0.700 | 1,651 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | −0.104 | −0.205 | Mongolia | −0.155 | 0.741 | 1,613 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.017 | −0.102 | Montenegro | −0.043 | 0.814 | 1,250 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.139 | 0.050 | Morocco | 0.095 | 0.667 | 1,909 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.413 | 0.373 | Netherlands | 0.393 | 0.931 | 7,741 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.504 | 0.421 | New Zealand | 0.464 | 0.917 | 1,372 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | −0.001 | −0.134 | Nicaragua | −0.068 | 0.658 | 871 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.045 | −0.037 | Nigeria | 0.004 | 0.532 | 2,927 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.070 | −0.030 | North Macedonia | 0.020 | 0.757 | 1,759 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.376 | 0.222 | Northern Ireland | 0.301 | 0.922 | 760 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.476 | 0.419 | Norway | 0.448 | 0.953 | 3,148 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.204 | 0.090 | Pakistan | 0.148 | 0.562 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| economic | 0.045 | −0.100 | Palestine | −0.027 | 0.686 | 727 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.101 | 0.031 | Peru | 0.066 | 0.750 | 3,280 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.088 | 0.000 | Philippines | 0.044 | 0.699 | 2,389 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.033 | −0.034 | Poland | 0.000 | 0.865 | 3,718 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.173 | 0.064 | Portugal | 0.119 | 0.847 | 1,895 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.138 | 0.078 | Romania | 0.108 | 0.811 | 4,705 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.097 | 0.031 | Russia | 0.064 | 0.816 | 4,564 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.146 | 0.069 | Rwanda | 0.108 | 0.524 | 2,552 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.044 | −0.031 | Serbia | 0.007 | 0.787 | 3,746 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.003 | −0.093 | Singapore | −0.045 | 0.932 | 1,743 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.163 | 0.087 | Slovakia | 0.125 | 0.855 | 3,336 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.003 | −0.068 | Slovenia | −0.033 | 0.896 | 3,138 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.080 | 0.012 | South Africa | 0.046 | 0.699 | 5,541 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | 0.065 | −0.016 | South Korea | 0.024 | 0.903 | 3,637 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.225 | 0.166 | Spain | 0.196 | 0.891 | 4,200 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.612 | 0.569 | Sweden | 0.591 | 0.933 | 4,213 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.368 | 0.318 | Switzerland | 0.343 | 0.944 | 5,154 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.165 | 0.054 | Tajikistan | 0.110 | 0.650 | 1,200 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.070 | 0.005 | Thailand | 0.037 | 0.755 | 3,758 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.104 | −0.014 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.045 | 0.784 | 1,211 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.019 | −0.076 | Tunisia | −0.029 | 0.735 | 1,682 | Middle East & North Africa |
| economic | 0.103 | 0.053 | Turkey | 0.078 | 0.791 | 6,325 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.119 | 0.033 | Ukraine | 0.076 | 0.751 | 4,667 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.390 | 0.338 | United Kingdom | 0.364 | 0.922 | 6,124 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.437 | 0.385 | United States | 0.411 | 0.924 | 5,866 | North America |
| economic | 0.252 | 0.171 | Uruguay | 0.212 | 0.804 | 2,571 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | −0.049 | −0.207 | Uzbekistan | −0.129 | 0.710 | 591 | Europe & Central Asia |
| economic | 0.297 | 0.191 | Venezuela | 0.245 | 0.761 | 1,190 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| economic | 0.155 | 0.051 | Vietnam | 0.103 | 0.694 | 1,376 | East Asia & Pacific |
| economic | 0.140 | 0.014 | Zambia | 0.077 | 0.588 | 948 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| economic | −0.036 | −0.126 | Zimbabwe | −0.081 | 0.535 | 2,627 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.065 | −0.030 | Albania | 0.018 | 0.785 | 2,220 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.003 | −0.173 | Algeria | −0.089 | 0.754 | 521 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.254 | 0.161 | Andorra | 0.208 | 0.858 | 1,821 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.208 | 0.119 | Argentina | 0.164 | 0.825 | 2,240 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.063 | −0.012 | Armenia | 0.026 | 0.755 | 3,780 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.252 | 0.184 | Australia | 0.218 | 0.939 | 4,430 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.226 | 0.146 | Austria | 0.186 | 0.908 | 2,681 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.016 | −0.078 | Azerbaijan | −0.031 | 0.757 | 2,138 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.223 | 0.113 | Bangladesh | 0.168 | 0.608 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| moral | 0.022 | −0.048 | Belarus | −0.013 | 0.808 | 3,202 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.133 | 0.025 | Belgium | 0.079 | 0.916 | 1,419 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.047 | −0.046 | Bolivia | 0.000 | 0.693 | 1,780 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.168 | 0.082 | Bosnia Herzegovina | 0.125 | 0.768 | 2,285 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.123 | 0.057 | Brazil | 0.090 | 0.759 | 3,624 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | −0.036 | −0.119 | Bulgaria | −0.078 | 0.813 | 2,709 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.029 | −0.147 | Burkina Faso | −0.088 | 0.423 | 1,084 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.318 | 0.259 | Canada | 0.289 | 0.926 | 5,604 | North America |
| moral | 0.192 | 0.084 | Chile | 0.138 | 0.843 | 2,077 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.163 | 0.109 | Colombia | 0.136 | 0.747 | 5,015 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.374 | 0.293 | Croatia | 0.334 | 0.831 | 2,358 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.128 | 0.052 | Cyprus | 0.090 | 0.869 | 3,262 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.073 | −0.139 | Czechia | −0.106 | 0.888 | 3,909 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.160 | 0.088 | Denmark | 0.124 | 0.929 | 4,701 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.000 | −0.082 | Ecuador | −0.041 | 0.752 | 2,235 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.006 | −0.065 | Estonia | −0.030 | 0.871 | 3,240 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.065 | −0.153 | Ethiopia | −0.109 | 0.463 | 1,902 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.199 | 0.120 | Finland | 0.160 | 0.920 | 2,910 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.220 | 0.153 | France | 0.187 | 0.901 | 3,818 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.095 | 0.030 | Georgia | 0.063 | 0.780 | 4,271 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.184 | 0.135 | Germany | 0.159 | 0.936 | 8,668 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.039 | −0.130 | Ghana | −0.085 | 0.592 | 2,324 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.327 | 0.246 | Greece | 0.287 | 0.870 | 2,188 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.118 | 0.006 | Guatemala | 0.062 | 0.650 | 1,213 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.060 | −0.029 | Haiti | 0.015 | 0.498 | 1,932 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | −0.023 | −0.088 | Hong Kong SAR | −0.056 | 0.933 | 3,955 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.124 | 0.056 | Hungary | 0.090 | 0.838 | 3,448 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.200 | 0.110 | Iceland | 0.155 | 0.935 | 2,306 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.030 | −0.023 | India | 0.003 | 0.640 | 5,618 | South Asia |
| moral | 0.017 | −0.058 | Indonesia | −0.020 | 0.694 | 4,086 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.194 | 0.070 | Iraq | 0.132 | 0.685 | 968 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.295 | 0.143 | Ireland | 0.221 | 0.938 | 665 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.208 | 0.141 | Italy | 0.175 | 0.880 | 3,452 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.173 | 0.107 | Japan | 0.140 | 0.909 | 3,354 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.092 | −0.011 | Kazakhstan | 0.041 | 0.800 | 1,500 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.161 | 0.045 | Kenya | 0.103 | 0.590 | 1,127 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.225 | 0.126 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.176 | 0.672 | 1,459 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.065 | −0.025 | Latvia | 0.020 | 0.847 | 2,028 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.069 | −0.066 | Lebanon | 0.002 | 0.757 | 837 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.044 | −0.053 | Libya | −0.005 | 0.706 | 2,514 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.085 | −0.010 | Lithuania | 0.038 | 0.858 | 1,829 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.291 | 0.174 | Luxembourg | 0.234 | 0.904 | 1,254 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.125 | 0.049 | Malaysia | 0.087 | 0.802 | 2,613 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.226 | 0.107 | Maldives | 0.167 | 0.717 | 1,023 | South Asia |
| moral | 0.078 | −0.041 | Mali | 0.018 | 0.427 | 1,081 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.236 | 0.087 | Malta | 0.162 | 0.878 | 751 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.084 | 0.027 | Mexico | 0.056 | 0.774 | 4,734 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.027 | −0.071 | Moldova | −0.022 | 0.700 | 1,638 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.061 | −0.041 | Mongolia | 0.010 | 0.741 | 1,613 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.148 | 0.030 | Montenegro | 0.089 | 0.814 | 1,250 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.078 | −0.012 | Morocco | 0.033 | 0.667 | 1,904 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.180 | 0.135 | Netherlands | 0.158 | 0.931 | 7,801 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.240 | 0.138 | New Zealand | 0.190 | 0.917 | 1,352 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.009 | −0.123 | Nicaragua | −0.057 | 0.658 | 871 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.045 | −0.037 | Nigeria | 0.004 | 0.532 | 2,928 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.124 | 0.025 | North Macedonia | 0.075 | 0.757 | 1,763 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.331 | 0.171 | Northern Ireland | 0.253 | 0.922 | 749 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.157 | 0.086 | Norway | 0.122 | 0.953 | 3,142 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.206 | 0.092 | Pakistan | 0.150 | 0.562 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| moral | 0.160 | 0.015 | Palestine | 0.088 | 0.686 | 725 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.024 | −0.064 | Peru | −0.020 | 0.750 | 2,183 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.046 | −0.042 | Philippines | 0.002 | 0.699 | 2,389 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.315 | 0.253 | Poland | 0.284 | 0.865 | 3,646 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.099 | −0.012 | Portugal | 0.043 | 0.847 | 1,915 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.029 | −0.090 | Romania | −0.059 | 0.811 | 4,615 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.026 | −0.041 | Russia | −0.007 | 0.816 | 4,507 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.034 | −0.044 | Rwanda | −0.005 | 0.524 | 2,554 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.107 | 0.031 | Serbia | 0.069 | 0.787 | 3,654 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.224 | 0.131 | Singapore | 0.178 | 0.932 | 1,737 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | −0.001 | −0.079 | Slovakia | −0.041 | 0.855 | 3,260 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.330 | 0.265 | Slovenia | 0.298 | 0.896 | 3,127 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.033 | −0.100 | South Africa | −0.067 | 0.699 | 5,512 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.241 | 0.163 | South Korea | 0.202 | 0.903 | 3,637 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.351 | 0.296 | Spain | 0.323 | 0.891 | 4,220 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.082 | 0.016 | Sweden | 0.049 | 0.933 | 4,155 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.227 | 0.173 | Switzerland | 0.200 | 0.944 | 5,159 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.026 | −0.087 | Tajikistan | −0.030 | 0.650 | 1,200 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | −0.006 | −0.070 | Thailand | −0.038 | 0.755 | 3,751 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.044 | −0.075 | Trinidad and Tobago | −0.015 | 0.784 | 1,206 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.132 | 0.038 | Tunisia | 0.085 | 0.735 | 1,696 | Middle East & North Africa |
| moral | 0.212 | 0.164 | Turkey | 0.188 | 0.791 | 6,427 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.057 | −0.032 | Ukraine | 0.012 | 0.751 | 4,550 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.199 | 0.140 | United Kingdom | 0.170 | 0.922 | 6,116 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.397 | 0.342 | United States | 0.370 | 0.924 | 5,823 | North America |
| moral | 0.235 | 0.153 | Uruguay | 0.194 | 0.804 | 2,600 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.073 | −0.085 | Uzbekistan | −0.006 | 0.710 | 615 | Europe & Central Asia |
| moral | 0.079 | −0.034 | Venezuela | 0.022 | 0.761 | 1,190 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| moral | 0.180 | 0.076 | Vietnam | 0.128 | 0.694 | 1,381 | East Asia & Pacific |
| moral | 0.095 | −0.032 | Zambia | 0.032 | 0.588 | 945 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| moral | 0.022 | −0.069 | Zimbabwe | −0.024 | 0.535 | 2,626 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.180 | 0.087 | Albania | 0.134 | 0.785 | 2,209 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.062 | −0.107 | Algeria | −0.022 | 0.754 | 536 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.262 | 0.170 | Andorra | 0.217 | 0.858 | 1,813 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.262 | 0.176 | Argentina | 0.219 | 0.825 | 2,326 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.075 | 0.001 | Armenia | 0.038 | 0.755 | 3,758 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.230 | 0.161 | Australia | 0.196 | 0.939 | 4,456 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.168 | 0.088 | Austria | 0.128 | 0.908 | 2,710 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.090 | −0.004 | Azerbaijan | 0.043 | 0.757 | 2,152 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.062 | −0.051 | Bangladesh | 0.006 | 0.608 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| religious | 0.107 | 0.036 | Belarus | 0.072 | 0.808 | 3,186 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.174 | 0.067 | Belgium | 0.121 | 0.916 | 1,421 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.098 | 0.006 | Bolivia | 0.052 | 0.693 | 1,803 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.235 | 0.150 | Bosnia Herzegovina | 0.193 | 0.768 | 2,269 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.124 | 0.059 | Brazil | 0.092 | 0.759 | 3,673 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.093 | 0.009 | Bulgaria | 0.051 | 0.813 | 2,670 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.024 | −0.094 | Burkina Faso | −0.035 | 0.423 | 1,109 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.284 | 0.224 | Canada | 0.254 | 0.926 | 5,628 | North America |
| religious | 0.146 | 0.037 | Chile | 0.092 | 0.843 | 2,085 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.144 | 0.090 | Colombia | 0.117 | 0.747 | 5,005 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.399 | 0.320 | Croatia | 0.360 | 0.831 | 2,354 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.112 | 0.036 | Cyprus | 0.074 | 0.869 | 3,279 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.048 | −0.020 | Czechia | 0.014 | 0.888 | 3,856 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.100 | 0.027 | Denmark | 0.064 | 0.929 | 4,678 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.088 | 0.005 | Ecuador | 0.047 | 0.752 | 2,243 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.039 | −0.039 | Egypt | 0.000 | 0.696 | 2,721 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | −0.025 | −0.096 | Estonia | −0.061 | 0.871 | 3,216 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.157 | 0.069 | Ethiopia | 0.113 | 0.463 | 1,914 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.227 | 0.148 | Finland | 0.188 | 0.920 | 2,897 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.217 | 0.151 | France | 0.184 | 0.901 | 3,845 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.083 | 0.018 | Georgia | 0.051 | 0.780 | 4,283 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.163 | 0.113 | Germany | 0.138 | 0.936 | 8,654 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.073 | −0.019 | Ghana | 0.027 | 0.592 | 2,330 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.329 | 0.247 | Greece | 0.289 | 0.870 | 2,118 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.114 | 0.002 | Guatemala | 0.059 | 0.650 | 1,211 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.054 | −0.035 | Haiti | 0.010 | 0.498 | 1,929 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.090 | 0.024 | Hong Kong SAR | 0.057 | 0.933 | 3,801 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.187 | 0.119 | Hungary | 0.153 | 0.838 | 3,432 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.174 | 0.083 | Iceland | 0.129 | 0.935 | 2,299 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.150 | 0.099 | India | 0.125 | 0.640 | 5,785 | South Asia |
| religious | 0.103 | 0.029 | Indonesia | 0.066 | 0.694 | 4,082 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.135 | 0.010 | Iraq | 0.073 | 0.685 | 978 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.295 | 0.145 | Ireland | 0.221 | 0.938 | 682 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.226 | 0.160 | Italy | 0.193 | 0.880 | 3,515 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.163 | 0.097 | Japan | 0.130 | 0.909 | 3,386 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.159 | 0.057 | Kazakhstan | 0.108 | 0.800 | 1,500 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.020 | −0.095 | Kenya | −0.038 | 0.590 | 1,160 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.233 | 0.134 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.184 | 0.672 | 1,458 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.099 | 0.009 | Latvia | 0.054 | 0.847 | 2,033 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.174 | 0.040 | Lebanon | 0.108 | 0.757 | 834 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.079 | −0.016 | Libya | 0.032 | 0.706 | 2,594 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.162 | 0.068 | Lithuania | 0.115 | 0.858 | 1,812 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.327 | 0.213 | Luxembourg | 0.271 | 0.904 | 1,261 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.184 | 0.109 | Malaysia | 0.147 | 0.802 | 2,613 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.152 | 0.031 | Maldives | 0.092 | 0.717 | 1,023 | South Asia |
| religious | 0.072 | −0.044 | Mali | 0.014 | 0.427 | 1,140 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.145 | −0.006 | Malta | 0.070 | 0.878 | 770 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.127 | 0.070 | Mexico | 0.099 | 0.774 | 4,781 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.096 | −0.001 | Moldova | 0.048 | 0.700 | 1,657 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.251 | 0.152 | Mongolia | 0.202 | 0.741 | 1,611 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.205 | 0.087 | Montenegro | 0.146 | 0.814 | 1,218 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.084 | −0.006 | Morocco | 0.039 | 0.667 | 1,914 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.148 | 0.102 | Netherlands | 0.125 | 0.931 | 7,785 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.181 | 0.077 | New Zealand | 0.130 | 0.917 | 1,361 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.084 | −0.048 | Nicaragua | 0.018 | 0.658 | 871 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.085 | 0.003 | Nigeria | 0.044 | 0.532 | 2,929 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.138 | 0.038 | North Macedonia | 0.088 | 0.757 | 1,729 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.243 | 0.079 | Northern Ireland | 0.162 | 0.922 | 763 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.129 | 0.058 | Norway | 0.093 | 0.953 | 3,144 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.223 | 0.110 | Pakistan | 0.167 | 0.562 | 1,200 | South Asia |
| religious | 0.161 | 0.016 | Palestine | 0.089 | 0.686 | 728 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.110 | 0.041 | Peru | 0.076 | 0.750 | 3,339 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.117 | 0.029 | Philippines | 0.073 | 0.699 | 2,388 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.311 | 0.249 | Poland | 0.280 | 0.865 | 3,703 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.201 | 0.093 | Portugal | 0.147 | 0.847 | 1,954 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.037 | −0.023 | Romania | 0.007 | 0.811 | 4,728 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.142 | 0.074 | Russia | 0.108 | 0.816 | 4,411 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.036 | −0.042 | Rwanda | −0.003 | 0.524 | 2,554 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.117 | 0.041 | Serbia | 0.079 | 0.787 | 3,715 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.153 | 0.058 | Singapore | 0.106 | 0.932 | 1,740 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.026 | −0.053 | Slovakia | −0.014 | 0.855 | 3,257 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.359 | 0.296 | Slovenia | 0.328 | 0.896 | 3,098 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.108 | 0.041 | South Africa | 0.075 | 0.699 | 5,568 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.099 | 0.018 | South Korea | 0.059 | 0.903 | 3,631 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.386 | 0.333 | Spain | 0.360 | 0.891 | 4,244 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.059 | −0.007 | Sweden | 0.026 | 0.933 | 4,155 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.122 | 0.066 | Switzerland | 0.094 | 0.944 | 5,138 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.324 | 0.219 | Tajikistan | 0.272 | 0.650 | 1,200 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.049 | −0.017 | Thailand | 0.016 | 0.755 | 3,656 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.083 | −0.036 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.023 | 0.784 | 1,210 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.159 | 0.065 | Tunisia | 0.113 | 0.735 | 1,681 | Middle East & North Africa |
| religious | 0.238 | 0.190 | Turkey | 0.214 | 0.791 | 6,438 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.145 | 0.058 | Ukraine | 0.102 | 0.751 | 4,601 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.152 | 0.092 | United Kingdom | 0.122 | 0.922 | 6,155 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.313 | 0.254 | United States | 0.284 | 0.924 | 5,858 | North America |
| religious | 0.241 | 0.160 | Uruguay | 0.201 | 0.804 | 2,586 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.265 | 0.113 | Uzbekistan | 0.190 | 0.710 | 615 | Europe & Central Asia |
| religious | 0.019 | −0.094 | Venezuela | −0.037 | 0.761 | 1,190 | Latin America & Caribbean |
| religious | 0.139 | 0.034 | Vietnam | 0.086 | 0.694 | 1,373 | East Asia & Pacific |
| religious | 0.043 | −0.085 | Zambia | −0.021 | 0.588 | 946 | Sub-Saharan Africa |
| religious | 0.003 | −0.088 | Zimbabwe | −0.042 | 0.535 | 2,627 | Sub-Saharan Africa |

Views: Economic (axis = economic); Moral (axis = moral); Religious (axis = religious).

Note: Kosovo, Macau, Puerto Rico and Taiwan have loadings but no HDI in the context file and are left out of this figure.

Note: Each dot shows the country estimate only. The interval of every loading is in the data table.

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023; weighted (weight, S017 within each country); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more; HDI from the country context file joined to the survey (a single value per country)

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/loadings_by_hdi.json

### Table 8. Country loadings on religion in the ESS track those in the WVS and EVS, with a correlation of +0.88

Loading of left-right self-placement in the WVS/EVS (horizontal) and the ESS (vertical), countries in both surveys

| Country | Axis | WVS and EVS loading | WVS and EVS interval low | WVS and EVS interval high | WVS and EVS respondents | ESS loading | ESS interval low | ESS interval high | ESS respondents |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Albania | religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.18 | 2,209 | +0.13 | +0.05 | +0.21 | 1,075 |
| Austria | religious | +0.13 | +0.09 | +0.17 | 2,710 | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 11,712 |
| Belgium | religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.17 | 1,421 | +0.02 | 0.00 | +0.04 | 14,734 |
| Bulgaria | religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.09 | 2,670 | 0.00 | −0.02 | +0.03 | 11,631 |
| Croatia | religious | +0.36 | +0.32 | +0.40 | 2,354 | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.31 | 6,727 |
| Cyprus | religious | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.11 | 3,279 | +0.07 | +0.04 | +0.10 | 5,481 |
| Czechia | religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.05 | 3,856 | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.02 | 14,071 |
| Denmark | religious | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,678 | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.08 | 9,023 |
| Estonia | religious | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 3,216 | −0.05 | −0.07 | −0.03 | 13,568 |
| Finland | religious | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,897 | +0.18 | +0.16 | +0.19 | 16,370 |
| France | religious | +0.18 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,845 | +0.14 | +0.12 | +0.15 | 16,168 |
| Germany | religious | +0.14 | +0.11 | +0.16 | 8,654 | +0.15 | +0.13 | +0.16 | 29,078 |
| Greece | religious | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,118 | +0.24 | +0.22 | +0.27 | 8,492 |
| Hungary | religious | +0.15 | +0.12 | +0.19 | 3,432 | +0.11 | +0.09 | +0.12 | 12,999 |
| Iceland | religious | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 2,299 | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 3,999 |
| Ireland | religious | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.29 | 682 | +0.21 | +0.20 | +0.23 | 17,000 |
| Italy | religious | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.23 | 3,515 | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.14 | 8,571 |
| Kosovo | religious | −0.06 | −0.13 | +0.02 | 650 | +0.10 | +0.01 | +0.19 | 811 |
| Latvia | religious | +0.05 | +0.01 | +0.10 | 2,033 | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.02 | 4,070 |
| Lithuania | religious | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,812 | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.08 | 9,180 |
| Montenegro | religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.21 | 1,218 | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.13 | 2,973 |
| Netherlands | religious | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.15 | 7,785 | +0.13 | +0.11 | +0.14 | 14,937 |
| North Macedonia | religious | +0.09 | +0.04 | +0.14 | 1,729 | +0.12 | +0.03 | +0.22 | 880 |
| Norway | religious | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.13 | 3,144 | +0.08 | +0.06 | +0.10 | 13,264 |
| Poland | religious | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,703 | +0.29 | +0.28 | +0.31 | 12,994 |
| Portugal | religious | +0.15 | +0.09 | +0.20 | 1,954 | +0.14 | +0.12 | +0.17 | 11,891 |
| Romania | religious | +0.01 | −0.02 | +0.04 | 4,728 | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,466 |
| Russia | religious | +0.11 | +0.07 | +0.14 | 4,411 | +0.04 | +0.01 | +0.07 | 7,854 |
| Serbia | religious | +0.08 | +0.04 | +0.12 | 3,715 | +0.13 | +0.08 | +0.17 | 3,605 |
| Slovakia | religious | −0.01 | −0.05 | +0.03 | 3,257 | 0.00 | −0.03 | +0.02 | 9,783 |
| Slovenia | religious | +0.33 | +0.30 | +0.36 | 3,098 | +0.36 | +0.34 | +0.37 | 9,147 |
| Spain | religious | +0.36 | +0.33 | +0.39 | 4,244 | +0.30 | +0.28 | +0.31 | 15,753 |
| Sweden | religious | +0.03 | −0.01 | +0.06 | 4,155 | +0.05 | +0.04 | +0.07 | 14,926 |
| Switzerland | religious | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.12 | 5,138 | +0.12 | +0.11 | +0.14 | 13,176 |
| Turkey | religious | +0.21 | +0.19 | +0.24 | 6,438 | +0.24 | +0.19 | +0.29 | 1,928 |
| Ukraine | religious | +0.10 | +0.06 | +0.15 | 4,601 | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 5,947 |
| United Kingdom | religious | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.15 | 6,155 | +0.09 | +0.07 | +0.10 | 16,448 |
| Albania | moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,220 | +0.06 | −0.02 | +0.15 | 1,036 |
| Austria | moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.23 | 2,681 | +0.22 | +0.20 | +0.24 | 11,495 |
| Belgium | moral | +0.08 | +0.02 | +0.13 | 1,419 | +0.03 | +0.01 | +0.05 | 14,693 |
| Bulgaria | moral | −0.08 | −0.12 | −0.04 | 2,709 | −0.14 | −0.16 | −0.11 | 10,701 |
| Croatia | moral | +0.33 | +0.29 | +0.37 | 2,358 | +0.26 | +0.23 | +0.28 | 6,546 |
| Cyprus | moral | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.13 | 3,262 | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.04 | 5,316 |
| Czechia | moral | −0.11 | −0.14 | −0.07 | 3,909 | −0.12 | −0.14 | −0.10 | 13,756 |
| Denmark | moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 4,701 | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.14 | 8,992 |
| Estonia | moral | −0.03 | −0.07 | +0.01 | 3,240 | −0.06 | −0.08 | −0.04 | 13,276 |
| Finland | moral | +0.16 | +0.12 | +0.20 | 2,910 | +0.17 | +0.16 | +0.19 | 16,287 |
| France | moral | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.22 | 3,818 | +0.14 | +0.12 | +0.15 | 16,107 |
| Germany | moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 8,668 | +0.19 | +0.18 | +0.21 | 29,021 |
| Greece | moral | +0.29 | +0.25 | +0.33 | 2,188 | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.21 | 8,325 |
| Hungary | moral | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.12 | 3,448 | +0.13 | +0.11 | +0.15 | 12,264 |
| Iceland | moral | +0.16 | +0.11 | +0.20 | 2,306 | +0.10 | +0.07 | +0.13 | 3,982 |
| Ireland | moral | +0.22 | +0.14 | +0.30 | 665 | +0.11 | +0.09 | +0.13 | 16,742 |
| Italy | moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.21 | 3,452 | +0.20 | +0.18 | +0.22 | 8,485 |
| Kosovo | moral | −0.02 | −0.10 | +0.06 | 655 | −0.14 | −0.24 | −0.04 | 715 |
| Latvia | moral | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 2,028 | −0.06 | −0.10 | −0.03 | 3,931 |
| Lithuania | moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.08 | 1,829 | −0.01 | −0.04 | +0.01 | 8,772 |
| Montenegro | moral | +0.09 | +0.03 | +0.15 | 1,250 | +0.06 | +0.01 | +0.11 | 2,898 |
| Netherlands | moral | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.18 | 7,801 | +0.17 | +0.15 | +0.18 | 14,891 |
| North Macedonia | moral | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.12 | 1,763 | +0.01 | −0.09 | +0.11 | 840 |
| Norway | moral | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,142 | +0.15 | +0.13 | +0.17 | 13,231 |
| Poland | moral | +0.28 | +0.25 | +0.31 | 3,646 | +0.23 | +0.21 | +0.25 | 12,621 |
| Portugal | moral | +0.04 | −0.01 | +0.10 | 1,915 | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.13 | 11,519 |
| Romania | moral | −0.06 | −0.09 | −0.03 | 4,615 | 0.00 | −0.06 | +0.06 | 1,354 |
| Russia | moral | −0.01 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 4,507 | −0.08 | −0.11 | −0.05 | 7,160 |
| Serbia | moral | +0.07 | +0.03 | +0.11 | 3,654 | +0.14 | +0.10 | +0.19 | 3,549 |
| Slovakia | moral | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.00 | 3,260 | −0.07 | −0.10 | −0.05 | 9,445 |
| Slovenia | moral | +0.30 | +0.26 | +0.33 | 3,127 | +0.22 | +0.20 | +0.24 | 8,891 |
| Spain | moral | +0.32 | +0.30 | +0.35 | 4,220 | +0.23 | +0.21 | +0.25 | 15,588 |
| Sweden | moral | +0.05 | +0.02 | +0.08 | 4,155 | +0.11 | +0.09 | +0.12 | 14,860 |
| Switzerland | moral | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 5,159 | +0.21 | +0.20 | +0.23 | 13,090 |
| Turkey | moral | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.21 | 6,427 | +0.22 | +0.16 | +0.27 | 1,745 |
| Ukraine | moral | +0.01 | −0.03 | +0.06 | 4,550 | −0.02 | −0.06 | +0.01 | 5,220 |
| United Kingdom | moral | +0.17 | +0.14 | +0.20 | 6,116 | +0.16 | +0.14 | +0.18 | 16,347 |
| Austria | economic | +0.21 | +0.17 | +0.25 | 2,705 | +0.19 | +0.14 | +0.24 | 1,817 |
| Belgium | economic | +0.25 | +0.20 | +0.30 | 1,414 | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.22 | 3,372 |
| Bulgaria | economic | +0.25 | +0.21 | +0.29 | 2,773 | +0.17 | +0.11 | +0.22 | 1,600 |
| Croatia | economic | +0.02 | −0.03 | +0.07 | 2,352 | −0.08 | −0.15 | −0.01 | 1,108 |
| Cyprus | economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.04 | 3,266 | +0.09 | +0.02 | +0.15 | 1,008 |
| Czechia | economic | +0.37 | +0.35 | +0.40 | 3,991 | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.32 | 3,861 |
| Denmark | economic | +0.46 | +0.43 | +0.49 | 4,679 | +0.32 | +0.26 | +0.37 | 1,535 |
| Estonia | economic | +0.26 | +0.23 | +0.29 | 3,302 | +0.13 | +0.10 | +0.17 | 3,034 |
| Finland | economic | +0.44 | +0.40 | +0.47 | 2,932 | +0.24 | +0.21 | +0.27 | 3,937 |
| France | economic | +0.34 | +0.31 | +0.37 | 3,827 | +0.27 | +0.24 | +0.30 | 3,859 |
| Germany | economic | +0.19 | +0.17 | +0.22 | 8,683 | +0.16 | +0.13 | +0.19 | 5,288 |
| Greece | economic | +0.19 | +0.15 | +0.24 | 2,184 | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.18 | 1,709 |
| Hungary | economic | 0.00 | −0.04 | +0.03 | 3,447 | −0.03 | −0.08 | +0.01 | 2,534 |
| Iceland | economic | +0.50 | +0.46 | +0.53 | 2,307 | +0.23 | +0.16 | +0.30 | 829 |
| Ireland | economic | +0.07 | −0.01 | +0.15 | 687 | +0.09 | +0.06 | +0.13 | 3,887 |
| Italy | economic | +0.24 | +0.21 | +0.27 | 3,509 | +0.12 | +0.07 | +0.16 | 1,687 |
| Latvia | economic | +0.07 | +0.02 | +0.11 | 2,056 | −0.11 | −0.16 | −0.06 | 1,656 |
| Lithuania | economic | +0.10 | +0.05 | +0.15 | 1,871 | +0.04 | −0.02 | +0.10 | 1,510 |
| Netherlands | economic | +0.39 | +0.37 | +0.41 | 7,741 | +0.24 | +0.20 | +0.28 | 3,271 |
| Norway | economic | +0.45 | +0.42 | +0.48 | 3,148 | +0.29 | +0.26 | +0.33 | 3,009 |
| Poland | economic | 0.00 | −0.03 | +0.03 | 3,718 | −0.05 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 2,746 |
| Portugal | economic | +0.12 | +0.06 | +0.17 | 1,895 | +0.11 | +0.06 | +0.16 | 2,744 |
| Romania | economic | +0.11 | +0.08 | +0.14 | 4,705 | +0.06 | 0.00 | +0.12 | 1,460 |
| Russia | economic | +0.06 | +0.03 | +0.10 | 4,564 | +0.09 | +0.05 | +0.14 | 3,162 |
| Slovakia | economic | +0.12 | +0.09 | +0.16 | 3,336 | +0.19 | +0.13 | +0.25 | 1,545 |
| Slovenia | economic | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.00 | 3,138 | +0.04 | 0.00 | +0.08 | 2,079 |
| Spain | economic | +0.20 | +0.17 | +0.23 | 4,200 | +0.19 | +0.16 | +0.22 | 3,752 |
| Sweden | economic | +0.59 | +0.57 | +0.61 | 4,213 | +0.38 | +0.35 | +0.42 | 3,242 |
| Switzerland | economic | +0.34 | +0.32 | +0.37 | 5,154 | +0.27 | +0.23 | +0.30 | 3,102 |
| Turkey | economic | +0.08 | +0.05 | +0.10 | 6,325 | −0.04 | −0.09 | +0.02 | 1,883 |
| Ukraine | economic | +0.08 | +0.03 | +0.12 | 4,667 | +0.11 | +0.02 | +0.18 | 1,037 |
| United Kingdom | economic | +0.36 | +0.34 | +0.39 | 6,124 | +0.24 | +0.20 | +0.27 | 3,872 |

Views: Religious (axis = religious); Moral (axis = moral); Economic (axis = economic).

Note: Northern Ireland is left out because the ESS reports it within the United Kingdom.

Note: The chart shows no interval on either loading. The data table lists the interval and the number of respondents of both loadings for every country.

Note: The two surveys use different items and cover different years, so equal values are not expected on the economic and moral views.

Source: World Values Survey and European Values Study, fieldwork 2005-2023, and European Social Survey, rounds 3 to 11 (rounds 4 and 8 for the economic axis); weighted (weight within each survey); countries with an effective sample of 300 or more in both

Data: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/wvs_ess_agreement.json

## All estimates

Every fact in facts.json (106), sorted by id.

| Fact id | Value | Unit | Estimand | Population | Period | Interval | n | Weights | Source | Note |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- |
| agree_drop_rel | 5 | countries | count of countries left out of the leave-out check because the WVS/EVS religious loading is at or above the cutoff | countries with usable religious loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_k_econ | 32 | countries | count of countries in both surveys | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 4 and 8 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_k_moral | 37 | countries | count of countries in both surveys | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_k_rel | 37 | countries | count of countries in both surveys | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_k_rel_trim | 32 | countries | count of countries left in the leave-out check | countries with usable religious loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_lower_econ | 26 | countries | count of countries where the ESS economic loading is lower than the WVS/EVS economic loading | countries with usable economic loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 4 and 8 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_mad_econ | 0.09 | absolute difference in correlation units | mean across countries of the absolute difference between the two surveys loadings | countries with usable economic loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 4 and 8 |   |   | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_mad_moral | 0.05 | absolute difference in correlation units | mean across countries of the absolute difference between the two surveys loadings | countries with usable moral loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_mad_rel | 0.04 | absolute difference in correlation units | mean across countries of the absolute difference between the two surveys loadings | countries with usable religious loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_meddiff_econ | −0.07 | difference in correlation units | median across countries of the ESS economic loading minus the WVS/EVS economic loading | countries with usable economic loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 4 and 8 |   |   | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_r_econ | +0.88 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the WVS/EVS and ESS economic loadings (Fisher z interval) | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 4 and 8 | 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94 | 32 | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_r_moral | +0.89 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the WVS/EVS and ESS moral loadings (Fisher z interval) | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 | 95% CI 0.79 to 0.94 | 37 | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_r_rel | +0.88 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the WVS/EVS and ESS religious loadings (Fisher z interval) | countries with usable loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 | 95% CI 0.77 to 0.93 | 37 | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_r_rel_trim | +0.73 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the WVS/EVS and ESS religious loadings, leaving out countries with a WVS/EVS loading at or above the cutoff (Fisher z interval) | countries with usable religious loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 | 95% CI 0.51 to 0.86 | 32 | weight within country in each survey; every country counted once | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_sign_rel | 34 | countries | count of countries where both surveys give a loading of the same sign | countries with usable religious loadings in both surveys | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (count) | European Social Survey |   |
| agree_trim_cut | 0.25 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | WVS/EVS religious loading at or above which a country is left out of the check | threshold used to set countries aside | WVS/EVS fieldwork 2005 or later; ESS rounds 3 to 11 |   |   | none (constant) | European Social Survey |   |
| cz_econ | +0.37 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the economic index (higher = economic right) | respondents in Czechia with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2008, 2017, 2022, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.35 to 0.40 | 3,991 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| cz_moral | −0.11 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the moral index (higher = morally conservative) | respondents in Czechia with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2008, 2017, 2022, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.14 to −0.07 | 3,909 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| deff_sens | 2 | ratio of variances | assumed multiplier of the variance of every country correlation to allow for clustering (a sensitivity check, not an estimate) | design effect assumed in the sensitivity check | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| es_moral | +0.32 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the moral index (higher = morally conservative) | respondents in Spain with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2007, 2008, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.30 to 0.35 | 4,220 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| es_rel | +0.36 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in Spain with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2007, 2008, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.33 to 0.39 | 4,244 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| estonia_rel | −0.06 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in Estonia with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2008, 2011, 2018, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.10 to −0.03 | 3,216 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_cut_top | 0.86 | Human Development Index, 0 to 1 | HDI at or below which a country is in the lowest two thirds (upper tercile cut point, the same to two decimals on the three axes) | countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_diff_econ | +0.22 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median of the economic loading in the highest third minus the median in the lowest third (bootstrap over countries within each third) | the highest and lowest thirds by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.15 to 0.32 | 66 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_diff_moral | +0.17 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median of the moral loading in the highest third minus the median in the lowest third (bootstrap over countries within each third) | the highest and lowest thirds by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.13 to 0.20 | 65 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_diff_rel | +0.07 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median of the religious loading in the highest third minus the median in the lowest third (bootstrap over countries within each third) | the highest and lowest thirds by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.04 to 0.13 | 66 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_hi_econ | +0.26 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the economic loading (bootstrap over countries) | the highest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.19 to 0.34 | 32 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_hi_moral | +0.18 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the moral loading (bootstrap over countries) | the highest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.16 to 0.20 | 32 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_hi_rel | +0.13 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the religious loading (bootstrap over countries) | the highest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.11 to 0.19 | 32 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_lo_econ | +0.04 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the economic loading (bootstrap over countries) | the lowest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.00 to 0.07 | 34 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_lo_moral | 0.00 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the moral loading (bootstrap over countries) | the lowest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI −0.01 to 0.03 | 33 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_lo_rel | +0.06 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the religious loading (bootstrap over countries) | the lowest third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.03 to 0.09 | 34 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_mid_econ | +0.05 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the economic loading (bootstrap over countries) | the middle third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.02 to 0.08 | 34 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_mid_moral | +0.04 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the moral loading (bootstrap over countries) | the middle third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.01 to 0.07 | 34 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| hdi_mid_rel | +0.10 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the religious loading (bootstrap over countries) | the middle third by human development index of the countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.05 to 0.12 | 34 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| in_moral | 0.00 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the moral index (higher = morally conservative) | respondents in India with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2012, 2023, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.02 to 0.03 | 5,618 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| in_rel | +0.12 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in India with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2012, 2023, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.10 to 0.15 | 5,785 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| item_r_econ | +0.06 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the mean pairwise correlation among the four economic items after orientation | respondents within a country, median across countries | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| item_r_econ_ess | +0.13 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across the countries in both surveys of the mean pairwise correlation among the six ESS welfare items after orientation | countries with usable economic loadings in both surveys | ESS rounds 4 and 8 |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | European Social Survey |   |
| item_r_econ_shared | +0.15 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across the countries in both surveys of the mean pairwise correlation among the four WVS/EVS economic items after orientation | countries with usable economic loadings in both surveys | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| item_r_moral | +0.48 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the mean pairwise correlation among the three moral items after orientation | respondents within a country, median across countries | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| loading_cut | +0.30 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | cutoff for a larger loading | threshold used to count larger loadings | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| loading_r_moral_rel | +0.72 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries of the moral and religious loadings (Fisher z interval) | countries with usable loadings on both axes | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.61 to 0.80 | 103 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_2item | +0.12 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on income differences and government responsibility (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.08 to 0.12 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_3item | +0.03 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on government responsibility, state ownership and competition (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI −0.01 to 0.07 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_compet | +0.02 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on competition alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI −0.01 to 0.03 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_govresp | +0.07 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on government responsibility alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.04 to 0.09 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_income | +0.09 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on income differences alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.08 to 0.11 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_econ_owner | +0.02 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on state ownership of business alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI −0.01 to 0.05 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_moral_abort | +0.06 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on abortion alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08 | 103 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_moral_divorce | +0.05 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on divorce alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.04 to 0.08 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| med_moral_homo | +0.05 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the loading on homosexuality alone (bootstrap over countries) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.02 to 0.08 | 102 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| median_econ | +0.07 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the economic loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.04 to 0.10 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| median_moral | +0.07 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the moral loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.03 to 0.11 | 103 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| median_rel | +0.09 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the religious loading (bootstrap over countries) | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.07 to 0.11 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| mongolia_econ | −0.16 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the economic index (higher = economic right) | respondents in Mongolia with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2020, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.20 to −0.10 | 1,613 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_clear_econ | 29 | countries and territories | count of countries where the economic axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_clear_moral | 6 | countries and territories | count of countries where the moral axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_clear_rel | 16 | countries and territories | count of countries where the religious axis leads and the lead is clear (the lower bound of its interval exceeds the other axes point estimates) | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_countries_2005 | 112 | countries and territories | count | surveyed in 2005 or later | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_countries_file | 118 | countries and territories | count of countries and territories (ten EVS labels restored from the country code) | all countries in the cleaned WVS/EVS file | 1981-2023 |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_countries_lr | 107 | countries and territories | count | asked the left-right question, 30 or more answers | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_countries_used | 104 | countries and territories | count of countries with an effective sample of 300 or more on at least one axis | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_econ | 104 | countries and territories | count of countries with a usable loading on the economic axis | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_econ_30 | 14 | countries and territories | count of countries where the economic loading is +0.30 or higher | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_econ_above | 61 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the economic loading is above zero | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_econ_above_d2 | 56 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the economic loading is above zero when the effective sample is divided by the design effect | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_econ_below | 7 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the economic loading is below zero | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_hdi_missing | 4 | countries and territories | count of countries left out of the HDI comparisons | countries with a usable loading but no human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_lead_clear | 51 | countries and territories | count of countries where the lower bound of the leading loading exceeds the other axes point estimates | countries where an axis has an interval above zero | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_lead_unclear | 42 | countries and territories | count of countries where one axis has the largest loading but the lead is not clear | countries where an axis has an interval above zero | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_moral | 103 | countries and territories | count of countries with a usable loading on the moral axis | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_moral_30 | 3 | countries and territories | count of countries where the moral loading is +0.30 or higher | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_moral_above | 57 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the moral loading is above zero | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_moral_above_d2 | 55 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the moral loading is above zero when the effective sample is divided by the design effect | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_moral_below | 11 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the moral loading is below zero | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_near_tie | 28 | countries and territories | count of countries where the two largest loadings differ by less than the cutoff | countries with a usable loading on at least two axes | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_rel | 104 | countries and territories | count of countries with a usable loading on the religious axis | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_rel_30 | 3 | countries and territories | count of countries where the religious loading is +0.30 or higher | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_rel_above | 75 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the religious loading is above zero | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_rel_above_d2 | 66 | countries and territories | count of countries where the 95% interval of the religious loading is above zero when the effective sample is divided by the design effect | countries with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_resp_used | 288,980 | respondents | count of respondents behind the estimates | respondents with a left-right answer and a positive weight in the countries with a usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_respondents | 289,897 | respondents | count of respondents | respondents with a left-right answer and a positive weight | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_strong_econ | 37 | countries and territories | count of countries where the largest loading with an interval above zero is on the economic axis | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_strong_moral | 15 | countries and territories | count of countries where the largest loading with an interval above zero is on the moral axis | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_strong_none | 11 | countries and territories | count of countries where no loading has an interval above zero | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_strong_none_d2 | 18 | countries and territories | count of countries where no loading has an interval above zero when the effective sample is divided by the design effect | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_strong_rel | 41 | countries and territories | count of countries where the largest loading with an interval above zero is on the religious axis | countries with at least one usable loading | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| n_with_leader | 93 | countries and territories | count of countries where at least one loading has an interval above zero, so that one axis leads | countries where an axis has an interval above zero | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (count) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| near_tie_cut | 0.02 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | cutoff for two loadings to count as close | threshold used to count close leaders | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| neff_floor | 300 | respondents (Kish effective sample size) | minimum effective sample for a country to appear | country-axis cells | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | none (constant) | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| pl_econ | 0.00 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the economic index (higher = economic right) | respondents in Poland with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.03 to 0.03 | 3,718 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| pl_moral | +0.28 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the moral index (higher = morally conservative) | respondents in Poland with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.25 to 0.31 | 3,646 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| pl_rel | +0.28 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in Poland with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2005, 2008, 2012, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.25 to 0.31 | 3,703 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_2item_3item | +0.80 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the loadings on the two-item and three-item definitions (Fisher z interval) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.72 to 0.86 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_hdi_econ | +0.51 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between HDI and the economic loading (Fisher z interval) | countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.35 to 0.64 | 100 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_hdi_moral | +0.52 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between HDI and the moral loading (Fisher z interval) | countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.36 to 0.65 | 99 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_hdi_rel | +0.43 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between HDI and the religious loading (Fisher z interval) | countries with a usable loading and a human development index | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.26 to 0.58 | 100 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_income_compet | +0.58 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the loadings on income differences and competition alone (Fisher z interval) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.43 to 0.69 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| r_income_owner | +0.53 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | Pearson correlation across countries between the loadings on income differences and state ownership of business alone (Fisher z interval) | countries and territories with an effective sample of 300 or more | fieldwork 2005 or later | 95% CI 0.37 to 0.65 | 104 | weight (S017) within each country; every country counted once across countries | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| se_econ | +0.59 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the economic index (higher = economic right) | respondents in Sweden with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2009, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.57 to 0.61 | 4,213 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| se_rel | +0.03 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in Sweden with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2009, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI −0.01 to 0.06 | 4,155 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| us_econ | +0.41 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with the economic index (higher = economic right) | respondents in United States with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.38 to 0.44 | 5,866 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| us_rel | +0.28 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | weighted correlation of left-right with importance of God (higher = more religious) | respondents in United States with a left-right answer | fieldwork 2006, 2011, 2017, waves pooled | 95% CI 0.25 to 0.31 | 5,858 | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| within_r_econ_moral | −0.01 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the within-country correlation between the economic and moral indices | respondents within a country, median across countries | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |
| within_r_moral_rel | +0.21 | correlation coefficient (loading), from −1 to +1 | median across countries of the within-country correlation between the moral index and importance of God | respondents within a country, median across countries | fieldwork 2005 or later |   |   | weight (S017) within the country | World Values Survey and EVS |   |

## Definitions

- Confidence interval: A range around an estimate that would contain the true value in 95% of repeated samples if the sampling model held. The book reports 95% intervals unless it says otherwise.
- Loading: The correlation, inside one country, between a survey scale such as left-right self-placement and an attitude. A loading of zero means the attitude says nothing about where people place themselves, and a positive loading means people who hold it place themselves further right.
- Correlation: A number from minus 1 to plus 1 for how closely two measures move together in a straight-line pattern. Zero means no straight-line pattern; a correlation does not say that one measure causes the other.
- Survey weights: Numbers that scale each respondent so the sample matches the population on known traits such as age, race, education and region. A weighted average counts a respondent with a large weight for more than one with a small weight.
- Effective sample size: The number of equally weighted respondents that would give the same precision as the weighted sample. It is smaller than the raw count when the weights vary a lot, and it sets how wide the confidence interval is.
- Clustered standard errors: Standard errors that allow answers within the same group, such as the same county or the same week, to be related. They are wider than ordinary errors when members of a group resemble each other.

## Methods

Sample: respondents in the World Values Survey and European Values Study with fieldwork in 2005 or later (waves 5 to 7 and EVS 2008 and 2017), who answered the left-right question (1 to 10, 10 = right) and carry a positive weight: 107 of the 112 countries and territories surveyed in that window and 289,897 respondents. 104 of these countries have an effective sample of 300 or more on at least one axis, and their 288,980 respondents enter the estimates. The cleaned file holds 118 countries and territories; ten EVS countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Portugal, Kosovo and Northern Cyprus) have a blank country label there and are restored from the country code before any estimate. Estimand: for each country and axis, the survey-weighted Pearson correlation between left-right and the axis, waves pooled (the loading). Axes: the economic index averages the within-country weighted z-scores of income differences, government responsibility, state ownership and competition (E035, E037, E036, E039; at least three answered), the moral index averages those of the justifiability of homosexuality, abortion and divorce (F118, F120, F121; at least two answered), and the religious axis is the importance of God (F063). Item orientation is fixed from the scale labels in the survey dictionary. Weights: the survey weight (S017) within each country; cross-country summaries count each country once. Intervals: 95% Fisher z intervals (Fisher z is a transformation that gives a correlation an approximately normal sampling distribution) on the Kish effective sample size of the complete cases (the sample size after unequal weights have reduced precision). They treat the weighted sample as a simple random sample and ignore clustering (respondents interviewed in the same place resemble one another) and stratification, which can raise or lower the variance of a correlation; the last section reports the counts of countries with an interval above zero when the effective sample is divided by a design effect of 2, which is a sensitivity check and not an estimate. Medians across countries have 95% percentile intervals from a bootstrap over countries (countries are resampled with replacement, 2,000 replicates, seed 12345), and the difference between the medians of two groups of countries resamples each group on its own. Correlations across countries use Fisher z on the number of countries. Suppression: a country-axis cell needs an effective sample of at least 300. Strongest axis: the axis with the largest loading among the axes whose interval is above zero; the lead is clear when the lower end of that interval is above the point estimate of every other axis. Human development: one value per country from the context file joined to the survey, missing for 4 countries in the comparisons. The line in the human development figure is a straight line fitted across countries by least squares (the line that minimizes the squared vertical distances), with a 95% band from robust (HC3) standard errors, which stay valid when the spread around the line differs across countries. The thirds of countries are cut at the tercile points of the HDI among the countries with both an HDI and a loading, separately for each axis; the dashed line in that figure joins the median loading of each third, drawn at the median HDI of the third, with a 95% percentile interval from a bootstrap over the countries of that third. ESS comparison: loadings of the ESS 0 to 10 left-right scale on attendance and prayer (rounds 3 to 11), on gay and lesbian freedom (rounds 3 to 11) and on six welfare items (rounds 4 and 8), for 37, 37 and 32 countries in both surveys, with the ESS analysis weight.

## What these data cannot show

- The loadings are associations between two answers given by the same person in one interview, so they do not show whether attitudes shape self-placement, self-placement shapes attitudes, or a third influence such as a party system shapes both.
- Waves from 2005 to 2023 are pooled inside each country, so a loading blends years, and the economic index is a weak measure whose loadings depend on which items are averaged (Table 6).
- The scale itself may mean different things to different respondents.
- In a German survey with open-ended questions, the associations people attached to left and right varied with self-placement, education and region of residence [7], and a study in Mexico and Argentina found different conceptions of the labels across individuals and contexts [8].
- A loading therefore describes the association between the label and an attitude among people who answer the question.
- Planned, Non-placement on the left-right scale (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/non-placement-on-the-left-right-scale; planned) asks who declines to answer, and Planned, Education and ideology (https://vishalsingh.org/politics/education-and-ideology; planned) asks how the association differs by education.
- The intervals are model based and ignore clustering in the sample design (answers from the same place resemble one another) and stratification, which can raise or lower the variance of a correlation.
- The analysis does not use strata or sampling units, so the chapter gives a sensitivity check in place of a design-based interval, and the design effect in that check is assumed, not estimated.
- If clustering multiplied the variance of every correlation by 2 (a design effect of 2), the number of countries with an interval above zero would fall to 66 for religion, 56 for economic attitudes and 55 for moral attitudes, and 18 countries would have no axis above zero.
- The countries are the ones the surveys reached, not a random sample of the world, and the correlations across countries treat each loading as if it were measured without error.
- The agreement between the two surveys has a limit.
- Both projects ask for self-placement on a left-right scale, with a ten-point form in the WVS and EVS, an eleven-point form in the ESS and different wording, so part of the agreement could come from how the label works in each country rather than from the attitudes.
- The data hold no party manifestos, expert placements of parties or vote choices, so they cannot say why the label attaches to religion in one country and to economics in another.

## References

1. Kish, Leslie (1965). Survey Sampling. John Wiley and Sons.
2. Fisher, Ronald A. (1921). On the Probable Error of a Coefficient of Correlation Deduced from a Small Sample. Metron 1(4): 3-32.
3. Knutsen, Oddbjorn (1995). Value Orientations, Political Conflicts and Left-Right Identification: A Comparative Study. European Journal of Political Research 28(1): 63-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1995.tb00487.x
4. Malka, Ariel; Lelkes, Yphtach; Soto, Christopher J. (2019). Are Cultural and Economic Conservatism Positively Correlated? A Large-Scale Cross-National Test. British Journal of Political Science 49(3): 1045-1069. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/are-cultural-and-economic-conservatism-positively-correlated-a-largescale-crossnational-test/83AFEDEA5E004CF23631C5388E7C9F67
5. Tavits, Margit; Letki, Natalia (2009). When Left Is Right: Party Ideology and Policy in Post-Communist Europe. American Political Science Review 103(4): 555-569.
6. Piurko, Yuval; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Davidov, Eldad (2011). Basic Personal Values and the Meaning of Left-Right Political Orientations in 20 Countries. Political Psychology 32(4): 537-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00828.x
7. Bauer, Paul C.; Barbera, Pablo; Ackermann, Kathrin; Venetz, Aaron (2017). Is the Left-Right Scale a Valid Measure of Ideology? Individual-Level Variation in Associations with Left and Right and Left-Right Self-Placement. Political Behavior 39(3): 553-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9368-2
8. Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. (2006). What’s Left and Who’s Right? A Q-method Study of Individual and Contextual Influences on the Meaning of Ideological Labels. Political Behavior 28(2): 151-173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-006-9006-5

## Provenance

- Pipeline version: 1.0.0
- Build script: book3/chapters/left-and-right-across-countries/build.py (sha256 d7986322119fd8d5d32684fb66f66157c5ad78a9d3109b6149c924249e7b8a57)
- Built on: 2026-09-30
- Site commit: 16414b2c7257546a7042d0b1734657f208999f60

Inputs:

| File | Size (bytes) | SHA-256, first 1 MB | SHA-256, last 1 MB |
| --- | ---: | --- | --- |
| data/ess/ess_clean.parquet | 45,592,290 | 9487eead6817f028f5dd525709aa1b989ccd384384ef3700b9657cf68dd0b529 | 6def6b8c99fe6dbaf6abc744db6cabf584b900084600909b651870d99208e338 |
| data/wvs/wvs_clean.parquet | 71,974,374 | cef4479481f8a48d6c765d39dc5438d31daa32fcecee3f181aaaf8e257f41f0b | 59a8e3c369176b7e1a2cb37fc10b87985ed79b02fab2eae1cca08e7a972db061 |
| C:/github/politics-book/lib/geo/world.v1.json | 49,483 | 8e454ad862ef2ff389e1599a5e6eb1c20e0ae6ae77415ed1266424aa196d3b32 | 8e454ad862ef2ff389e1599a5e6eb1c20e0ae6ae77415ed1266424aa196d3b32 |

Outputs:

| File | SHA-256 |
| --- | --- |
| facts.json | db579f30ea8343d0f8e4aae8b942c8b75f28b9f6086bfca12d67198dee99844c |
| figures/axes_relation_to_zero.json | 03f949e783c9328f0139beacdb9e771d3302d230b71c99bfa7be028da8a773ca |
| figures/country_loadings.json | 43f5315f3440b04483e0051f88daf612b5e9d2091197edafdb425e650878b523 |
| figures/definition_sensitivity.json | c73b1c49c58e3c11640c2913279d7ae1d7980321c7eb395bd28f1da05181c52b |
| figures/index_coding.json | a742b15045c4af561f027e4f1d7d2b9db0ecb7bfc5a76654587e3200d24ba9a8 |
| figures/loadings_by_hdi.json | a0e78d864ba0462b730441d41ef6fabb417f6369c0060f705257c2745e36118e |
| figures/six_country_panels.json | 537d92ab3ac5e7cc352961e5b7de8cc2b847cb8facafb208de3c996d9f9d86c7 |
| figures/strongest_axis_map.json | 7138b1123da46bfe80d5d9f4366787aa7376f3f1b823608d9b8aae857c81a9be |
| figures/wvs_ess_agreement.json | b63f13dd9bca5395d2c5e0a2bd4f4d6fe690ba0b01855c31c381b4aa45a19c2b |
| meta.json | 80d5ff0c2f4ca2ce800811ad7055d24bf46584256e169809c9201e9a9d89f711 |
| refs.json | cc96ba783eed7d6d212a6ac573b6e017d40d4fa25a0b31e3a7f45d05a04532a5 |

## Machine formats

- Report (HTML): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries/report
- Report (Markdown): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/left-and-right-across-countries/report.md
- Every estimate (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/facts.json
- Table 1, figure "strongest_axis_map" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/strongest_axis_map.json
- Table 2, figure "six_country_panels" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/six_country_panels.json
- Table 3, figure "axes_relation_to_zero" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/axes_relation_to_zero.json
- Table 4, figure "country_loadings" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/country_loadings.json
- Table 5, figure "index_coding" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/index_coding.json
- Table 6, figure "definition_sensitivity" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/definition_sensitivity.json
- Table 7, figure "loadings_by_hdi" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/loadings_by_hdi.json
- Table 8, figure "wvs_ess_agreement" (JSON): https://vishalsingh.org/politics/report/left-and-right-across-countries/figures/wvs_ess_agreement.json
- Index of every report: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/llms.txt; all reports in one file: https://vishalsingh.org/politics/llms-full.txt